THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REVITALIZED PULIS SA BARANGAY IN

STA. LUCIA, ILOCOS SUR: A BASIS FOR AN ACTION PLAN

KARL JOSHUA B. TAURO

ROMELLA CABANILLA
ESTER ANN B. ETENG
KIAN ANDREI DIEGO
REAGAN MANZANO

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

CANDON MAIN CAMPUS
SAN NICOLAS, CANDON CITY, ILOCOS SUR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

(DATE ACCOMPLISHED)
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 3

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) is a flagship

community-policing initiative of the Philippine National Police (PNP)

that aims to strengthen police visibility and engagement at the

grassroots level. It involves the strategic deployment of police officers

to the barangays, enabling closer coordination with local residents and

barangay officials. This program is designed to bridge the gap between

the police and the community by fostering proactive interaction,

peacebuilding, and collaborative problem-solving. Through this

initiative, the PNP seeks to create a safer and more peaceful

environment by building trust, promoting transparency, and

encouraging community involvement in maintaining peace and order.

As researchers, we recognize the R-PSB as a vital component of

modern policing that aligns with the principles of community

partnership and shared responsibility. By placing police officers within

the barangay setting, the program aims to facilitate immediate

response to local concerns, enhance public safety, and cultivate a

culture of mutual respect and cooperation. However, despite its clear

objectives, the implementation of the R-PSB varies across different

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 4

communities. While some barangays report improved police-

community relations and reduced crime incidents, others continue to

face challenges such as limited presence, lack of coordination, and

inconsistent execution of program activities. These inconsistencies

highlight the need to evaluate the current level of awareness and

implementation of the R-PSB, particularly in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur, to

identify existing gaps and develop an evidence-based action plan to

strengthen the program's implementation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies violence and

crime as major public health issues that significantly contribute to

injury, death, and long-term psychological harm, especially in low- and

middle-income countries (WHO, 2014). The WHO emphasizes that

effective violence prevention requires multi-sectoral cooperation,

including health services, education, law enforcement, and local

governments (WHO, 2002). Programs aligned with community policing

—where law enforcers actively engage with residents to identify and

solve problems—are seen as essential in reducing risk factors for

violence, improving mental well-being, and strengthening community

resilience (WHO, 2010).

Community policing has been a robust world crime reduction

scheme. In the US, the COPS program ensures better police-citizen

relations and crime prevention through the creation of better bonding

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 5

(Weisburd et al., 2003). Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the

Neighborhood Policing program ensures that the police officers

stationed in a specific neighborhood remain there so that they can deal

with the public and sort out problems more effectively (Quinton et al.,

2007). Japan's Koban system takes it a step ahead by establishing

small police stations in the neighborhood so that policing is very

convenient (Takeda & Lee, 2006). These programs show that an open

and transparent police presence can effectively reduce crime levels

(Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2009).

Crime is a serious issue in the Philippines in spite of attempts at

more effective law enforcement and public security. PNP data and

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) indicate that index crimes like

homicide and theft fell in recent years (PNP, 2020; PSA, 2020). Non-

index crimes like drugs and cybercrime, however, persist and continue

to increase due to new techniques used by criminals and emerging

technology (Alampay et al., 2019; Dumadag, 2021). The trends attest

to the imperative call to pursue crime prevention strategy reforms

(Gonzales & Manalo, 2021). To this end, the government has

strengthened the community police organizations and launched police

visibility and public contact programs (Philippine National Police,

2020). Among these is the R-PSB program, it builds tighter police-

community trust and makes crime prevention more of a civic

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 6

undertaking (Cruz, 2021). Increased contact with civic groups and

community authorities allows the R-PSB police to more effectively

attend to security matters (Mora, 2021). The program is unique in that

it focuses more on preventing crime than responding to incidents after

they occur (Vasquez, 2020).

In Mindanao, the implementation of the R-PSB program has been

instrumental in promoting peace and security, especially in conflict-

affected and insurgency-prone areas. The program supports the

Philippine National Police’s (PNP) strategy of localized peacebuilding by

assigning police officers to barangays to engage residents, conduct

intelligence-gathering, and provide community-based interventions

(PNP, 2024). In regions such as Davao and parts of the Bangsamoro

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), R-PSB has helped

reduce the influence of insurgent groups while fostering public trust

toward the police (Tamayo et al., 2022). R-PSB is not only focused on

crime prevention but also on community building. Officer activities

include youth outreach, disaster response, and livelihood projects.

These activities help in gaining the people's trust and establish the

police as a reliable partner in the community (Mendoza, 2020; Tan &

Villanueva, 2019). The program contributes to making the barangays

more stable in the long run as it addresses both security and social

concerns (Lopez, 2021). This integrated approach goes beyond the

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 7

traditional role of law enforcement, incorporating police officers as

active members of the community (Santos, 2020).

In recent years, Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur has faced its share of

crime-related challenges that highlight the need for stronger crime

prevention efforts. One of the most significant incidents was the arrest

of the municipality’s top most wanted person for violating the

Dangerous Drugs Act, underscoring the persistent issue of illegal drug

activities in the area. The community also experienced the effects of

armed conflicts, such as the 2020 encounter between government

forces and the New People's Army (NPA), which resulted in the deaths

of three suspected rebels. These events reveal that even smaller towns

like Sta. Lucia are not immune to serious criminal threats that affect

the safety and well-being of its residents.

In response to these challenges, the PNP has been ramping up

efforts to improve peace and order in Sta. Lucia and the surrounding

areas. Through various operations targeting illegal drugs and

gambling, local authorities have made significant arrests and seized

large quantities of illegal substances. These actions reflect the police's

commitment to creating a safer environment for everyone. Programs

like RPSB are also helping to bridge the gap between law enforcement

and the community, encouraging collaboration in preventing crime.

The success of these initiatives depends not just on the police but also

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 8

on the support and active participation of the people, ensuring that

everyone plays a role in maintaining peace and order.

For years, community-based policing initiatives like the R-PSB

program have been studied, aiming to improve police visibility and

build stronger relationships between the police and the community at

the barangay level. While the program was designed to enhance public

safety and reduce crime, there’s still a lack of in-depth research on its

real-world impact (Llanto, Osman, Denson, & Javier, 2024; Tamayo,

Lerios, Carpio, Sahidaini, & Juevesano, 2022). Previous studies

highlight the importance of good police-community relationships

(Morgan, 2011) and government support (Homel & Fuller, 2015), but

few have actually evaluated how effective the R-PSB program truly is.

Despite its ongoing implementation, the extent to which R-PSB

addresses local safety concerns and builds trust within the community

remains largely unexplored (PNP, 2024). This gap calls for further

research to understand the program’s impact and suggest ways to

make it more effective. In particular, by focusing on Sta. Lucia, Ilocos

Sur, this study aims to fill that gap, offering insights and a solid

foundation for creating an action plan to strengthen the program’s

effectiveness right where it’s needed most.

Theoretical Framework

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 9

In conducting this study, various theories related to community

policing, crime prevention, and police-community relations will be

reviewed. These theories will provide a foundation for the study’s

structure and conceptualization, guiding the framework for the

succeeding discussion.

Theory of Crime Prevention. Ronald V. Clarke’s (1980) theory

the Situational Crime Prevention, focuses on reducing the opportunity

for crime by modifying the environment and increasing the risks

associated with committing crimes. This theory supports the RPSB’s

approach of deploying police officers in barangays to strengthen

visibility, build relationships with the community, and provide proactive

responses to potential threats. It highlights the preventive function of

the program in maintaining peace and order at the grassroots level.

Theory of Implementation. Van Meter and Van Horn (1975)

identifies six key factors that influence the success of public policy

implementation: clear objectives, adequate resources, agency

characteristics, inter-organizational communication, implementer

attitudes, and the political/social environment. Applied to the R-PSB

program in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur, this theory offers a framework to

evaluate the program's effectiveness. It highlights how implementation

barriers like unclear goals or resource shortages can hinder success,

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 10

and it guides the development of an action plan to improve service

delivery and community impact.

Theory of Awareness. Paulo Freire (1970), the Theory of

Awareness—also known as Critical Consciousness Theory—emphasizes

that genuine awareness arises from critical reflection and action on

social issues. Applied to the R-PSB program, the theory underscores

the importance of community understanding and involvement for

successful implementation. It also stresses that both citizens and

implementers must be deeply aware of local needs and program goals.

This theory supports the study’s focus on assessing awareness levels

to enhance community participation and strengthen police-community

collaboration.

Procedural Justice Theory. As outlined by Tyler and Huo

(2002), highlights the role of fairness and transparency in building

trust between authorities and citizens. In the context of the R-PSB

program, the theory emphasizes that respectful and just treatment by

police officers enhances community trust, cooperation, and

participation. Ensuring procedural justice strengthens the effectiveness

of community policing by promoting public satisfaction and fostering

stronger police-community relationships.

Social Learning Theory. Developed by Bandura (1977),Social

Learning Theory by Bandura (1977) explains that people learn

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 11

behaviors by observing others and the outcomes of those behaviors. In

the R-PSB program, this theory highlights how positive interactions

between police officers and community members foster mutual

learning, trust, and cooperation. By modeling respectful and proactive

behavior, both groups reinforce constructive relationships, which are

key to effective crime prevention and sustained community

engagement.

Routine Activity Theory. Proposed by Cohen and Felson

(1979), states that crime occurs when a motivated offender, a suitable

target, and the absence of a capable guardian coincide. The R-PSB

program addresses this by enhancing police presence in communities,

especially in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas

(GIDAs), thereby acting as capable guardians. This increased visibility

deters potential offenders and reduces crime opportunities. The theory

supports the program's goal of improving public safety through

proactive policing and community involvement.

Social Identity Theory. Developed by Tajfel (1978), explains

how group identities influence behavior. In the R-PSB program, this

theory highlights the importance of building a shared identity between

police officers and community members. By reducing the divide

between “us” (the community) and “them” (the police), the program

fosters mutual trust, cooperation, and a sense of common purpose.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 12

This strengthened social bond enhances the effectiveness of

community policing and supports the program’s goal of creating a

safer, more united community.

Conceptual Framework

This study will be guided by a simple but important idea: for a

program like the R-PSB to actually make a difference, the people will

need to know about it, we will need to do our part as implementers,

and the problems along the way will need to be recognized and

addressed. It will not be enough to just have a program in place—it will

have to be felt and understood by the community, especially in a town

like Sta. Lucia where peace and order will continue to matter greatly.

Our focus in this study will be on three things: first, how aware

the people of Sta. Lucia will be about the R-PSB program; second, how

well the program will be carried out by the police; and third, what

challenges will be faced during its implementation. These inputs will be

important because they will give us a clear picture of what will be

working, what will not, and where improvements will need to be made .

To gather this information, we will conduct surveys directly with

the people and the police. By doing this, we will collect a mix of

perspectives—from those who will be supposed to benefit from the

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 13

program, and from those who will be in charge of making it happen.

After collecting the data, we will carefully analyze it and try to

understand the bigger picture. Through this, we will also be able to

identify common issues or gaps that may affect the success of the

program.

The output of our study will be an action plan—a guide that will

help strengthen the implementation of the R-PSB program in Sta.

Lucia. This plan will be based on real experiences and insights, not just

theories. It will aim to provide practical suggestions that will help the

police connect better with the community, improve their services, and

build stronger trust.

In the conduct of this study, the researchers will be guided by

the research paradigm illustrated in Figure 1.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Level of 1. Data gathering Action plan to

awareness of the through surveys Strengthen the
Community and interviews Implementation
regarding R-PSB of Revitalized
2. Analysis and Pulis sa
2. The level of interpretation
implementation of Barangay in Sta.
R-PSB 3. Identification of Lucia, Ilocos Sur
Issues and Gaps
3. Problems
encountered in
the
implementation

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 14

Figure. 1. Research Paradigm

The figure above illustrates the research paradigm that will be

used in conducting in this study. For the researchers to recommend a

valid Action Plan to strengthen the Implementation of the Revitalized

Pulis sa Barangay in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur. The researchers must

identify the level of awareness of the community, level of

implementation, and problems encountered in the implementation of

the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur.

This study will focus on three key input variables: community

awareness of the R-PSB program, the level of its implementation, and

the problems that will be encountered. It will assess how well-informed

residents will be, how effectively the program will be carried out, and

the challenges that will be faced, such as resource limitations or low

participation. The research process will involve data gathering through

surveys, followed by analysis and issue identification. The study’s

output will be an action plan designed to strengthen the R-PSB

implementation in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur, proposing strategies to boost

awareness, enhance engagement, and address operational gaps for a

more effective and sustainable program.

Review of Related Literature

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 15

Trust between the police and the community is the foundation of

effective policing. According to Rippy (2023), trust is built through

continuous and positive interaction between law enforcement and the

public. When people trust the police, they are more likely to report

crimes, support safety programs, and participate in investigations. The

Department of Justice (2023) also stated that trust leads to better

accountability, while Zencity (2023) emphasized that people are more

open to sharing valuable information when they feel safe and

respected by police officers.

Programs that prioritize communication and problem-solving—

like community policing—help make police work more transparent and

responsive to public needs (Office of Justice Programs, 2023). These

platforms, such as community forums or review boards, give citizens a

voice in influencing police policies and actions (Rippy, 2023).

In the Philippines, local studies support the role of police visibility

and community cooperation. Lacerna (2018) found in Barangay

Bagong Silang, Caloocan City, that awareness of police programs leads

to better community cooperation. Calibo II et al. (2021), in their study

in Dipolog City, revealed that despite individual efforts by police and

barangay officials, weak coordination between them caused problems

in public safety. They recommended better collaboration between the

two sectors.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 16

Tamayo et al. (2022) studied the R-PSB program in Mati City and

found that while people were aware of the program, some barangays

lacked regular police presence. They emphasized that strong

community engagement and communication are key to success.

Similarly, Llanto et al. (2024) noted that in Visayas municipalities, R-

PSB implementation worked better where barangay officials and

assigned police officers coordinated well. Where there was poor

leadership and unclear guidelines, the program failed to make an

impact.

Dela Cruz (2021) explored 7the challenges faced by police

assigned to remote and disadvantaged areas. Lack of resources, safety

risks, and limited support made it hard for officers to perform their

duties, which affected how well the R-PSB program was carried out in

these locations. Cruz (2021) and Mora (2021) also agreed that when

police attend community activities and meetings, residents are more

likely to trust them and support crime prevention initiatives.

Globally, countries have also adopted community-based

strategies. In the United States, the COPS program improved public

safety by embedding officers in neighborhoods (Weisburd et al., 2003).

Japan's Koban system placed small police posts in communities to

strengthen relationships between officers and citizens (Takeda & Lee,

2006). The United Kingdom’s Neighborhood Policing followed the same

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 17

approach, assigning officers to specific areas for longer periods

(Quinton et al., 2007).

However, community policing is not always easy to implement. In

Latin America, Malone et al. (2021) noted that countries faced

difficulties moving away from militarized policing due to institutional

problems. In Ethiopia, Melkamu et al. (2023) found that people still

lacked trust in the police due to unfair treatment and poor

engagement. These studies show that for community policing to work,

fairness, respect, and proper training are necessary.

Mutasa (2021) showed how Joint Community Policing Platforms in

Africa increased police visibility and strengthened cultural

understanding. Skaggs et al. (2022) also emphasized that community

policing programs succeed when there are clear standards, supportive

leadership, and proper officer training.

Some researchers warn against the use of military-style policing.

Balko (2013) and Mummolo (2018) argued that aggressive tactics can

damage public trust. Their findings showed that when officers use

excessive force, especially in peaceful situations, it can lead to fear

and resentment in communities—a problem that also exists in some

parts of the Philippines.

Technology is also changing modern policing. Wilson (2009)

discussed the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to track

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 18

crime hotspots. Boba et al. (2014) and Roba et al. (2009) supported

the use of intelligence-led policing, which relies on data sharing and

collaboration to improve crime prevention.

New models like Neighborhood-Driven Policing (Myers, 2021)

encourage stronger partnerships between police and citizens, where

local residents help guide decision-making. Hunter (2011) added that

police officers must not only connect with communities but also

undergo values and ethics training to build meaningful change.

These studies support the core principles of the Revitalized Pulis

sa Barangay (R-PSB) program in the Philippines. The R-PSB combines

community policing, visibility, and grassroots engagement. However,

its success depends on proper implementation, officer support, public

cooperation, and continuous evaluation.

In areas like Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur, where crimes such as illegal

drugs and insurgency remain a concern, the implementation of R-PSB

must be strengthened. By learning from both local experiences and

international practices, this study hopes to offer an action plan that

makes R-PSB more responsive and effective at the barangay level.

Statement of the Problem

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 19

This study aims to determine the Implementation of the

Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of awareness of the community regarding

the implementation of the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-

PSB) in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur?

2. What is the level of implementation of the Revitalized Pulis

sa Barangay (R-PSB) in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur?

3. What are the problems encountered in the implementation

of the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) in Sta. Lucia,

Ilocos Sur?

4. What action plan can be developed to strengthen the

Implementation of Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay in Sta.

Lucia, Ilocos Sur?

Assumptions of the Study

1. The community members of Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur are aware

of the presence and functions of the Revitalized Pulis sa

Barangay (R-PSB).

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 20

2. The respondents will provide honest and accurate responses

regarding the implementation and challenges of the R-PSB in

their barangay.

Importance of the Study

This study aims to assess the implementation of the Revitalized

Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur and its impact on the

community's awareness and participation in police-community

relations. This study may be significant to the following entities:

Philippine National Police (PNP). The study will provide

insights on how the PNP can enhance their community engagement

strategies. It will help them understand the challenges and

opportunities for improving the implementation of R-PSB, fostering

better police-community relations and public safety.

Local Government Units (LGUs). The LGUs will benefit from

the findings by receiving valuable feedback on the current

effectiveness of R-PSB in their area. This can inform the development

of policies and strategies aimed at improving the program, addressing

community concerns, and ensuring a safer environment for all.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 21

Community Leaders and Barangay Officials. This study will

help community leaders and barangay officials understand the key

factors that influence community participation in the R-PSB program.

They can use the findings to improve communication, trust, and

collaboration between residents and law enforcement.

Residents of Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur. They will gain a deeper

understanding of the importance of their participation in police-

community programs, realizing that active involvement contributes to

safer neighborhoods and stronger relationships with law enforcement.

Educational Institutions. This study could assist educational

institutions, particularly criminology programs, by providing a case

study on the role of community involvement in policing. It can serve as

a resource for developing curriculum or training programs focused on

police-community relations.

Future Researchers. The study will serve as a basis for future

research on police-community relations, particularly in rural areas.

Future researchers can use the findings to further explore the

relationship between community engagement and the effectiveness of

law enforcement programs.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 22

Definition of Terms

This part of study presents the operational definition of the

following terms:

Action Plan. A set of strategic steps and guidelines developed

based on the findings of the study to strengthen the implementation of

the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) program in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos

Sur. This plan includes recommendations on addressing the challenges

and improving community participation and police-community

relations.

Awareness. Refers to the level of understanding and familiarity

of the community with the goals, activities, and importance of the R-

PSB. It involves recognizing the role of assigned police officers in

maintaining peace and order, as well as knowing how to engage and

cooperate with them. A high level of awareness encourages active

participation, strengthens police-community relationships, and

contributes to the overall success of the R-PSB program.

Community. Refers to the residents of Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur,

who are involved in or affected by the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-

PSB) program. Community members are those who actively participate

in local security initiatives and law enforcement activities.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 23

Community Participation. The active involvement of

community members in the implementation, decision-making, and

execution of programs such as the R-PSB. Participation includes

engaging in meetings, discussions, activities, and contributing to the

improvement of police-community relations.

Implementation. The process of putting the Revitalized Pulis

sa Barangay (R-PSB) program into practice within the barangays of Sta.

Lucia, Ilocos Sur. It involves executing plans, policies, and activities

designed to improve public safety and community engagement in the

program.

Police-Community Relations (PCR). The relationship

between law enforcement personnel and the members of the

community, characterized by trust, cooperation, and effective

communication. Positive police-community relations help in ensuring

public safety and the successful implementation of safety programs,

including the R-PSB.

Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB). A police program

aimed at enhancing the role of barangay-based officers in maintaining

peace and order, promoting community involvement in law

enforcement, and improving public trust in the police. The R-PSB

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 24

focuses on strengthening collaboration between police officers and

community members in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur.

Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur. The locality in which this study is

conducted, particularly focusing on the implementation of the

Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) program in this area. Sta. Lucia is

a municipality located in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines.

Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains various methodologies that was used in

gathering data and analysis which are relevant to the research. The

methodologies include areas such as the research design, population

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 25

and locale of the study, research instruments, data gathering

procedures, statistical treatment, data categorization and ethical

considerations.

Research Design

This study will be using a descriptive survey design. A descriptive

survey design helps us understand the perceptions, ideas, attitudes,

and behaviors of the respondents regarding the program (Anderson,

2023). This method is perfect for gathering in-depth information about

the community’s awareness and participation in the Revitalized Pulis

sa Barangay (R-PSB) program in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur. By using this

design, we can get a clearer picture of how the community feels about

the R-PSB and what their experiences have been. We chose this

approach because it allows us to capture an accurate and broad view

of the situation, helping us understand the strengths and challenges of

the program from the community’s perspective.

Population and Locale of the Study

The respondents of the study are the residents of Sta. Lucia,

Ilocos Sur. The total population of Sta. Lucia is 25,816 based on the

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 26

2022 Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) by the Philippine

Statistics Authority (PSA).

The required sample size for this study will be determined using

the Lynch formula, which is a statistical method used to calculate an

appropriate number of respondents based on the total population,

confidence level of 95%, and margin of error of 0.05.

For sampling, random sampling will be utilized. Random

sampling is a method that gives each individual in the population an

equal chance of being selected, which helps eliminate selection bias

and ensures the representativeness of the sample. This technique

allows the researchers to draw generalizable conclusions from the

selected respondents by relying on the law of probability. Through this

method, participants will be selected from the population of Sta. Lucia,

Ilocos Sur without considering subgroups or classifications (Kenton,

2017). In addition, total enumeration will be used for the PNP and

barangay officials to ensure that all relevant stakeholders involved in

the implementation of the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB)

program are included in the study.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Table 1. Population and Sample Size

Group N= Population n= Sample Size

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 27

Barangay Officials 396 396

PNP 22 22

Residents 25,420 379

Total 25,838 797

Research Instrument

For this study, a researcher-made questionnaire will be the main

tool for collecting data. The questionnaire will be formulated based on

the implemented crime prevention program and activities under R-PSB,

each focusing on different aspects of the R-PSB program in Sta. Lucia.

The first section will assess the community’s level of awareness about

the R-PSB program. It will explore how familiar residents are with the

program's goals, activities, and overall purpose. The second section

will focus on the level of implementation of the R-PSB program in Sta.

Lucia. This will examine how effectively the program has been carried

out in the community and what factors influence its success or

challenges. The third section will address the challenges or barriers

faced in the implementation of the R-PSB program, including resource

limitations, communication issues, or trust-related concerns. All three

sections are designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of

the program’s awareness, its current implementation, and the

obstacles that may affect its success.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 28

The research instrument will be subjected to both validity and

reliability testing. To ensure content validity, the survey questionnaire

will be evaluated by one internal expert and four external experts.

Their comments and suggestions will be reviewed and incorporated to

enhance the quality of the instrument. For the reliability test, the

questionnaire will be administered to 30 selected residents of Sta.

Cruz, Ilocos Sur, where the Revitalized Pulis sa Barangay (R-PSB) is

also implemented. The results will then be statistically analyzed to

determine the reliability coefficient. These procedures will ensure that

the instrument is both valid and reliable for collecting accurate data for

the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data will be gathered through the administration of the

questionnaire to the selected respondents. The survey will be

administered in person and/or through online platforms, depending on

the convenience and availability of the respondents. Respondents will

be given an informed consent form to ensure that they understand the

purpose of the study and that their participation is voluntary. The

researcher will first secure approval from the Dean and coordinate with

the Sta. Lucia Municipal Police Station (PNP) and the barangay officials

to facilitate the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. All

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 29

ethical standards and data privacy protocols will be strictly observed

throughout the data gathering process.

Statistical Treatment

The responses of the respondents will be tallied and tabulated to

determine the frequencies and equivalent percentages using the

following statistical methods:

The mean will be used to determine the level of awareness of the

community regarding the implementation of the Revitalized Pulis sa

Barangay (R-PSB) program in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur, and the level of

implementation of the program. This method will help assess the

average level of awareness and the extent of implementation as

perceived by the respondents.

Frequency counts and percentages will be used to determine the

problems that will be encountered in the implementation of the R-PSB

program in Sta. Lucia, Ilocos Sur. This method will help identify the

proportion of respondents who will encounter various issues during the

implementation of the program.

Data Categorization

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 30

The Scale of Statistical values that will be used in this study is as

follows:

Overall
Descriptiv
Scal Scale of Descriptiv
e Rating Interpretation
e Range e Rating
(DR)
(ODR)
Very Highly Aware of the
3.26 – Strongly Very High
4 Revitalized Pulis sa
4.00 Aware (SA) (VH)
Barangay program.

2.51 – Aware and familiar with the

3 Aware (A) High (H)
3.25 R-PSB and its components.

1.76 – Slightly Aware of some aspects of

2 Low (L)
2.50 Aware (SA) the R-PSB program.
1.00 – Not Aware Not aware or only aware Very Low
1
1.75 (NA) when assisted by others. (VL)
Overall
Scal Scale of Descriptive Descriptiv
Interpretation
e Range Rating (DR) e Rating
(ODR)
Strongly The R-PSB is strongly
3.26 – Very High
4 Implemented implemented in the
4.00 (VH)
(SI) community
The R-PSB program is
2.51 – Implemented implemented with
3 High (H)
3.25 (I) consistency and visible
impact
Slightly The R-PSB program is
1.76 –
2 Implemented slighty implemented only in Low (L)
2.50
(SI) limited areas or aspect.
Not
1.00 – The R-PSB program is not Very Low
1 Implemented
1.75 implemented at all (VL)
(NI)
Ethical Considerations

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology
 ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE - MAIN CAMPUS 31

To establish and safeguard ethics in conducting this research,

the researchers will strictly observe several ethical guidelines. The

names of the respondents will not be mentioned in any part of the

discussions to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. There will be no

coercion applied to the respondents; their participation is entirely

voluntary. The data gathered will be treated with the utmost respect,

and confidentiality will be maintained throughout the study. Proper

document sourcing and referencing of materials will be adhered to in

order to comply with copyright laws and protect intellectual property.

Communication letters requesting permission to administer the

questionnaires will be secured to the Dean’s office, the Sta. Lucia

Police Station, and the Office of the Barangay Captain, where formal

approval will be sought before conducting the study.

Bachelor of Science in
Criminology