TRANSPORTATION

MANAGEMENT

RONALD PAUL
GAMBA
Instructor I

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION
MANAGEMENT................................1-8
II. AIR TRANSPORTATION.................9-22
III. WATER TRANSPORTATION........23-52
IV. LAND TRANSPORTATION...........53-58
 After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Explain the definition, purpose and importance of transportation;

[Link] the physical constraints and overcoming the transport and tourism
new approach; and
[Link] the nature and scope tourist transport: modes of travel

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT IN TOURISM

Transport is acknowledged as one of the most significant factors to have contributed to

the international development of tourism.
Transport plays very important part in travel and tourism industry, when
considering transport it is important to bear in mind the following points
It provides the essential link between tourism origin and destination areas.
It also helps to facilitate the movement of travelers either for leisure or
business. It could be main feature of trip example cruise ship and couch tour
Transport enables the tourists to enjoy the benefits of goods not produced
locally Transport increases mobility of labor that has much contribution in
tourism industry

Introduction to Tourism Transportation

Categories of Transportation
Advantage and Disadvantage of Tourism Transportation
Challenges Facing in Transportation

AIR TRANSPORT
Air transport means the use of aircraft, predominantly airplanes, to move passengers and
cargo. It is the fastest mode of transport. But the cost of its operation is very high and
thus it is suitable for only rich passengers, mails and light and costly cargo Fastest Mode
of
Transport:
Types of flight
Scheduled flights
Non-scheduled flights also known as charter flights

ADVANTAGES
Rapidness. The airline revolutionized travel, and the range and speed of jet travel has
greatly expanded what tourist or business travelers could accomplish with the
equivalent time and funds at their disposal.
Convenience. The system is very efficient. You only need make a call to an airline or
a
travel agent and purchase your ticket, then all you have to do is goto the airport and
check your bags to your desired destination.
Safety. According to National Transportation Safety Board’s date, U.S. air carriers
provide scheduled service have an enviable safety record.

DISADVANTAGES

Very Costly: It is the highest means of transport; I mean the charges of air transport
are so high that it is beyond the reach of the common man.
Uncertain and Unreliable: Air transport is uncertain and unreliable as it is controlled
based on the level of weather conditions. Unfavorable weather such as fog, snow or
heavy rain
etc. may cause cancellation of scheduled flights and suspension of air service.
Small Carrying Capacity: It’s carrying volume is very small

CLASSES IN AIRLINES

1. First-class travelers
2. Business-class travelers
3. Economy-class travelers
4. Premium economy classes

LAND TRANSPORT
Traveling by land is the most flexible and economical form of mass transportation.
Modern motorway networks have made major cities easily accessible.
Car service
Couch traveling
Recreational vehicles

Car services it is usually an independent mean of transport. The driver decides

where,
when and how he is going to get to a destination. It is usually cheaper since roads
fees are not directly paid but rather from taxes. Car transport is the dominant mode in
world tourism
(77% of all journeys), notably because of advantages such as flexibility, price,
and independence.
Car travelers have greater freedom in `choosing their route, destination, and timing
of their journey.
a) Private cars for rental;
b) Taxis; and
c) Private cars.

Coach traveling: This type of mode of transport uses the same road network as
cars. Coach refers to a long-distance express bus as well as those used for
sightseeing
excursions. They can be used for short duration local tours (hours) but also can be
set for multi-days journeys where the coach is the conveyance.

Recreational vehicles, or RVs, function like mobile motel rooms, enabling the traveler
to
integrate travel mode and accommodation facility into one unit. RV sales are
increasing,
and more destinations are providing the facilities for RVs to dock. These facilities,
known as RV campgrounds, provide hook-ups for water, electricity, and sewage.

Advantages of road transport

• Cost effective
• Fast delivery
• Easy to communicate with
driver Disadvantages of road
transport
• Transport it is focused to traffic delays
• Transport subject to breakdown
• Goods susceptible to damage because of careless driving
• Bad weather

WATER TRANSPORT

Water transport is the ship transport where by watercraft carrying people (passengers)
or
goods. Water-based transport is one of the most traditional and memorable ways for
visitors to travel to and from adestination. It is not only away to travel but a tourism
experience in itself.
Types Water Transport
Cruise ships
Ferry service
River boat travel

A cruise is a vacation trip by ship. The cruise ships named as sailing hotels provide
tourists
with indispensable travel opportunity. It offers the passengers a chance to relax in
comfortable surroundings, with attentive service, good food, and a liner that
changes the scenery from time to time.
Cruise ships are basically self-contained destinations where guests live, eat, are
entertained, and travel. Cruises are voyages taken for pleasure and not only for the
purpose of transport. Most cruises start and end at the same port.

A ferry (or ferryboat) is a boat or ship used to carry (or ferry) primarily
passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water.
Most ferries operate on regular, frequent, return services.
Ferry service is a short distance sea-journey between ports. Both the local
commuters as well as tourists use this mode of transport.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION
The rail travel has emerged as the dominant form of mass public transport before the
age of the automobile.
The railway systems of several countries, notably in Europe, have seen massive
investments for long-distance routes and high speed services. Due to the scenery
or the amenities provided, rail transportation can also be a touristic destination in
itself.
a number of services have been designed specifically for the tourist trade on a
local and international level.

Examples include “Orient Express” in Europe and “Indian-Pacific” across Australia.

Others include the “Trans-Siberian Railway” and the “Bullet Train” of Japan

Advantage
Convenience: it usually arrives at and depart from the central business district of a
city, thus saving transit time between city and airport.
Suited to medium or long distance journeys, and to densely populated urban
areas, Environmental friendly
Disadvantage
High fixed costs

Challenges Facing Transportation

Congestion of roads, passenger terminals, and airports is a condition that most

travelers face at one time or another, especially in urban areas.
Inadequate facilities to handle growing demand is often the primary cause of
congestion, but it can also result from traffic flow design problems, repairs and other
construction-related activity, and tighter security procedures.
Visa and customs procedures often require travelers to stay within the confines of the
passenger terminal for longer periods of time, and contribute to the overall congestion
of the terminal.

Safety and Security

Providing for the safety and security of the traveling public will continue to be a central
concern of transportation providers, especially for airlines. Although airline accidents
and
acts of terrorism are rare, when they occur they draw worldwide attention. Also
heightened security at an airport normally results in greater congestion and delays,
thereby diminishing the quality of the visitor experience.
Environmental Impacts
Transportation modes and facilities tend to have significant environmental impacts. All
modes of travel require energy, most of which is provided by fossil fuels. The
burning of fossil fuels contributes to a number of environmental problems,
including air pollution and global warming.

Seasonality, Seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at certain

times. Conversely, low occupancies and load factors will occur at other periods.
At peak travel periods, the problems of congestion, security, and the environment
become much more severe.
 ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTION:

Students will form a group of 5-6members.

GROUP 1- AIR TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 2 - LAND TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 3 - WATER TRANSPORTATION
GROUP 4 - RAIL TRANSPORTATION
Content - Students will discuss the role of transportation in Philippine tourism
development based on their assigned categories of transportation thru a power-point
presentation with a voice-over.
5-10 slides only
Due: 1 week
 AIR TRANSPORTATION

After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. discuss the historical development of air transportation;

2. analyze the institutional framework;

3. classify the air transports;

4. evaluate the criteria of air traffic classification;

5. enumerate the aviation organization / association;

6. identify the international Air Transport

Association Codes;

AIRPORT TRANSPORT: DEFINITION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

What is Air Transport?
Air transport is any type of transport that moves through air. Any vehicle that can
sustain flight is part of the air transport industry, and there are various different
types. From short domestic flights to long haul international travel, air transport is
a big part of the travel and tourism industry.

MAJOR TYPES OF AIR TRANSPORT

Airplane - It is a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than
that of the air it displaces. They are transportation devices which are designed to
move people and
cargo from one place to another. Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes
depending on the mission of the aircraft. In tourism aspect, it is used to provide mass
and
quick transportation between countries under safe, standardized and economical
conditions.

Helicopter – It is also called as “chopper or “heli”. It is a type of aircraft without

wings, that has one or two sets of large blades that go around very fast on top.
They can be used as flying ambulances to carry patients. They can be loaded
with water to fight large

fires. However, in tourism, the tours are offered to the passengers/tourists by the
helicopters over the popular places or less crowded places, in a country, giving them
the time and
opportunity to capture the scenic aerial view.

Hot Air Balloon- It is an aircraft consisting of a very large bag filled with heated air
or other gas, with a basket hanging under it in which people can ride. Though it is
not often used to transport people from one place to another, they are used to have
tourists enjoy a closer
sight of the tourist attractions offered by the place.

Sea Plane - It is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing
(alighting) on water. One of the most common uses for seaplanes these days is air
taxi service. Since they can take off and land on water, seaplanes have more
flexibility when traveling from the mainland to island sites. Many companies around
Asia offer seaplane transfers from
airports to prime tourist spots.

Hang Glider - It is a small aircraft without an engine, consisting of a frame covered

in cloth, from which the pilots hang. Though hang gliding is considered an air sport or
recreational
activity, it allows the pilot to transfer from one place to another while enjoying the
sight of the attractions below.
 ACTIVITY

INSTRUCTIO

Students will form a group of 4-5members.

GROUP 1-
GROUP 2 - HELICOPTER
GROUP 3 - HOT AIR BALLOON
GROUP 4 - SEA PLANE
GROUP 5- HANG

Content - Students will present 1 local and 1 international company based on their
assigned major type of air transport thru a power-point presentation with a voice-
over.

1 LOCAL AND 1 INTERNATIONAL PER

1 Company name
. Company background,location etc.
3. Service offer, rates and promos
4. Photos
5. Website
 PPT must be 10-15 slides only
Only one representative per group will submit the PowerPoint presentation
together
with the member's name list in the private comment section.
All group members must click "turn in" after the submission to avoid missing
activity
status.

AIRLINE INDUSTRY

TYPE OF AIRLINES
Airlines are often grouped into different categories and precise definitions can vary in
different parts of the world. However, broadly speaking, airlines can be separated
into three main types:
[Link] Airlines
[Link] Airlines
[Link] Airlines

INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES
International airlines are a group of the largest , most high profile and most
successful airlines. They make billions in revenue each year and operate large
passenger jets.
International airlines also usually employ more staff than national and regional airlines.
They also usually transport more than just passengers. Transportation of cargo and
freight over
long distances is also expected. These airlines also tend to focus their efforts on
offering global services, carrying passengers and cargo over large distances.
NATIONAL AIRLINES

National airlines represent the next step down from the largest international airlines
and a step up from regional. They will typically offer both medium-sized and large-
sized jets and will focus on offering services to areas within their home country, but
many will offer access to international destinations too.
REGIONAL AIRLINES
Regional airlines are the smallest of the three main types and focus on offering
services
within specific regions. In many cases, they provide passenger services to parts of
the world with lower levels of demand and where services are not offeren by either
national or
international airlines. They are one of the smallest of the three types and usually
provide

services in niches that major and national airlines usually don’t provide. Regional
airlines usually mostly deal with the transport of passengers and not so much cargo
over long
distances.

AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS

There are a huge number of airlines around the world, each with different ways of
doing business. Nevertheless, most can be categorized as belonging to one of the
four main business models, which are follows:
Fu'll Service Carriers
Low Cost Carriers
Charter Airlines
Schedules Airlines
Cargo Airlines
FLIGHT TYPES
Non- Stop - Flight
Nonstop flights take you from one airport to another without stopping. Board the
plane, buckleyour seatbelt, and the next time you touch ground you have reached
your
destination.
The plane flies from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft, with no stop in between.

Example:
MNL--------------------DVO
Flight 5J 1234 Flight 5J 1234

Direct Flight
Direct flights, however, don't offer the same convenience. Instead, “direct” means that
the flight number doesn't change, even as the aircraft may make one — or more —
stops.

The plane flies from Point A to Point B on the same aircraft, but it stops at an
airport in between.
EXAMPLE:
MNL ---------------------NRT------------------------LAX
Flight PR 1234----- Flight PR 1234-------Flight PR 1234

Connecting Flight route

A connecting flight or transit flight is to reach the final destination through two or
more flights, namely, traveling without any direct flights.
It require passengers to leave the plane and board a different aircraft in order to reach
the destination.

Example:
MNL-------------------------ZAM----------------------------------------------TWT
Flight 5J 1234------ Flight 5J 1234 to Flight DG 4567----Flight DG4567

One - Way Flight Itinerary

The passenger only travels from Point A to Point B.

Example:
MNL--------ILO
Flight 5J 1234--------Flight 5J 1234

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Open – Jaw Flight Itinerary
The passenger flies from Point A to Point B, then travels by ground transportation (e.g.,
car rental, boat or rail) from B to C, then returns by air from C to A.

Example:
MNL --HKG---Boat from HKG ---MFM—MNL

Roundtrip Flight Itinerary

-The traveler flies from Point A to Point B, stays a while, and then returns from B to A.
Circle Flight Itinerary
The traveler has two or more extended stopovers and returns to the originating city.
Example:
MNL-SGN-PNH-BKK

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 ACTIVITY

Airline Business

There are a huge number of airlines around the world, each with different ways of
doing
business Nevertheless, most can be categorized as belonging to one of the four main
business models, which are following:
1. Full-Service Carriers
2
.

3
Cargo Airlines

Please give the basic definition of each airline business model and give at least 2
examples including company description and photos.
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 AIRPORT CODES

AIRPORT CODES
Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location
identification in the 1930s.- An airport code is a three- or four-letter code used to
identify a particular airport in documents relating to passenger reservations and
ticketing as well as flight timetables, luggage tags, air traffic control, and other
standard industry procedures.

ICAO VS. IATA CODE

ICAO Codes are four-letter codes used by an appendant body of the United
Nations to designate international flights and govern the standards of air travel.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations Specialized
Agency based in Montreal that is tasked with governing the standards of international air
navigation, transport, and planning. It is the sole international organization with legal
authority to
implement — and revise — standards on infrastructure, navigation technology,
flight inspections, and cross-border procedures for international flights.

IATA codes are three-letter codes used by a non-governmental trade organization

efficiently identify airports, airlines, and flight paths for consumers.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a non-governmental entity and
International Air Transport Association (IATA) is a non-governmental entity and trade
association that is primarily concerned with the enforcement of private sector standards
— with an emphasis on commercial airlines, travel agencies, and consumers. Its
purpose is to ensure safety and efficiency for travelers by implementing international
standards through its IATA Operation Safety Audit — which is mandated by many
governments.
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 CHAPTER QUIZ

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 AIRLINE TICKET, CANCELLATION AND DELAYS

AIRLINE TICKET
An airline ticket is a document or electronic record, issued by an airline or a travel
agency
that confirms that an individual is entitled to a seat on a flight on an aircraft. The airline
ticket may be one of two types: a paper ticket, which comprises coupons or vouchers;
and an
electronic ticket (commonly referred to asane-ticket).
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AIRLINE TICKET
The ticket, in either form, is required to obtain a boarding pass during check-in at the
airport. Then with the boarding pass and the attached ticket, the passenger is allowed to
board the aircraft. Regardless of the type, tickets contain the following information.

. The passenger's name

. The issuing airline
. A ticket number, including the airline's three-digit code 9Mat the start of the
number . The cities between which the ticket is valid for travel
. Flight for which the ticket is valid (unless the ticket is "open")
. Baggage allowance.
. Fare. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)

AIRLINE TICKET
Taxes. (Not always visible on a printout but recorded electronically for the airline)
The "Fare Basis", an alphabetic or alphanumeric code that identifies the fare
Restrictions on changes and refunds. (Not always shown in detail, but referred to)

Dates for which the ticket is valid

Form of payment", i.e. details of how the ticket was paid for, which will in turn affect
how it would be refunded.
The exchange rate used to calculate any international parts of the fare and tax.
A "Fare Construction" or "Linear" showing the breakdown of the total fare
Times on airline tickets are generally for the local timezone where the flight will be at
that moment.
There are several factors that contribute to the cost of a fare:

Purchase date - The earlier you buy a ticket, the cheaper it will be (most likely).
Someone who buys a ticket on the day the flight is entered is going to get a cheaper
fare than
someone who buys aseaton the day of the flight.
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Class-first class is more expensive than coach.
Destination There are certain destinations that cost more, either because of the
distance to the destination or the popularity of the destination.
Flight date and time Flights that depart earlier in the day tend to have lower fares
because fewer people are flying then. Also, fares go up in the summer vacation
season.
Fuel costs- Fuel is an airline's second largest expense. Any increase in fuel costs is
usually passed onto passengers in the ticket price.
Competitors' fares- An airline has to be careful not to price their fares too much higher
than their competitors.
Special factors There are certain specialty fares given to senior citizens, government
and military employees and corporate customers.

What is Flight Cancellation?

It occurs when the airline does not operate the flight at all for a certain reason.

Why Do Flights Get Cancelled?

1. Adverse weather conditions
2. Security issues
3. Mechanical issues
4. Bird strikes
5. Missing aircraft

What is Flight Delay?

It is when an airline flight takes off and/or lands later than its scheduled time.

Why Do Flights Get Delayed?

1. Air Traffic Control (ATC) restrictions
2. Adverse weather conditions
3. Knock-on effect due to a delayed aircraft
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4. Waiting for connecting passengers, catering, bags and crew
5. Security issues/ clearance
6. Preparing the aircraft
7. Mechanical issues
8. Complying with weight restrictions
9. Bird strikes
10. Missing aircraft
11. Passenger Issues

ORAL RECITATION

MIDTERM EXAM

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 WATER TRANSPORTATION
After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. discuss the historical development of water transportation;

2. classify the water -based transport;

3. analyze the institutional framework, passenger rights and issues of

ownership and accountability; and

4. enumerate the international associations of water-based transportation

WATER TRANSPORTATION
is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, makes
over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. The need for
buoyancy unites
watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance
and appearance.

WATER TRANSPORT
refers to movement of goods and passengers on waterways by using
various means like boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc.

Inland Waterways
Inland waterborne transport use boats, launches, barges, streamers, etc., to carry
goods and passengers on river and canal routes. The rivers and canals in the interior
of our
country is called inland waterways.
Inland waterborne transport is an integral component of the overall transport system of
the region and one of the most advantageous transport modes.
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ADVANTAGES
. Lower cost for the transport of goods
. Fewer traffic delays
. Better safety record
. Increase in the movement of people and goods that encourages domestic
and international trade.
. It has least effect on climate change and the least environmental impact.

Ocean transport

Ocean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with the help of ships
through sea or ocean waterways. Ocean transport has its fixed route, which links
almost all the countries of the world.

Types of Ocean Transport

[Link] Shipping
ships ply between the main ports of a country.

This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers within the country.

2. Overseas shipping
ships ply between different countries separated by sea or ocean.
It is mainly used for promotion and development of international trade.
It is economical means of transport to carry heavy machines and goods in bulk.
Overseas transport is carried out on fixed routes, which connect almost all the
countries.
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Types of Ships

Liners
Is a passenger or cargo vessel, which belongs to a regular shipping company. These
ships ply over a fixed route according to a prescribed schedule or timetable.

Tramps
A tramp is a cargo ship, which does not make regular trips but plies whenever
cargo is offered to it. It does not follow a fixed route or a prescribed timetable like
that of liners.

EVOLUTION OF WATER TRANSPORTATION

TIMELINE

. Many thousands of years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together
with creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could steer.

. A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another
very early boat. A coating of tar kept the boat watertight.
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. 4000 BC: Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were probably
the first sailing boats.

. By 2500 BC the Egyptians were building wooden boats that could sail
across oceans.

. 1000 AD Viking longboats These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen

who rowed the ship. The longboats were long and narrow so were able to
travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

. 1100 AD Chinese junks were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boat,
battens on the sails to give them greater strength, and watertight compartments
long before western ships had them.

. 1450 onwards three and four masted sailing ships were in service for
several centuries.

. 1800’s Fast sailing ships called 'clipper ships' were built. They had long, slim
hulls and tall masts.

. 1819 The first steamships to cross the Atlantic combined steam and wind power.

. 1845 The first ocean-going liners made of iron and driven by a propeller were
being built from this time.

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 . 1880s Some steam driven river boats had rear paddles and were called
stern wheelers, others had paddle wheels on either side.

. 1910 Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil
instead of steam.

. 1955 Hovercraft float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of
high speeds of up to 140 kman hour.

. 1959 The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was
able to sail for three and a half years without refueling.

. 1980s Hydrofoil Used as ferries or water taxis, hydrofoils ride on wings that lift
the
craft clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains [Link] ships
carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A modern cargo
ship can carry up to one thousand containers. Among the largest ships ever built,
these
supertankers are used to transport oil.

. 1990sCruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating holidays.
Modern nuclear powered aircraft carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear
powered submarines are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory.

Types of Water Transportation

Bangka
Is a type of boat used in the Philippines for fishing and transporting passengers.
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They are constructed with a long thin central hull and a solid, buoyant, horizontal
wooden skid, named an outrigger, 1 to 3 meters from both sides of the hull.

Barge
Is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods.
Most barges are non-self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing
them or towboats pushing them.

Canoe
Small and light boat; pointed at both ends; it is usually propelled by means of
paddles, although sails and, more recently, outboard motors are also used.
in its human-powered form, the canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, usually by
two people. Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated on supports in the
hull, or kneeling directly upon the hull.

Catamaran
is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods.
It is a type of multihulled boat or ship consisting of two hulls, or vakas, joined by some
structure, the most basic being a frame, formed of akas. It can be sail- or engine-
powered.

Cruise
is a passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's
amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the
way.
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Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that
return passengers to their originating port, so the ports of call are usually in a specified
region of a continent.

Ferry
is a boat or a ship carrying passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, on short-
distance, scheduled services.

Gondola
is a traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat. It is also propelled by an oar.
Girak Gondola is a type of lift which transports passengers in multiple detachable
enclosed cabins. Gondola cabins have ranged in size from as small as two persons to
upwards of
twenty

Hovercraft
is a craft capable of traveling over surfaces while supported by a cushion of slow
moving, high-pressure air which is ejected against the surface below and contained
within a "skirt”.

Jet Ski
a small self-propelled vehicle for one person resembling a scooter, which skims
across water on a flat keel, and is steered by means of handlebars.
It is properly known as "stand-up PWCs(Personal Water Craft)”
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Kayak
is a long narrow hunting boat propelled by single or double paddles.

Narrow boat
is a boat of a distinctive design, made to fit the narrow canals of Great Britain.
It refers to the original working boats built in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries for
carrying goods on the narrow canals.
modern "narrowboats“ used for recreation and occasionally as homes, whose design
is an interpretation of the old boats for modern purposes and modern materials.

Padded V-hull
is very similar in basic shape to the popular v-hull which simply forms a vee when
looking at the back of the watercraft.
They can come in many different configurations from that of a pure race boat to that
of a recreational craft.

Punt
is a flat-bottomed boat with a square-cut bow, designed for use in small rivers or
other shallow water.
The punter generally propels the punt by pushing against the river bed with a pole.

Raft

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is a special type of boat, distinguished by the absence of a hull. Rafts are kept afloat
either by buoyant materials such as wood, or by inflated containers.

Rowboat
is small boat of shallow draft with cross thwarts for seats and rowlocks for oars with
which it is propelled.

Sailboat
is a relatively small wind-driven vessel used primarily for sports and personal purposes.

Submarine
is a watercraft capable of independent operation below the surface of the water.

Water Taxi
also known as a commuter boat, is a watercraft used to provide public transport, usually
but not always in an urban environment.

U-boat
refers to military submarines operated by Germany, particularly in World War I and
World War II.

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Yacht
it is defined as a light fast sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and
other transgressors around and into the shallow waters of the Low Countries

Yawl
is a two-masted sailing craft similar to a sloop or cutter but with an additional mast
located well aft of the main mast, often right on the transom, specifically aft of the
rudder post.

PROMINENT WATER TRANSPORATTION OPERATORS

LOCAL
SuperFerry – formerly known as (WG&A OR William Gothong and Aboitiz) it is
founded by the aboitiz group and is based in manila. It is the country’s largest shipping
company in
terms of the wide and various services they can offer.

Negros Navigation
(Nenaco) is one of the oldest domestic shipping companies in the Philippines. It is also
one of the largest companies in the passenger transport business in the Philippines.

Cebu Ferries
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is a shipping company based in Cebu City, Philippines. It is the Aboitiz's alternate
shipping company.

INTERNATIONAL

Royal Caribbean Cruise

Royal Caribbean International is a Norwegian and American cruise line brand based in
Miami, Florida and owned by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.. With 42 ships in service, it
controls a 25.6% share of the world cruise market. Royal Caribbean International was
founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by Anders Wilhelmsen & Company,
I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen, Norwegian shipping companies.

Star Cruises
a member of Genting Hong Kong, is the sixth largest cruise line in the world
behind companies such as Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean Cruises.
Star Cruises dominates the Asia-Pacific market and is owned by Genting Hong
Kong

Disney Cruise Line

Disney Cruise Line is an American cruise line company owned and operated by Walt
Disney
Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company and is headquartered in
Celebration, Florida. The business is run by President Karl Holz. Disney Cruise Line
operates the Disney Cruise Line Terminal, which homeports the Disney Magic and the
Disney Dream. The Disney Wonder is home ported in Los Angeles. In 2012, it is
estimated Disney Cruise Lines will own nearly 3% share of the worldwide cruise
market.

Carnival Cruise Lines is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Doral, Florida, a
suburb of Miami in the United States. The company has the largest fleet in the group,
with
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twenty three vessels currently in operation that account for 21.1% of the worldwide
market share . Executive control of the company is provided by the North American
division of
Carnival Corporation, headquartered in Doral, Florida
Carnival Cruise Lines

Princess Cruises
Is a British-American owned cruise line, based in Santa Clarita, California in the
United
States. Previously a subsidiary of P&O Princess Cruises PLC, the company is now
one of ten cruise ship brands operated by Carnival Corporation & PLC and accounts
for
approximately 19% share of its revenue

Costa Cruises

is a British-American owned Italian cruise line, based in Genoa, Italy

Oceania Cruises
is a Miami, Florida, United States-based shipping company that operates four luxury
cruise ships on world-wide itineraries. It is currently the world’s largest upscale cruise
line, offering good-quality food and itineraries at a cheap price when compared to other
upscale cruise
lines.

Holland America
is a cruise shipping company. It was founded in 1873 as the Netherlands-America
Steamship Company ,a shipping and passenger line. Headquartered in Rotterdam and
providing service to the Americas, it became known as Holland America Line. HAL is
now
headquartered in Seattle, Washington, U.S

WATER TRANSPORT INFASTRUCTURE

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Philippine Waterways: 3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m) (2011)

The main gateway to the Philippines through thesea is through the Manila International
Cargo Terminal and the Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila.
Other cities with bustling ports and piers include Bacolod, Batangas City, Cagayan de
Oro, Cebu, Davao, Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo, Jolo, Legazpi, Lucena, Puerto Princesa, San
Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga, Cotabato, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz and Tagbilaran. Most
of these
terminals comprise the Strong Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system
conceptualized under the term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles
can use the roll- on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) ship service to traverse the different islands of the
country at minimal
costs.

PORTS AND HARBORS

River Ferries

Pasig River Ferry Service - (Cruises the historical river of the Philippines "Pasig River"
from Plaza Mexico, Intramuros, Manila to Barangay Kalawaan Sur, Pasig City)

REGULATING AGENCIES

LOCAL
Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
The Philippine Ports Authority is a government-owned corporation under the
Department of Transportation and Communications as an attached agency. It is
responsible for financing, management and operations of public ports throughout the
Philippines.
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The Philippines' Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)
Is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of
Transportation and Communications responsible for integrating the development,
promotion and regulation of the maritime industry in the Philippines. MARINA has
jurisdiction over the development, promotion and regulation of all enterprises engaged
in the business of designing,
constructing, manufacturing, acquiring, operating, supplying, repairing, and/or
maintaining vessels, or component parts thereof, of managing and/or operating
shipping lines,
shipyards, drydocks, marine railways, marine repair ships, shipping and freight
forwarding agencies and similar enterprises.

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is a maritime law enforcement agency
operating under the Department of Transportation and Communications of the
Philippines. The
general mandate of the law that brings the PCG at the forefront of maritime law
enforcement is given further clarity in bilateral and multilateral agreements with the
Bureau of Customs
(BoC), the Presidential Anti-Smuggling Group (PASG), the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA), and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
(BFAR), among others.

INTERNATIONAL
Is the world's largest cruise association and is dedicated to the promotion and growth of
the cruise industry.

Cruise Lines International Association

CLIA exists to promote all measures that foster a safe, secure and healthy cruise ship
environment, educate, train its travel agent members, and promote and explain the
value, desirability and affordability of the cruise vacation experience.
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SOLAS

'Safety of Life at Sea'

SOLAS- SOLAS stands for 'Safety of Life at Sea' and is an International agreement for
all
vessels (cargo, tanker, passenger etc.) that sets standards for safety,
emergency procedures and other such protocols.

SOLAS REQUIREMENT

Medical fitness
Other areas will be: World Geography, Operation of Lifeboats, Rescue boats and other
buoyant apparatuses used in rescue. Fire prevention and Fire-fighting; Knowledge of
hazards in radio installations and equipment: electrical, mechanical, chemical and
radiation hazards. First-aid including resuscitation and other medical techniques.
You will also receive training in theory and practice in manning sea going vessels.
Physically fit at sea, speak and write English, has basic knowledge of first aid and cpr,
basic, firefighting technique and procedures. Boat handling and navigation, basic
rescue skills and evacuation, communication use UHF and VHF radio. Able to fix
electrical, radio and safety device.

Advantages of Water Transport

Water Transport has the following advantages

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1. It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods.
2. It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents.
[Link] cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most of them are
naturally made.
4. Play major role in the international trade,
5. Reducing congestion by using available space on the water

6. Ensure fast and direct connection, supporting the land-borne mode

7. Providing a reliable service for commuters
8. Providing a unique way to discover a city for tourist and leisure travelers.
[Link] in Economic Activity
[Link] in Foreign Exchange
11. Decrease in Transportation Cost
12. Increase in Government Revenue
[Link] in Employment opportunities
14. Increase in Foreign Investment

Limitations of Water Transport

[Link] depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect operations of
different transport vessels.

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[Link] is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for transport of
perishable goods.
3. It is adversely affected by weather conditions.

4. Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their

maintenance. [Link] can cause water pollution and creating
dangers for marine life,
6. Not flexible.

ROLE OF WATER TRANSPORTAION IN SOCIETY

The role that transportation plays in the planning of natural areas as destination
sites involves various players and the consideration of the needs of the community it will
serve.
Transportation sometimes does not stimulate the desired tourism development
and therefore it is important to understand the central position of transport in
destination development if the destination’s growth process is to be understood.

Importance to Foreign Trade

Majority of foreign trading partners, the only options for transportation are water
or air. Water-based transportation is generally the most cost effective mode for the
majority of internationally traded goods.

Ports function as the transfer point between land and water transportation of cargo.

The channels provide adequate water depths for the vessels and navigational aids.

Water Transportation Today

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 Today, as much as ever, America relies on its system of inland waterways
and coastal ports. Imports and exports of raw materials and finished products fuel
the world economy.

A significant portion of domestic trade is carried on the inland waterways as well.

Industries that either use or produce large, heavy, or bulk materials are often located
adjacent to waterways in order to take advantage of barge transportation. Barges can
move more weight and volume at less cost and at less environmental impact than
freight moved by planes, trains, or trucks. Steel mills, lumber mills, oil refineries, and
grain silos can all be found adjacent to navigation channels.

The Future of Water Transportation

Barges and ships use less fuel to carry a higher volume of cargo than trucks,
railcars, or airplanes, they operate more cheaply and with less environmental impact
than
other transportation alternatives. The efficiency of the U.S. waterways infrastructure is
key to the nation's competitive position in the international marketplace. Other nations
have
modeled their waterways infrastructure on their system in order to improve their own
potential for world trade. To meet the challenges of the future, the American Ports and
the Corps of Engineers actively plan for port and channel improvements. There is a
great deal of effort locally and nationally to find ways to make the development and
maintenance of
waterways and port facilities economical and environmentally sound. With careful
planning and conscientious maintenance, our waterways -- the most ancient of
highways -- will serve us long into the future.

IMPLICATION OF WATER TRANSPORATION OPERATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

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Effects in the Environment

Dams change free-flowing rivers into reservoirs, and can prevent fish movements.

Navigation also requires dredging in order to maintain safe depths in channels, which in
the past has been seen as an environmental problem.

Water Pollution

The normal operation of transportation vehicles does not generate water

pollution in the way that it generates air pollution.

Shipping activity, in particular, directly affects the environment in a number of

ways. The routine discharge of ballast water from marine vessels, if ballast is not
segregated from cargo, introduces oil pollution at sea and in coastal waters, and can
lead to introduction of nuisance species transported from the boat’s origin to its
destination. The routine
maintenance dredging of ports and inland waterways stirs up toxic sediment and
frequently leads to the disposal of dredged material in the open ocean. These problems
increase with growth in shipping, although they are less directly linked to ton-kilometers
of freight than is air pollution.

Air Pollution

All transport modes consume energy and the most common source of energy is from
the
burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, etc. The relation between air pollution
and
respiratory disease have been demonstrated by various studies and the detrimental
effects on the planet earth is widely recognized recently. The combustion of the fuels
releases
several contaminants into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
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oxides of nitrogen, and other particulate matter. Particulate matters are minute solid or
liquid particles that are suspended in the atmosphere. They include aerosols, smoke,
and dust
particles. These air pollutants once emitted into the atmosphere , undergo mixing
and disperse into the surroundings.

Noise Pollution
Sound is acoustical energy released into atmosphere by vibrating or moving bodies
where as noise is unwanted sound produced. Transportation is a major contributor of
noise
pollution. Noise is generated during both construction and operation. During
construction, operation of large equipments causes considerable noise to the
neighborhood. During the operation, noise is generated by the engine and exhaust
systems of vehicle, aerodynamic friction, and the interaction between the vehicle and
the support system (road-tire, rail-
wheel). Extended exposure to excessive sound has been shown to produce physical
and psychological damage.

Role of Water Transport in Tourism

Cruise tourism has been a growing market sector around the world, not only as a
means to travel to a destination but as an experience. The development of a destination
as a cruise port requires in-depth economic, environmental and social assessment.
Destinations also need to consider the capacity of existing tourism product, marine
infrastructure, land-based transport services and tour operations to meet the needs of
this market. Successful cruise destinations must provide a unique experience for
visitors, have well organized transport systems and public amenities, clustered tourism
products and
attractions and a variety of excursion and shopping options.

There are a number of considerations in developing appropriate and effective water-

based transport facilities and services in a destination including:
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Understanding visitor and resident demand for water-based infrastructure and facilities
and assessing this demand against existing supply;
Assessment of the ecological, economic, social and cultural impacts of water-
based transport
Consideration of the planning and safety regulations and environmental restrictions for
the development of water-based transport facilities;

Development of a comprehensive management and monitoring plan for the

transport operation to ensure sustainability of the business and conservation of the
natural
environment;
Incorporation of all stakeholders interests and values to ensure support and commitment
for development and ongoing management;
Development of public / private partnerships to gain public support for
infrastructure development and private involvement in tourism operations.

Positive Impacts of the Cruise Industry

The industry contributes to the economy of destination areas.

In addition, the exposure of tourists to beautiful, pristine areas such as those in Alaska
can improve understanding of the need for conservation.

The cruise industry can aid in raising awareness of threatened or endangered species.

CHAPTER QUIZ
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 CRUISE
CRUISE
. is a vacation onboard a ship
. is a leisure trip undertaken to both enjoy the facilities and amenities of the ship
and visit interesting destinations at the sametime
. is not limited to sea voyage ,but it also involves river, and lake
voyages. . “Floating resorts/hotels” to “floating cities”
. includes many important elements
. is not about ships transporting people to various destinations for their
vacation ,rather, the ship itself is a destination.

Cruise tourism
. one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry that involves
luxurious form of travelling onboard a cruise ship with specific prearranged
itinerary wherein the cruise ship calls at several ports before coming back to its
home port.
. involving an all-inclusive holiday on a cruise ship of at least 48 hours, with a
set and specific itinerary, in which the cruise ship calls at several ports or cities.

HISTORY

Cruise Tourism in the Philippines

DOT and CLIA both commit to cooperate in the developing the Philippine cruise
industry by developing cruise ports, itinerary ,and guest experience
The Philippines’ proximity to major Asian cruise markets like China, Japan, and Hong
Kong is the country’s competitive and comparative advantage in the Asia- Pacific
region.
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(8)ports as tourism gateways for cruise liners:
1. Davao
2. Bohol
3. Boracay
4. Cebu
5. Manila
6. Puerto Princesa
7. Currimao in Ilocos Norte
8. Catagbacan in Bohol

Cruising Today and Beyond

. Cruisers have become very much fascinated with “instagrammable”
photos. . Cruisers seek total restoration.
. A shift from experience travel to achievement travel.
. Cruisers are technology savvy.
. Travelers are mindful of the environment.
. Access in the new luxury.
. Generation Z takes the lead at sea.
. Off -peak Escapades.
. Work and leisure combo.
. Women power.
. Go solo.

5 A’s of Cruising

1. Attractions
2. Activities
3. Access
4. Accommodation
5. Amenities.

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BASIC PARTS OF THE SHIP
bow and stern - are both physical pieces of a vessel. The bow is a moving ship's
frontmost part, which is often made of steel that comes to a point to more efficiently
cleave through the water. Conversely, the stern is the rearmost part of a ship.

forward and aft, -are directional terms, rather than words for physical parts of the ship.
In that vein, the bow is located forward (to the front) on a ship, and the stern is
located aft (to the back).

port and starboard - are directional terms used to indicate a vessel's left and right
sides,
relative to its bow. When you're facing forward, toward the bow, the port side is to your
left, and the starboard side is to your right.
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Ship Structure
Three ways to measure the size
gross registered tonnage (GRT)
-it is determined by the total permanently enclosed, public spaces including hull-
cut balconies.
number of guests (pax; passengers) it can accommodate with ranges from very
small, medium, large, and mega ship.
number of staterooms/cabins

Classification of Cruise ship

Types of Cruises
OCEAN CRUISING
sail on an enormous, floating hotel featuring pools, waterslides, restaurants galore
and nightly gala performances

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big and can carry thousands of passengers
provide children's programs and activities, 24-hour dining, shopping, late-
night entertainment, and days spent travelling through endless seascapes

RIVER CRUISING
-provide easy access to city centers
-Passengers sail directly into the heart of every destination and dock in the middle of
town
-accommodate only 30 to 200 guests

EXPEDITION CRUISING

is a whole new concept that regular cruise lovers may not be familiar with
should be approached as an expedition rather than a relaxing holiday, all be it on a
ship.
main attraction of an expedition cruise are the destinations
specialized ships allow passengers to get to the heart of these iconic destinations
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Profile of Cruise Lines

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Cruise Fleet

A cruise line is a company in leisure business that operates and markets a fleet of
ships to the cruise tourism markets.
. Cruise line own or operate cruise ships, which are luxury vessels that sail for the
primary purpose of leisure ,taking care of passengers on holiday

The term fleet means cruise ships owned by the same cruise line

Cruise Lines International

Association (CLIA)
is the world’s largest cruise industry trade association, providing a unified voice and
leading authority of the global cruise community.

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 ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTIO
1. Research and presentation on chosen Cruiseline (Example: Costa Cruises- Costa
Fortuna)
2. Form a group 2-3 members .
Conte
Company Overview, Logo,headquarters/base, number of ship under its fleet,
year/location founded.

SH
Attractions, Activities, Access, Accommodation, Amenities.

-Record your self explaining your content (5-8 minutes)

-SPEAK IN
-camera on
- Bulleted form include HD photos from official website
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 LAND TRANSPORTATION
After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

[Link] the historical development of air transportation;

[Link] the institutional framework;
[Link] the air transports;
[Link] the criteria of air traffic classification;

LAND TRANSPORT
Land transport is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one
location to another location on land. The two main forms of land transport can be
considered to be rail transport and road transport.

SYSTEM
Several systems of land transport have been devised, from the most basic system of
humans carrying things from place to sophisticated networks of ground-based
transportation utilizing different types of vehicles and infrastructure. The three types are
human-powered, animal powered and machine powered

HUMAN-POWERED TRANSPORT
Human powered transport, a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of
people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and
swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power.
Human-powered
transport remains popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise, and
environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped
or inaccessible regions.
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ANIMAL POWERED TRANSPORT
Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people
and goods. Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack
animals for
carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

ROAD TRANSPORT
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that
carries
its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and
pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide. Automobiles
have caused air pollution which results to people getting Asthma . Road transport
offers a
complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and
from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of
changes in
location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of
transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport.

OTHER MODES
Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are
sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For
liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-
distance systems
exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are
used for petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an
internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions
include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also
categorized as conveyor transport

RAIL TRANSPORT
A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is
commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can
carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by
electricity

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supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known
as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics
and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on
paved roads,
making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

OTHER MODES
CONVEYOR TRANSPORT
PIPELINE TRANSPORT

HISTORY
Humans' first means of land transport was walking. The domestication of animals
introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing
heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and
duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more
efficient through the introduction of vehicles. However, water transport, including rowed
and sailed vessels, was the only
efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the
Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally
change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and independent of
transport. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail
transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. Both speed
and capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing being
located
independent of natural resources.

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the
20th century, road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of
mechanical private transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19th
century with macadam.
Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving material.
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After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing
rail to freight and short-haul passenger.[15] In the 1950s, the introduction of
containerization
gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport, permitting globalization.[14]
International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s, with the
commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and
motorways, this introduced a decline for rail transport. After the introduction of the
Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on
long-haul routes from airlines.[15]

Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels
were owned by private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation infrastructure
came
under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the
nationalization of inter-city passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently,
however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some
ground and adherents.[16]

LAND TRANSPORT
Traveling by land is the most flexible and economical form of mass transportation.
Modern motorway networks have made major cities easily accessible.
Car service
Couch traveling
Recreational vehicles

Car services it is usually an independent mean of transport. The driver decides where,
when
and how he is going to get to a destination. It is usually cheaper since roads fees
are not directly paid but rather from taxes. Car transport is the dominant mode in
world tourism (77% of all journeys), notably because of advantages such as
flexibility, price, and
independence.
Car travelers have greater freedom in choosing their route, destination, and timing of
their journey.
a) Private cars for rental;
b) Taxis; and
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c) Private cars.

Coach traveling: This type of mode of transport uses the same road network as cars.
Coach refers to a long-distance express bus as well as those used for sightseeing
excursions.
They can be used for short duration local tours (hours) but also can be set for multi-
days journeys where the coach is the conveyance.

Recreational vehicles, or RVs, function like mobile motel rooms, enabling the traveler to
integrate travel mode and accommodation facility into one unit. RV sales are increasing,
and more destinations are providing the facilities for RVs to dock. These facilities,
known as RV campgrounds, provide hook-ups for water, electricity, and sewage.

Advantages of road transport

• Cost effective
• Fast delivery
• Easy to communicate with
driver Disadvantages of road
transport

• Transport it is focused to traffic delays

• Transport subject to breakdown
• Goods susceptible to damage because of careless driving
• Bad weather

RAIL TRANSPORTATION

The rail travel has emerged as the dominant form of mass public transport before the
age of the automobile.
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The railway systems of several countries, notably in Europe, have seen massive
investments for long-distance routes and high speed services. Due to the scenery or
the amenities provided, rail transportation can also be a touristic destination in itself.

a number of services have been designed specifically for the tourist trade on a local
and international level.

Examples include “Orient Express” in Europe and “Indian-Pacific” across Australia.

Others include the “Trans-Siberian Railway” and the “Bullet Train” of Japan

Advantage
. Convenience: it usually arrives at and depart from the central business district
of a city, thus saving transit time between city and airport.
. Suited to medium or long distance journeys, and to densely populated urban
areas,
. Environmental friendly
. Disadvantage
. High fixed costs

Challenges Facing Transportation

Congestion of roads, passenger terminals, and airports is a condition that most
travelers face at one time or another, especially in urban areas.
Inadequate facilities to handle growing demand is often the primary cause of
congestion, but it can also result from traffic flow design problems, repairs and other
construction-related activity, and tighter security procedures.
Visa and customs procedures often require travelers to stay within the confines of the
passenger terminal for longer periods of time, and contribute to the overall congestion of
the terminal.

ASSIGNMENT

FINAL EXAM
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