Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureşti

Facultatea de Inginerie în Limbi Străine

Departamentul de Inginerie în Limbi Străine
- anul I -

Disciplina:

Sisteme de Operare (partea 3)

Operating Systems

Systèmes d’exploitation

Constantin Viorel MARIAN, Eng. PhD

 Linux system

credits to / d'après
Alex Weeks
" The Linux System
Administrator's Guide "

2
 Linux file system / système de fichiers
(Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3.0)

credits to / d'après
Alex Weeks
" The Linux System
Administrator's Guide "

3
Linux file system

4
 Linux file system

credits to / d'après
Machtelt Garrels
"Introduction to Linux"

5
 HELP commands / commandes d’AIDE

 man command
 Format and display online (in the operating

system) the manual pages for command /

Formater et afficher en ligne (dans le système
d'exploitation) les pages de manuel pour la
command

 command - - help

6
 Practice Platform & Documentation /
Plateforme pratique et documentation
LAB
 Debian documentation and manuals /
documentation Debian et manuals
[Link]/doc/#manuals
[Link]/doc/[Link]#manuals

and more specific the "Debian Reference" manual /

et plus spécifique le manuel "Référence Debian"
[Link]/doc/manuals/debian-reference/[Link]
[Link]/doc/manuals/debian-reference/[Link]

Note: For details about a specific command, use the “man-pages” (embedded in the
operating system or on the internet) /
Remarque: Pour plus d'informations sur une commande spécifique, utilisez les "man-
pages" (intégrés dans le système d'exploitation ou sur Internet)

[Link]
7
 Linux: Command Format / La forme
d’une commande
 command [arg 1]...[arg m] [-opt 1]...[-opt n]
 arg argument
 opt option

Examples / Exemples :
 ls
 ls -R
 ls -l
 ls -a
 ls -alR
8
 Linux and Windows commands /
commandes Linux et Windows
 Homework for the next lab / Devoir pour le labo
suivant

 Linux and Windows have the same background, check in Annex 1

some similar commands. / Linux et Windows ont le même fond,
vérifiez dans l’Annexe 1 des commandes similaires.

9
 “Quickstart” commands / commandes

 passwd Change the password for the current user

 sh Open a standard shell
 exit or logout Leave this session; exit the shell
 shutdown Bring the system down
 who Show who is logged on
 whoami Print effective user ID
 which Shows the full path of (shell) commands
 newgrp Log in to another (new) group
 date Print or set system date and time

10
 “Filesystem Hierarchy Standard FHS”
commands / commandes

 pwd Display present (or current) working directory

 ls Displays a list of files in the current working
directory on screen (dir command in DOS)
 file examplefile Display file type of the file with
name examplefile
 cd directory Change directory (see . and ..)
 df file Reports on used disk space on the partition
containing file (report file system disk usage)
 mount Mount a file system or display information
about mounted file systems
 umount Unmount a file system
11
 Commands / commandes - 1

 touch file Change file timestamps or a file that does

not exist is created empty
 cat textfile Concatenate files and send content of
textfile to standard output (screen); throws content of
textfile on the screen
 cp sourcefile targetfile Copy files and directories
 mv oldfile newfile Rename or move oldfile
 head file Send the first part of file to standard output
 tail file Print the last part of file to standard output

12
 Commands / commandes - 2

 mkdir newdir Make a new empty directory

 rm file Removes files and directories
 rmdir file Removes directories (empty)
 find path expression Find files in the file system
hierarchy

13
 Commands / commandes - 3

 chmod mode file Change file access permissions

 chmod mode directory
 chown newowner[:[newgroup]] file Change file
owner and group ownership
 chgrp Change group ownership
 crontab Maintain crontab files for users (-e, -l)
 more Filter for better viewing on screen
 less Opposite of more

14
 Commands / commandes - 4

 ps Report process status (ps -ef)

 pstree Display a tree of processes
 jobs List backgrounded tasks
 kill Terminate process(es)
 time Time a simple command or give resource usage
 top Display top CPU processes
 uptime Display system uptime and average load

15
 Commands / commandes - 5

 vi start the vi editor (to edit a file)

 vim edit a file

 nano start a simple text editor

16
 Commands / commandes - 6

 Commands to be used to edit a file using vi editor /

Commandes pour l’editeur vi
 a
 i
 x
 dd
 <ESC> :w
 <ESC> :q
 <ESC> :wq!
 <ESC> :q!
17
 Commands / commandes - 7
how to link a command to another one / comment
deux commandes peuvent être reliés

 standard input (stdin) device = keyboard

 standard output (stdout) device = display, printer
 standard input: 0
 standard output: 1
 standard error: 2
 > to put output of a command in a file
 | send the standard output of one command to
another command as standard input
 < a file to be the input for a command
 >> append text to an existing file

18
 Commands / commandes - 8

 tar Saves many files together into a single tape or disk

archive, and restore individual files from the archive
 gzip Create a compressed file (reduces the size of the
named files using Lempel-Ziv coding)
 echo string Display a line of text (string)
 ln targetfile linkname Make links between files
(make a link with the name linkname to targetfile)
 grep PATTERN file Print lines in file containing the
search pattern
 umask Set user file creation mask

19
 Commands / commandes - 9

 alias
 unalias
 help
 echo string display a line of text (string)
 let performs arithmetic on shell variables
 printf
 read to read one line from standard input
 readarray

20
 Commands / commandes - 10
(configure the network / configurer le
réseau)
 ip command
 ifconfig
 netstat Display network connections, routing tables, interface
statistics, masquerade, connections and multicast memberships /
Pour afficher les connexions réseau, les tables de routage, les
statistiques d'interface, le masquerade, les connexions et les
appartenances multicast

configuration file / fichiers de configuration :

 /etc/hosts

 /etc/[Link]

 /etc/[Link] 21
 Commands / commandes - 11
(check the network / vérifier le
réseau)
 ping
 traceroute
 whois

22
 Homework for the next lab / Devoir
pour le labo suivant

 Using man (or help) verify the purpose of each

command in Annex 2 / En utilisant man (ou help)
vérifiez le but de chaque commande dans l’Annexe 2

23
 Security - Files permissions /
Sécurité - autorisations des fichiers

marian:~> ls -l TestFile123
-rw-rw-r-- 1 marian users 7 Oct 18 11:39 TestFile123

r = read access
w = write permission
x = execute permission

first triad rwx what the file owner can do

second triad rwx what the group members can do
third triad rwx what other users can do

24
 Security - Files permissions /
Sécurité - autorisations des fichiers
marian:~> ls -l TestFile123
-rw-rw-r-- 1 marian users 7 Oct 18 12:39 TestFile123

0 or - The access right that is supposed to be on this place is not granted.

4 or r read access is granted to the user category defined in this place
2 or w write permission is granted to the user category defined in this place
1 or x execute permission is granted to the user category defined in this place

Who r(ead) w(rite) (e)x(ecute)

u(ser) 4 2 1
g(roup) 4 2 1
o(ther) 4 2 1
25
UNIX file system /
Système de fichiers ([Link])

26
 Script

A text file (e.g. script1) with the syntax / Un fichier

texte (ex. script1) avec la syntaxe

#! /bin/bash
. . . command 1
. . . command 2
. . . command 3

Note: !!! Each command can be executed by itself in

the terminal
Remarque: !!! Chaque commande peut être
exécutée par elle-même dans le terminal. 27
 How to create and run a script /
Comment créer et exécuter un script
Create a script / Créer un script
marian:~$ touch script123
Edit the script / Editer le script
marian:~$ nano script123
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. #!/bin/bash
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. echo “This is the OS course”
Add the correct permissions / Ajouter les
permissions correctes
marian:~$ chmod 755 script123
Run the script / Rouler le script
marian:~$ /home/user/script123
This is the OS course
28
 Double Quotes / Citations doubles

 “……..” The double quote protects everything

enclosed between two double quote marks with
exception of $ and ' and " and \
La double citation protège tout ce qui se trouve
entre deux doubles guillemets à l'exception de $
et de ' et de " et de \
 Use them only for variables and command
substitution. / Utilisez-les uniquement pour la
substitution de variables et de commandes .

echo "$PATH"
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin 29
 Single Quotes / Citations simples

 ‘……..’ The single quote protects everything

enclosed / La citation unique protège tout ce qui
est inclus

 Use them to turn off all special meaning of all

characters. / Utilisez-les pour désactiver toute
signification particulière de tous les caractères.

user@linux# echo '$PATH'

user@linux# $PATH

30
 Variables definition / Définition des
variables
 In bash for a variable there is no data type / Dans
bash, pour une variable il n'y a pas de type de
données.

 To set a variable / Pour définir une variable

variablename=value

 To print a variable / Pour imprimer une variable

echo $variablename
31
 Variables / Variables

 All bash variables are string, so bash does not

distinguish between the number 1 and the
character string “1” in assignments./ Toutes les
variables bash sont des chaînes, donc bash ne fait
pas de distinction entre le nombre 1 et la chaîne
de caractères "1".

 Example / Exemple
x=1
y=2
z=$x+$y
32
 Variables / Variables (cont)

 + as string literal + as arithmetic addition

 + chaîne littérale + addition arithmétique
z=$x+$y z=$(($x+$y))
echo $z echo $z
1+2 3

 For numeric evaluation, enclose an expression in

$((…)). After evaluation, $d is still receiving the
string “3” / Pour évaluation numérique, placez
une expression dans $ ((...)). Après l'évaluation,
$d reçoit toujours la chaîne "3"
33
 Variables / Variables
homework / devoir

#! /bin/bash
VARIAB=“some_characters_to_display”
echo $VARIAB

Homework 1: Homework 2:

#! /bin/bash #! /bin/bash
echo ls echo $(ls)

34
 Arguments / Argumentes

To pass arguments to a Bash script they are stored

in variables with a number (in the order of the
arguments, always starting with 1). / Pour passer
des arguments à un script Bash, ils sont stockés
dans des variables avec un nombre (dans l'ordre des
arguments, en commençant toujours par 1).

command: /home/user/script arg1 arg2 arg3

In variable $1 we have arg1, in variable $2 we have arg2, in variable $3 we

have arg3. / Dans la variable $ 1 nous avons la valeur du arg1, dans la
variable $ 2 nous avons la valeur du arg2, dans la variable $ 3 nous avons
la valeur du arg3.
35
 Arguments / Argumentes

Example (arguments without spaces) / Exemple

#!/bin/bash
echo "Is $2 older than $1 ?"
echo "...this is your homework!"

command: /home/user/script Windows Linux

output: Is Linux older than Windows ?
...this is your homework!

36
 Arguments / Argumentes

Example (arguments with spaces) / Exemple

#!/bin/bash
echo "Is $2 older than $1 ?"
echo "...this is your homework!"

command: /home/user/script 'Win XP' 'Linux kernel'

output: Is Linux kernel older than Win XP ?
...this is your homework!

37
 Multiples arguments / Argumentes
multiples
The "$@" variable - to pass a variable number of
arguments to a script (in this case the variable is an
array that contains all input parameters). / La
variable "$@" - pour transmettre un nombre
variable d'arguments à un script (dans ce cas, la
variable est un tableau contenant tous les
paramètres d'entrée).

#!/bin/bash
for i in "$@"
do
echo "there_is_another_brick_in_the_wall"
done 38
 Arithmetic (Integer) Comparison /
Comparaison arithmétique
Arithmetic (integer) comparisons / Comparaisons
arithmétiques (entières) :

-lt -le -eq

-gt -ge -ne

Note: all the conditional expressions should be placed

inside square braces with spaces around them
[ $a <= $b ] is correct
[$a<=$b] is incorrect
39
 Files Comparison /
Comparaison de fichiers
Files comparison / Comparaison de fichiers :
 -d file file exists and is a directory
 -e file file exists
 -f file file exists and is a regular file
 -s file file exists and is not empty
 -w file You have write permission on file
 -r file You have read permission on file
 file1 -nt file2 file1 is newer than file2
 file1 -ot file2 file1 is older than file2
Note: there are Korn Shell Operators and C Shell Operators
40
 IF … THEN

if test_expression ; then statement ; fi

where 'statement' is only executed if ‘test_expression'
evaluates to true / où 'statement' n'est exécuté que si
'test_expression' est vrai

if test_expression
then statement
fi

Note: one command per line or ;

une commande par ligne ou ; 41
 IF … THEN … ELSE

if expression ; then statement1 ; else statement2 ; fi

'statement1' is executed if 'expression' is true, otherwise
'statement2' is executed / 'statement1' est exécuté si
'expression' est vrai, sinon 'statement2' est exécuté

42
 IF … THEN … ELIF … ELSE

if test_expression1 ;
then statement1 ;
elif test_expression2 ;
then statement2 ;
else statement3 ;
fi

43
 Very common condition examples /
Exemples pour conditions très
communes
! EXPRESSION The EXPRESSION is false
-n STRING The length of STRING is greater than zero
-z STRING The lengh of STRING is zero (it is empty)
STRING1 = STRING2 STRING1 is equal to STRING2
STRING1 != STRING2 STRING1 is not equal to STRING2
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is numerically equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is numerically greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is numerically less than INTEGER2
-d FILE FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE FILE exists
-r FILE FILE exists and the read permission is granted
-s FILE FILE exists with size greater than zero (not empty)
-w FILE FILE exists and the write permission is granted
-x FILE FILE exists and the execute permission is granted
44
 SELECT

select expression in list

do
statement
done

45
 CASE

case expression in
case1) statement1 ;;
case2) statement2 ;;
...
casen) statementn ;;
esac

46
 EXIT

The command "exit" terminates script execution

if some error occurred (e.g. wrong statement,
incorrect user input). / La commande "exit"
met fin à l'exécution du script si une erreur
s'est produite (par exemple une mauvaise
instruction, une entrée incorrecte de la part
d'utilisateur).

47
 FOR

for variable in [list] ; do statement ; done

For each items (value of a variable) in a given list it will
perform some commands. / Pour chaque élément (valeur
d'une variable) dans une liste donnée, il exécutera
certaines commandes.
for expression
do statement
done
Note: one command per line or ;
une commande par ligne ou ;
48
 FOR

Example / Exemple

#! /bin/bash
for VAR in 1 2 3 4 5; do
echo The value of variable VAR is:
echo $VAR
done

49
 WHILE

while expression ; do statement ; done

The loop executes some commands if the

expression is true and stops when it is false. /
La boucle exécute certaines commandes si
l'expression est vraie et s'arrête lorsqu'elle est
fausse.

50
 UNTIL

until expression ; do statement ; done

The loop executes some commands while the

expression evaluates to false. /
La boucle exécute certaines commandes pendant
que l'expression est évaluée à false.

51
 FUNCTION
1 - to group some commands /
regrouper certaines commandes
 Declaring a function / Déclaration d'une fonction:
function name { code_and_commands }

function my_quit {
exit
}

function my_hello {
echo Hello!!!!
}

52
 FUNCTION
2 - to use the function / utiliser la
fonction
 Calling a function: write function name /
Appel d'une fonction: écrire le nom de la fonction

#!/bin/bash
my_hello
my_quit
echo test_on_screen

53
 FUNCTION and PARAMETERS /
FONCTION et PARAMETRES
 Function with one parameter / Fonction avec un
paramètre
function fx {
echo $1
}

 Calling a function / Appel d'une fonction

#!/bin/bash
fx Linux
fx and
fx Windows
echo second_test_on_screen
54
 FUNCTION and VARIABLES /
FONCTION et VARIABLES
 Local variables are declared with the keyword local
Les variables locales sont déclarées avec le mot clé local
 Homework / Devoir :
#!/bin/bash
var=first_text_aaa
function fx {
local var=second_text_bbb
echo $var
}
echo $var
fx
echo $var
55
 Redirection - 1

 Standard streams are input and output data

transfer channels between a computer
operating system (program) and its
environment. /
Les flux standards sont des canaux de transfert
de données d'entrée et de sortie entre un
système d'exploitation d'ordinateur
(programme) et son environnement.

56
 Redirection - 2

 There are three I/O connections :

 standard input (0 or stdin),
 standard output (1 or stdout),
 standard error (2 or stderr)

 Il y a trois connexions I/O :

 entrée standard (0 ou stdin),
 sortie standard (1 ou stdout),
 erreur standard (2 ou stderr)

57
 Redirection - 3

credits to [Link]
58
 Redirection - 4

 redirect stdout and stderr to a file / rediriger

stdout et stderr vers un fichier
ls -al > [Link]
(is the same as: ls -al 1> [Link])

./script_with_errors 2> another_file.txt

 redirect stdout to stderr / rediriger stdout vers

stderr

59
 Redirection - 5

 redirect stderr to stdout / rediriger stderr vers

stdout

 append the output to a file / ajouter la sortie

dans un fichier
ls >> [Link]

60
 Pipes / Tubes

 A pipe creates a link between the output of a

program and the input of another one. / Un tube
crée un lien entre la sortie d'un programme et
l'entrée d'un autre.

ls -al /etc/ | less

tar -ztvf compressed_file.[Link] | less

61
 Operators – in decreasing order of
equal-precedence - 1

 id++ id-- variable post-increment and post-decrement

 ++id --id variable pre-increment and pre-decrement
 - + unary minus and plus
 ! ~ logical and bitwise negation
 ** exponentiation
 * / % multiplication, division, remainder
 + - addition, subtraction
 << >> left and right bitwise shifts
 <= >= < > comparison

62
 Operators – in decreasing order of
equal-precedence - 2

 == != equality and inequality

 & bitwise AND
 ^ bitwise exclusive OR
 | bitwise OR
 && logical AND
 || logical OR
 string:regexp match of regexp in string
 = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &=
^= |= assignment
 expr1 , expr2 comma
63
 Operators / Operateurs

 Homework for the next lab / Devoir pour le labo

suivant

 Crate 18 commands or scripts to use the previous operators. /

Créez 18 commandes ou scripts pour utiliser les opérateurs
précédents .

64
 Regular expressions (regexp) /
Expressions régulières
 Regular expressions are patterns to be matched
in a search operation: very useful in
programming languages (Java, Perl), text
processing (grep, sed, vim), etc. / Les
expressions régulières sont des modèles à
rechercher dans une opération de recherche:
très utiles dans les langages de programmation
(Java, Perl) et le traitement de texte (grep, sed,
vim), etc.

65
 Regular expressions (regexp) /
Expressions régulières
 metacharacter = special character (or sequences of
characters) that has a special meaning and is used to
represent something else. / métacaractère =
caractère spécial (ou séquence de caractères) ayant
une signification spéciale et utilisé pour représenter
autre chose.
 expl: In regular expression the metacharacter ^ means
"not". So "m" means "match m" and "^m" means
"do not match m" / Dans l'expression régulière, le
métacaractère ^ signifie "pas". Donc "m" signifie
"match m" et "^m" signifie "ne correspond pas m".
66
 Regular expressions (expl.) /
Expressions régulières (expl.)
 \n , \t , \r are interpreted as newline , tab ,
carriage return

 \ search literal character, so \$5 means search for $5

 [characters] is matching for literal characters, so [xyz]

means search for x or y or z or xy or yz or xyz

 [^characters] is NOT matching for literal characters,

so [^xyz] means search anything but xyz (such as
abcd)
67
 Arithmetic expansion / Expansion
arithmétique
 Arithmetic expansion and evaluation: placing an
integer expression in the following format. /
Expansion arithmétique et évaluation: placer
une expression entière dans le format suivant.
$(( expression ))

 echo $(( variab1 + variab2 ))

 echo $(( variab1 - variab2 ))
 echo $(( variab1 * variab2 ))
 echo $(( variab1 / variab2 ))
Note: $[ expression ] is deprecated / est obsolète
68
 Arithmetic evaluation / Évaluation
arithmétique
 + plus / plus
 - minus / moins
 * multiplication / multiplication
 / division / division
 ** exponentiation / exponentiel
 % modulo (returns the remainder of an integer
division) / modulo (donne le reste d'une opération de
division)
 = assignment / assignation
 == equality / égalité
 != not equality / non égalité 69
 Arithmetic evaluation / Évaluation
arithmétique
 Note: all the conditional expressions should be placed
inside square braces with spaces around them. /
Toutes les expressions conditionnelles doivent être
placées entre des accolades carrées avec des espaces
autour d'eux.
[ $a == $b ] is correct
[$a==$b] is incorrect

70
 Arithmetic evaluation / Évaluation
arithmétique
 !! bash only uses integers to respond (display) !!
bash n'utilise que des entiers pour répondre (affichage)

 echo $((1+1)) has 2 as a result

 echo $[1+1] has 2 as a result
 echo $[3/4] has 0 as a result
 echo 'scale=2; 3/4' | bc
has 0.75 as a result

71
 String comparisons / Comparaisons de
chaînes

<
<=
>
>=
= ( or == )
!=
-z ( null )
-n ( not null )

72
 Bash debugging

#!/bin/bash -x

73
 Other commands / commandes

 bc (bash calculator) - from command line or other

command (using |)

 wc (it counts newline, word, byte in a file)

 grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern

grep "text_to_find" /home/user/script

74
 Other commands / commandes
(homework)

 sort (to sort lines in text files)

 awk (pattern scanning and processing language; text

retrieval)

 sed (stream editor for filtering and transforming text)

sed -e '5,9d' /home/user | more
sed 's/old_text/new_text/g' /home/user/testfile

75
 Scheduling / programmation des
tâches
 CRON automatically runs tasks at regular
intervals (in the background) / CRON exécute
automatiquement les tâches à intervalles
réguliers (en arrière-plan)
 The command is executed when the minute,
hour, and month fields match the current time;
AND at least one of the two day fields (day of
month, or day of week) match the current day. /
La commande est exécutées lorsque les champs
des minutes, des heures et des mois
correspondent à l'heure actuelle; ET au moins
l'un des champs de deux jours (jour du mois ou
jour de la semaine) correspond au jour actuel.76
 Scheduling / programmation des
tâches (cont.)

 Commands / Commandes
crontab -e Edit or create a crontab file / Modifier (créer) un fichier crontab
crontab –l Display crontab file / Afficher le fichier crontab
crontab –r Remove crontab file / Supprimer le fichier crontab

 File structure / Le format du fichier

* * * * * command_to_be_executed

77
 Scheduling / programmation des
tâches (cont.)

 * means first to last value for a specific position /

signifie première à dernière valeur pour une
position spécifique

* * * * * command_to_be_executed
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 – 7)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)

Note: for day of week, Sunday is 0 or 7 (or use names) /

pour le jour de la semaine, le dimanche est 0 ou 7 (ou utiliser des noms)
78
 Script scheduling / programmation
des tâches (un script)
 Example 1 / Exemple 1

at 5.00 PM every Monday to Wednesday but only in July / à 17h00 tous les
lundi au mercredi, mais seulement en Juillet

0 17 * 7 1-3 /home/user/script1
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)

79
 Script scheduling / programmation
des tâches (un script)
 Example 2 / Exemple 2

It means the command will run at 8:20am on the 10th and 20th of each
month; AND every Thursday. / Cela signifie que la commande se
déroulera à 8h20 le 10 et le 20 de chaque mois; ET tous les jeudis.

20 8 10,20 * 4 /home/user/script2
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)

80
 Annex 1: Windows MS-DOS vs. Linux
and Unix / Windows MS-DOS contre
Linux et Unix
 attrib chmod

 backup tar

 dir ls

 cls clear

 copy cp

81
 Annex 1: Windows MS-DOS vs. Linux
and Unix / Windows MS-DOS contre
Linux et Unix (cont.)

 del rm

 deltree rm -R , rmdir

 edit vi , nano , pico

 format fdformat , mount , umount ,

fdisk , parted

82
 Annex 1: Windows MS-DOS vs. Linux
and Unix / Windows MS-DOS contre
Linux et Unix (cont.)

 move , rename mv

 type less <file>

 cd cd , chdir

 more < file more <file>

 md mkdir

 win startx 83
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix)

 Not all commands work with every distribution. /

Toutes les commandes ne fonctionnent pas avec
toutes les distributions.

 Not all commands work with any user (root vs. other
users) because privileges. / Toutes les commandes ne
fonctionnent pas avec tous utilisateurs (root ou autre
utilisateur), à cause des privilèges.

84
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix) (cont.)
 A: a2p | ac | addgroup | adduser | alias | agrep | apropos | apt-
cache | apt-get | aptitude | ar | arch | arp | as | aspell | at | atq |
atrm | awk
 B: basename | bash | batch | bc | bdiff | bfs | bg | biff | break |
bs | bye
 C: cal | calendar | cancel | cat | cc | cd | cfdisk | chdir | checkeq |
checknr | chfn | chgrp | chkey | chmod | chown | chroot | chsh |
cksum | clear | cls | cmp | col | comm | compress | continue |
copy | cp | cpio | crontab | csh | csplit | ctags | cu | curl | cut
 D: date | dc | dd | delgroup | deluser | depmod | deroff | df |
dhclient | diff | dig | dir | dircmp | dirname | dmesg | dos2unix |
dpkg | dpost | du

85
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix) (cont.)
 E: echo | ed | edit | egrep | eject | elm | emacs | enable | env |
eqn | ex | exit | expand | expr
 F: fc | fdisk | fg | fgrep | file | find | findsmb | finger | fmt | fold |
for | foreach | free | fromdos | fsck | ftp | fuser
 G: gawk | getfacl | gpasswd | gprof | grep | groupadd | groupdel
| groupmod | gunzip | gview | gvim | gzip
 H: halt | hash | hashstat | head | help | history | host | hostid |
hostname
 I: id | ifconfig | ifdown | ifup | info | init | insmod | iostat | ip |
isalist | iwconfig
 J: jobs | join
 K: keylogin | kill | killall | ksh

86
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix) (cont.)
 L: last | ld | ldd | less | lex | link | ln | lo | locate | login |
logname | logout | losetup | lp | lpadmin | lpc | lpq | lpr | lprm |
lpstat | ls | lsof | lsmod| lzcat | lzma
 M: mach | mail | mailcompat | mailx | make | man | md5sum |
merge | mesg | mii-tool | mkdir | mkfs | mkswap | modinfo |
modprobe | more | mount | move | mt | mv | myisamchk | mysql
| mysqldump
 N: nc | neqn | netstat | newalias | newform | newgrp | nice |
niscat | nischmod | nischown | nischttl | nisdefaults | nisgrep |
nismatch | nispasswd | nistbladm | nl | nmap | nohup | nroff |
nslookup
 O: od | on | onintr | optisa

87
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix) (cont.)
 P: pack | pagesize | parted | partprobe | passwd | paste | pax |
pcat | perl | pg | pgrep | pico | pine | ping | pkill | poweroff | pr |
printenv | priocntl | printf | ps | pstree | pvs | pwd | python
 Q: quit
 R: rcp | readlink | reboot | red | rehash | remsh | rename | renice
| repeat | replace | rgview | rgvim | rlogin | rm | rmail | rmdir |
rmmod | rn | route | rpcinfo | rsh | rsync | rview | rvim
 S: s2p | sag | sar | scp | screen | script | sdiff | sed | sendmail |
service | set | setenv | setfacl | sfdisk | sftp | sh | sha224sum |
sha256sum | sha384sum | sha512sum | shred | shutdown |
signals | sleep | slogin | smbclient | sort | spell | split | stat | stop
| startx | strftime | strip | stty | su | sudo | swapoff | swapon |
sysklogd

88
 Annex 2: Linux (and Unix) commands
/ commandes Linux (et Unix) (cont.)
 T: tabs | tac | tail | talk | tar | tbl | tcopy | tcpdump | tcsh | tee |
telinit | telnet | test | time | timex | todos | top | touch | tput | tr
| traceroute | tree | troff | tty
 U: ul | umask | unalias | uname | uncompress | unhash | uniq |
unlink | unlzma | unmount | unpack | untar | until | unxz | unzip |
uptime | useradd | userdel | usermod
 V: vacation | vedit | vgrind | vi | view | vim | vipw | visudo |
vmstat
 W: w | wait | wall | wc | wget | whereis | whatis | which | while|
who | whoami | whois | write
 X: X | xargs | xfd | xhost | xinit | xlsfonts | xorg | xset | xterm |
xrdb | xz | xzcat
 Y: yacc | yes | yppasswd | yum
 Z: zcat | zip | zipcloak | zipinfo | zipnote | zipsplit 89
 Annex 3: Linux and Unix top
commands / Commandes principales
Linux et Unix
 man , help
 cd , chdir
 ls
 cp
 mv
 rm
 chmod
 nano , vi
 pwd
 tar
 Find
 grep
 ip , ifconfig
 date
 kill
90