National University - Baliwag

School of Engineering and Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

ROAD WORKS
GROUP 7

CEELE230
ROAD WORKS
Road works refer to the construction, maintenance,
and repair of roadways and related infrastructure.
This includes all activities involved in building new
roads, improving existing ones, and ensuring safe and
efficient traffic flow. Road works can range from
large-scale highway projects to small repairs like
pothole filling.
 HISTORY OF
ROAD WORKS

Pre-Colonial Era: Dirt American Period: Modern Times: “Build,

trails and footpaths Introduction of concrete Build, Build” and PPP
connected barangays. roads and national projects modernize
highways. infrastructure.

Spanish Period: Camino Post-War Era: Expansion

reales (royal roads) for and reconstruction of
administration and road systems.
religious missions.
 Popular Roadworks (Local)

The BGC–Kalayaan Bridge, also known as the

Estrella–Pantaleon Bridge Extension, is a major
infrastructure project designed to improve
mobility between Makati and Taguig, two of Metro
Manila’s busiest business districts.

The bridge crosses the Pasig River and directly

links Kalayaan Avenue in Makati to 8th Avenue in
BGC. This project was part of the Philippine
government’s “Build, Build, Build” program, which
aims to decongest Metro Manila by constructing
alternative routes and improving transport
BGC - Ortigas Bridge (Kalayaan Bridge) infrastructure.
 Popular Roadworks (Local)

The Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX) is

the longest bridge in the Philippines, spanning
approximately 8.9 kilometers to connect Cebu
City to Cordova town on Mactan Island. Opened
in April 2022, the four-lane toll expressway was
developed under a public-private partnership led
by the Metro Pacific Tollways Corporation. CCLEX
aims to ease traffic congestion on existing
Mactan bridges, reduce travel time to under 15
minutes, and support economic growth in Cebu
and Mactan. Featuring iconic 145 meter high twin
pylons and modern safety systems, it stands as a
Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway (CCLEX) major achievement in Philippine infrastructure,
boosting regional connectivity, tourism, and
disaster resilience in the Visayas.
 Popular Roadworks (International)

The Veluwemeer Aqueduct is a unique water

bridge located in the Netherlands, near the town
of Harderwijk. Opened in 2002, it allows the
Veluwemeer Lake to flow over a road, enabling
vehicles to pass underwater through a 25 meter
long and 19 meter wide underpass. Unlike
traditional drawbridges or tunnels, this aqueduct
lets both car traffic and boats move continuously
without interruption. It showcases Dutch
engineering excellence in combining road and
waterway infrastructure, preserving traffic flow
Veluwemeer Aqueduct (Netherlands) and the natural water system simultaneously.
 Popular Roadworks (International)

The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (commonly

known as the Big Dig) was a major infrastructure
project in Boston, Massachusetts, aimed at
reducing traffic congestion by relocating
Interstate 93 into a 3.5-mile underground tunnel.
Completed in the 2000s, the project also
included the Ted Williams Tunnel and Zakim
Bunker Hill Bridge. Despite substantial cost
overruns and delays reaching a final cost of $14.6
billion the project significantly improved traffic
flow, urban connectivity, and public space
utilization, making it a notable case in urban
Big Dig (Boston, USA) infrastructure development.
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF METHOD USING ROAD
WORKS CONSTRUCTION
Pavement Construction Methods
Earthwork and Ground Preparation Method
Sub-base and Base Course Construction
Specialized Technique
Maintenance and Rehabilitation technique
Drainage and Side work Construction
 Earthwork and Ground Preparation Method
Earthwork and Ground Preparation
Earthwork and ground preparation refer to the set of construction processes used to prepare
.the land for building structures, roads, or other infrastructure. This involves altering the
natural state of the land to achieve the required levels, stability, and bearing capacity.

Earthwork
.Earthwork refers to the process of moving, shaping, or removing soil, rock, or other materials on
the earth’s surface, typically in construction, mining, or civil engineering projects.

Ground Preparation
.

Ground preparation refers to the process of making the soil or surface suitable for construction,
planting, or other intended activities by modifying its physical condition.
Earthwork and Ground Preparation Method
 Sub-base and Base Course Construction

Sub-base Course Construction

Sub-base course construction refers to the process of laying and compacting a layer of material between the natural
ground (subgrade) and the base course in a pavement structure. The sub-base improves load-bearing capacity, provides
drainage, and protects the subgrade from moisture and frost damage.

Purpose:
Support for the base course
Moisture barrier and drainage
Reduction of frost effects
Distribution of traffic loads

Base Course Construction

Base course construction involves placing and compacting a layer of high-quality material directly beneath the surface
layer (such as asphalt or concrete). The base course is designed to provide structural strength and distribute vehicular
loads efficiently to the sub-base and subgrade.

Purpose:

Main load-bearing layer

Provides structural stability
Offers a smooth and stable surface for the pavement layer above
Sub-base and Base Course Construction
 Pavement Construction Methods
Pavement
The pavement is the part of the road that carries the traffic (not to be confused with the
footpath), and has a set of layers or material placed over the natural ground (subgrade). The
pavement layers spread the load of the vehicles so that it does not exceed the strength
capacity of the subgrade.

Pavement Construction Methods Two Types of Pavement Construction Methods

Rigid Pavement
Rigid pavements, also known as concrete pavements, are road surfaces constructed using
concrete slabs. They are designed to distribute loads over a wide area, making them suitable
for heavy traffic and demanding applications. Rigid pavements typically consist of a concrete
slab, and optionally a subbase or base course, built on top of the subgrade

Flexible Pavement
Flexible pavement consists of a surface layer of bitumen-bound aggregate (asphalt concrete),
several lower layers of appropriate quality aggregate and the subgrade beneath.
 Pavement Construction Methods
Rigid Pavement Flexible Pavement
 Drainage and Side Works Construction
Drainage Construction
Drainage construction involves the planning, designing, and building of systems that
remove excess surface water and groundwater from a given area. This process is
crucial for preventing flooding, erosion, and structural damage to roads, buildings,
and agricultural land.

Side Works Construction

Side works construction refers to additional civil engineering activities performed
alongside the main road or infrastructure project to support its function, safety,
and longevity.
Drainage and Side Works Construction
 Specialized Technique
Geosynthetics Nailing and Anchoring
 Specialized Technique

Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics are synthetic products used in geotechnical engineering and
construction projects to enhance the performance of soil, earthworks, and
structures. They are made from polymeric materials and are designed to improve
soil stability, provide drainage, separation, filtration, and reinforcement.
Soil Nailing and Anchoring
Soil nailing and anchoring are ground reinforcement techniques used in
geotechnical and civil engineering to stabilize slopes, excavations, retaining walls,
and other earth structures. Both involve inserting reinforcing elements into the
ground, but they differ in their design, function, and application.
 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Technique

Maintenance and Rehabilitation Techniques

Maintenance and rehabilitation techniques are essential to ensure the long-term
performance, safety, and functionality of infrastructure such as roads, bridges,
buildings, drainage systems, and slopes.

Crack Sealing and Filling

Crack sealing and crack filling are two important pavement maintenance techniques
used to repair cracks in asphalt and concrete surfaces. They help prevent water and
debris from entering cracks, which can cause further deterioration and damage to
the pavement structure.
 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Technique

Milling and Resurfacing

Milling and resurfacing are two widely used methods in asphalt pavement
rehabilitation. They are often used together to restore road surface quality, improve
rideability, and extend the service life of roadways.

Pothole Repair
Pothole repair is a crucial road maintenance activity aimed at restoring the integrity
and safety of damaged pavement by filling holes formed due to traffic load, water
infiltration, and freeze-thaw cycles.
 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Technique
Maintenance and Rehabilitation Crack Sealing and Filling
 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Technique
Milling and Resurfacing Pothole Repair
 ADVANTAGES

1. Earthwork and Ground Preparation

Ensure strong and stable base for road construction
2. Efficient Load Support
sub-base and base layers
3. Pavement Types
Rigid & Flexible Pavement
4. Effective Drainage Systems
Prevents water buildup
5. Maintenance Practices
Proper maintenance extends road life and improve safety
 DISADVANTAGES

1. High Costs
Pavements and other techniques require higher
initial investments
2. Construction Time
Road works take longer to complete
3. Shorter Lifepan for Flexible Pavement
Prone to damage from heavy vehicles and weather
4. Complex Procurement Process
Prevents water buildup
 TYPE OF CONTRACT USED

Unit Price Contract

• Commonly used in government-funded road projects
• Payment is based on actual quantities of work completed at agreed unit prices
• Suitable for projects with well-defined scope and quantities

Example: ₱500 per m² x 1,000 m² asphalt overlay = ₱500,000

TYPE OF CONTRACT USED

Legal Basis:
• RA 9184 (Government Procurement Reform Act)
• DPWH D.O. No. 197, s. 2016
 TYPE OF CONTRACT USED

2. Lump Sum Contract

• Fixed price for the entire project.
• Used in simple or straightforward road projects where
quantities are well defined.
• Pros: Predictable cost.
• Cons: Risk for contractor if actual costs go higher.
 TYPE OF CONTRACT USED

[Link] Plus Contract (Rarely used in PH govt)

• Contractor is reimbursed for actual costs plus a fee or

percentage.
• Used for emergency road repairs or when scope is
uncertain.
 TYPE OF CONTRACT USED

4. Time and Materials Contract

• Based on actual time worked and materials used.
• Used for small, urgent repair works with undefined scope.
Delivery Method Used
Design-Bid-Build (DBB)
• Most common method for public infrastructure in the
Philippines
• Design phase and Construction phase are handled
separately
• Construction starts after design and bidding are
completed
Delivery Method Used
Advantages:
• Clear division of responsibilities
• Encourages competitive bidding

Disadvantages:
• Longer project timeline
• Less flexibility once construction starts
Delivery Method Used
Design and Build (D&B)
• Contractor handles both design and construction.
• Used in larger or fast-tracked projects (e.g., big
highways).
• Pros: Faster timeline, single point of responsibility
. • Used in some PPP or foreign-funded projects (e.g.,
JICA, ADB-funded).
Delivery Method Used
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) / PPP Schemes
• Private entity builds the road, operates it (e.g., toll
collection), then transfers to government after certain
years.
• Used in expressways, toll roads (e.g., NLEX, SLEX,
Skyway).
• Requires huge capital and long-term agreement.
 SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR

The selection process for contractors in road works projects in the Philippines
is governed by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and
follows the guidelines set forth in Republic Act No. 9184 (Government
Procurement Reform Act) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR).
This process ensures transparency, competitiveness, and accountability in the
procurement of infrastructure projects.
 SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
Preparation and Advertisement
Bidding will be conducted through open competitive bidding procedures using non-discretionary "pass/fail" criterion as
specified in the 2016 revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act (RA) No. 9184.

The procurement was advertised via:

- The LGU’s official website ([Link])
- Bulletin boards in public areas

Eligibility Check
Only Bids of Bidders found to be legally, technically and financially capable will be evaluated
The Bidders will comply with the eligibility criteria under Section 23.4.2 of the 2016 IRR of RA No. 9184
The Project Engineer and Construction Foreman must each have at least five (5) years of relevant work experience.
11.3A valid PCAB License is required, and in case of joint ventures, a valid special PCAB License, and registration for
the type and cost of the contract for this Project. Any additional type of Contractor license or permit shall be
indicated in the BDS.
11.4.A List of Contractor's key personnel (e.g., Project Manager, Project Engineers, Materials Engineers, and
Foremen) assigned to the contract to be bid, with their complete qualification and experience data shall be
provided. These key personnel must meet the required minimum years of experience set in the BDS.
 SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
Submission and Opening of Bids
A complete set of Bidding Documents may be acquired by interested bidders starting March 6, 2023
- April 3, 2023 from the BAC Office, Municipal Hall Building, Lingayen, Pangasinan and upon payment
of the applicable fee for the Bidding Documents, pursuant to the latest Guidelines issued by the
GPPB, in the amount of Five Hundred Pesos (P500.00) Only. The Bidder or authorize representative
shall present its proof of payment for the fees personally to the BAC Office before Bidding
Documents will be released.

Bids must be duly received by the BAC Secretariat through manual submission at the office of Bids
and Awards Committee, Local Government Unit of Lingayen, Municipal Hall, Lingayen, Pangasinan
2401 on or before 10:00 in the morning April 3, 2023. Late bids shall not be accepted.

All bids must be accompanied by a Bid Security in any of the acceptable forms and in the amount
stated in ITB Clause 15.

Each Bidder shall submit one original copy and additional copy of the technical and financial
components of its bid.
SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
 SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
Bid Evaluation

All bid prices for the given scope of work in the Project as awarded shall be considered as fixed
prices, and therefore not subject to price escalation during contract implementation, except
under extraordinary circumstances as determined by the NEDA and approved by the GPPB
pursuant to the revised Guidelines for Contract Price Escalation guidelines.
Compliance with all eligibility/technical requirements.
- The Bidder must have an experience of having completed a Single Largest Completed Contract
(SLCC) that is similar to this Project, equivalent to at least fifty percent (50%) of the ABC adjusted, if
necessary, by the Bidder to current prices using the PSA’s CPI, except under conditions provided for
in Section [Link] of the 2016 revised IRR of RA No. 9184.
 SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
Post Qualification
Within a non-extendible period of five (5) calendar days from receipt by the Bidder of the notice from
the BAC that it submitted the Lowest Calculated Bid, the Bidder shall submit its latest income and
business tax returns filed and paid through the BIR Electronic Filing and Payment System (eFPS), and
other appropriate licenses and permits required by law and stated in the BDS. Subject to GPPB
Circular No. 03-2012 dated August 17, 2012.
SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
SELECTION PROCESS ON THE CONTRACTOR
 Awarding of Contract

Recommendation
The BAC recommends the award of the contract to the bidder with the LCRB.

Approval
The Head of the Procuring Entity (HOPE) approves the recommendation.

Notice of Award
The winning bidder is issued a Notice of Award, and a contract is signed.
 Contract Implementation

Mobilization
The contractor mobilizes resources and begins project implementation.

Monitoring
The DPWH monitors the progress and quality of the work to ensure compliance with
the contract terms.
SAMPLE:
SECTION I. INVITATION TO BID
SECTION II. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS (ITB)
SECTION II. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS (ITB)
SECTION II. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS (ITB)
SECTION II. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS (ITB)
SECTION III. BID DATA SHEET (BDS)
SECTION IV. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
SECTION IV. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
SECTION V. SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VI. SPECIFICATIONS
SECTION VII. DRAWINGS
SECTION VII. DRAWINGS
SECTION VIII. BILL OF QUANTITIES
SECTION IX. CHECKLIST OF TECHNICAL AND
FINANCIAL DOCUMENTS
SECTION XI. BID FORMS
THANK YOU!