Small Signal BJT Ampitiers + Let us consider a practi behaviour of this circuit usin, + Asingle stage RC coupled ay cal transistor Amplifier circuit, discuss j 1B the de load tine, “SUS operation and then analyae ty e 'mplifier using transi 18 transistor as an act tive device is as shown in Fi min Fig. 2.2.1 1 cc Ry and R, are ©, and C, are biasing resistors Ri coupling capacitors & ° (——w, Voy Ampltied AC input signal ce output signal — La ypass capacitor ingle stage RC coupled CE amplifier Description : + The capacitors C, and C, are called as the coupling capacitors. As the load resistor R,,is coupled to the amplifier through the coupling capacitor, this amplifier is called as RC coupled amplifier. ‘The transistor is connected in the common emitter (CE) configuration. Therefore this amplifier is called CE amplifier. Circuit components and their functions : * Let us now know about the function of each component in the RC coupled amplifier. + Resistors R,, Ry, and Ry are used for biasing the transistor in the active region, because for operating the transistor as an amplifier it is necessary to bias it in the active region. The type of biasing circuit used here is voltage divider bias or self bias. * Reis the collector resistor used for controlling the collector current. Input coupling capacitor C, : * The input coupling capacitor C, is used for coupling the ac input voltage V, to the base of the transistor. As capacitors block de, only the ac component of the input conditions of the transistor remain unc this capacitor helps to block any de component present in V, and couples signal. This capacitor also ensures that the de biasing hanged even after application ofthe input signal. Bypass capacitor Cy : * The capacitor connected in parallel with the capacitor. emitter resistor Re is called as the emitter bypass' Be Le eee oo EDC amplified ac signal herefore the emitter r = ‘a low reactance (0 th mt ignal s Cy for only the ac sie! ee = gets bypassed through nt ve gain of the amplifier. Moreover a8 Ce Oven Set, ne 6 for dc conditions Iter the de biasing com © This capacitor offers This will increase the ¥ voltages, it does not bypass Re Thus presence of Cz does not al ditions. Output coupling capacitor C,? aA . This capacitor couples the amplifier output 0 the load resistance or to the next stage Oty ey only the ac part ofthe amplified signal tothe yg It's used for blocking the dc part and passin. Operation of the RC coupled CE amplifier : When the ac input signal is absent, the value of de base current of the transistor is Ix whichis called as the quiescent point base current. . Corresponding to Ipq, a quiescent de collector current Igg also flows through the transis a= Bac Ing) and the collector emitter voltage is Vexg: All this happens because we have inet the transistor in its active region using the biasing components. When small ac sinusoidal signal is applied at the input of the amplifier, an altern: current, starts flowing in the circuit. This base current varies above and below the Q point value of the base current (Iyq) as shown Fig. 2.2.2. Thus we can say that the ac signal is superimposed on the DC current. Iyq- Due to these variations in the base current, proportional variations take place-in the collect current, because Ic = Ip. AS Ip increases Ic also increases and with decrease in Iy, Ig willalo decrease as shown in Fig. 2.2. ating base * Thus Ip and Ic are in phase but Ic is a magnified version of Ty. Ip varies above and below is@ point value Icg. e a © This varying 1- passes through the collector resistor Re to produce a varying voltage drop le& across it. This voltage drop Ie Ro is in phase with the s collect s shown # Fig. 2.2.2, The collector voltage is given by, See “ Voie: Voce oo ee Veo=leRe lt © Therefore with changes in the voltage dr. 2 4 pages 8¢ drop IcRe, the collector voltage also will vary assho"™* PF * However Ve and Ie Re will vary in ex * r actly opposite m: ith jespec sr, beat as Ie Re increases V¢ has to decrease according to Belin C54 ‘ et Do * Tis color volageis he coupe ote eed through the coup orc, vill Part of Vand allow only ac part to pass through rig we igh as shown in Fig. 2.2.2. -_? sig © See the ac signal amplitude obtained after Thi ce, Its magnitude fter C. This is ise 1 2, This is the output voltage. . . higher than that of the input si h h put signal and its is input s the input ac signal has been successfully cm exactly same as that of the input 18"oc: Small Signal BST Ampitiers AC input signal v, issn seoncunattianieg coanieer oe Gotlector curent varying above and below ina point collector currentigg, Drop across collector resistor Fig Collector voltage le = Veo = le Output voltage Ve, {, (Note 180° phase shift * between Vand V)) Fig. 2.2.2 : Waveforms showing the process of amplification Phase relationship between input and output : AAs seen from Fig. 2.2.2, there is a 180° phase shift between the output and input or the output is. stid to be an “inverted” version of input. Thus for a CE amplifier there is a phase shift of between V, and V,. ¥ Role of coupling capacitor C; : The coupling capacitor C, couples on the AC part of the signal to the output and blocks the DC part as shown in Fig. 2:2.2. Therefore the signal obtained after the coupling capacitor C, has a 2er0 DC value. BOP Does the frequency change in the amplification process Ba. of V; and V, we conclude that the frequency of the amplified output Comparing the waveforms Me cagyat he Signal V, is same as that of the input voltage. Thus in the amplification process, ‘gnal remains unchanged.EDC-1 28 ‘Summary of operation of RC coupled CE amplifier : a aay L In the absence of ac input signal I = Igq He = Hoa and Vo ‘Vcag: The Q point is selected to be in the active region of transistor 2. ‘AsV; is applied, the base current varies above and below Ipq. ~ u 3. Hence I; = fly varies above and below [og , variation in Ic large. 4. _ Therefore voltage across Re varies, because Vac = Ip x Ro. 5. Hence collector voltage Vo varies above and below Veg a8 Ve = Vee ~ [gRe- 6. Through C, only the ac part of Vo is coupled to the load. V, is of same shape as V,, but of larger size, Thus amplification has taken place. 2.2.2 -. Working of the Amplifier with the Help of DC Load Line: ke eee Hee ea Poet eaten with the help of DC load line. Selection of Q-Point : ‘The criteria for selecting quiescent point to operate the transistor as 1. _ The Q point should not be too close to the cutoff region, 2. The Q point should not be t00 close to the saturation region, The conditions (i) and (i) should be satisfied in order to avoid an amplified output signal. The Q point should be located at the centre of the de-load an amplifier is as follows : 'Y Waveform distortion in the line 0 that the variation in the 3. i is \ding-to the posi e amplified voliage is equal corresponding-t0 the positive and negag ; signal. This will ensure that the amplified signal will be an exact ain cycles of ie pt 3 ; rf a 4. In Fig, 2.2.3, the component valves ste 50 ahsied that the Point is duane ii the exactly center of the de load line. The co-ordinates of the Q point are : Qpoint = (Vcee log) = (6V, 3 ma) ‘base current i.e. Ipq= 30HA. . The value of quiescent a Small $19Pal BJT Ampiti, gSi EC -| | | epee al Signal BST Ampitiers | Saturation Region Uc Q Point Values) Igq = 30ua, Toa =3 A Voea=8 Volts DC load tine G7 Ig and Ig increase but Vog decreases Ig and Ic decrease but Vog increases tet 8 [Output vorag Fig. 2.2.3 : Graphical representation of amplification process Amplification Process : * As shown in Fig. 2.2.3, due to application of the input signal, the base current varies sinusoidally above and below Ing. The change in base current i.e. Aly = Tp ems) To sy = “lp = 40 yA —20 pA =20 pA * ~The operating point will move along the load line from Q to R and then from R to S corresponding to change in Iy. * Due to this the collector current 1, will change above and below Icg as shown in Fig. 2.2.3. Note that Alc =.BAly = 2mA and Ic and Iy are in phase. s * The collector to emitter voltage Vcp (which is same as V,) will vary above and below its Q point value Vogg. This is the amplified output voltage. Note that Vcp is 180° out of phase with I,and Ip. : Note that the shape of the output voltage is exactly same as that of the input. That means no waveform distortion has taken place. Thus when Q point is at the centre of the load line, no waveform, distortion will take place. Features of CE amplifier : Input sigrial is applied at the base and amplified output is obtained at the collector. Voltage gain is high. Current gain is high. Input impedance is moderately high. Output impedance is moderately high. There is a phase shift of 180° between the input and output, aeeenr4 Ay = =hge Re hie 5 = -o x lS k LAK Ayia 150 1¢