Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Lines And Angles
Notes
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Introduction
Line is a geometrical object that is straight infinitely long & infinitely thin.
It has variety of application in daily life
1. Architects use concept of line to design buildings , gadgets etc
2. It is used in physics to understand properties of light, reflection, bending, transmission
etc
3. It is used to find height of tower
4. Artist use line to draw painting
5. Carpenter use lines to make furniture
6. It is used in the field of engineering to design automobile etc
Basis Terms
Line: It is a geometrical object that is straight infinitely long & infinitely thin. It doesn’t have
any end point. E.g.: Line AB in figure below. It can be extended in any direction. It is
generally denoted by letter l, m, n, AB etc.
Ray: It is a line with one end point. E.g. Ray CD in figure below. It is denoted by
Line Segment: It is a line with two end points. It is generally denoted by AB, CD, EF etc.
Collinear Points: 3 or more points that lie on a same line are called collinear points.
Non Collinear Points: 3 or more points that don’t lie on a same line are called non collinear
points.
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Angle: Angle is formed when 2 rays originate from same end point. Rays that forms angle
are called arms (AB & AC are the arms in figure below) & the endpoint is called vertex. A is
the vertex in figure below.
Types of Angles
1. Acute angle : 0o ∠ Angle ∠ 90o
2. Right Angle : Angle= 90o
3. Obtuse Angle : 90o ∠ Angle ∠ 180o
4. Straight Angle : Angle = 180o
5. Reflex angle : 180o ∠ Angle ∠ 360o
Complimentary & supplementary Angles:
2 angles whose sum is 90o are called Complimentary Angles.
2 Angles whole sum is 180o are called Supplementary Angles.
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Adjacent Angles: Two angles are said to be adjacent if they have a common vertex, a
common arm & their non common arm are on different sides of common arm. In the figure
below, ∠ ABC & ∠ DBC are adjacent angles. Ray BD us their common arm & point B is
their common vertex. Ray BA & BC are non common arm.
Linear Pair of Angles: Supplementary Adjacent angles are called Linear Pair of Angles. Or,
two adjacent angles whose sum is 180o are called Linear Pair. Non common arm forms a line.
In figure above PQR forms straight line.
Vertically Opposite Angle: Two lines intersect itself each other at some point O, forms 2
pairs of vertically opposite angles. In the figure below ∠ AOC = ∠ BOD & ∠ AOD =∠
BOC. These are 2 pair of vertically opposite angles.
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Intersecting & Non-Intersecting Lines: Line extends indefinitely in both directions. If any
two lines on or without extending intersects, then they are intersecting line, else they are non-
intersecting or parallel lines. The lengths of the common perpendiculars at different points on
these parallel lines are the same. This equal length is called the distance between two parallel
lines. Line AB & CD are intersecting lines. Similarly line EF & GH are also intersecting line,
while IJ & KL are non intersecting lines.
Distance between two parallel Lines: Length of common perpendicular at different point on
these parallel lines is same. In the figure below IJ & KL are parallel lines. Distance AB & CD
are same, but not the distance IF & GH. Distance AB or CD is the length between these 2
parallel lines.
Pair of Angles
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Some of the pair of angles we saw is below:
1. Complimentary angles
2. Supplementary angles
3. Adjacent Angles
4. Vertically opposite angles
5. Linear Pair of Angles
Now, let us find out the relation between the angles formed when a ray stands on a line. In
the figure below ray QS stands on line PR. Notice that in this case ∠ PQR is a straight line &
thus sum of angles PQS & SQR will be 180o.
Axiom 1: If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180.
Reverse Statement for this axiom: If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then a ray stands
on a line. Since the reverse statement is also true, we can have one more Axiom.
Axiom 2: If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then the non-common arms of the angles
form a line.
The two axioms above together is called the Linear Pair Axiom. It is called axiom, since
there is no proof for this. It is accepted as a true statement based on observations.
Let us now examine the case when two lines intersect each other. We know that when two
lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal. Let’s try to prove it.
Theorem: If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
Since this is a theorem, we have to prove it. In case of Axiom, proof is not required; it is
accepted as true statement based on observations.
Proof: Given Angle 1 & 3 are vertically opposite angle
To Prove: ∠ 1 = ∠ 3
Solution:
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
∠ 1 + ∠ 2 = 180o (Using linear pair Axioms) --- (i)
∠ 3 + ∠ 2 = 180o (Using linear pair Axioms) --- (ii)
Comparing equation (i) & (ii), we get
∠1+∠2=∠3+∠2
Or ∠ 1 = ∠ 3
Parallel Lines & a Transversal
A line a line which intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal. Line l
intersects lines m and n at points P and Q respectively. Therefore, line l is a transversal for
lines m and n. Observe that four angles are formed at each of the points P and Q. ∠ 1, ∠ 2, ∠
7 and ∠ 8 are called exterior angles, while ∠ 3, ∠ 4, ∠ 5 and ∠ 6 are called interior angles
Corresponding angles: (i) ∠ 1 and ∠ 5 (ii) ∠ 2 and ∠ 6 (iii) ∠ 4 and ∠ 8 (iv) ∠ 3 and ∠ 7
Alternate interior angles: (i) ∠ 4 and ∠ 6 (ii) ∠ 3 and ∠ 5
Alternate exterior angles: (i) ∠ 1 and ∠ 7 (ii) ∠ 2 and ∠ 8
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal: (i) ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 (ii) ∠ 3 and ∠ 6
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are also referred to as consecutive interior
angles or allied angles or co-interior angles.
Now, let us find out the relation between the angles in these pairs when line m is parallel to
line n.
Measure any pair of corresponding angles and find out the relation between them. You may
find that: ∠ 1 = ∠ 5, ∠ 2 = ∠ 6, ∠ 4 = ∠ 8 and ∠ 3 = ∠ 7. From this, you may conclude the
following axiom.
Axiom 3: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding
angles is equal. This Axiom is also referred to as the corresponding angles axiom
Let’s check if the converse is also true.
Converse Statement: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding
angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
It can be verified by observations/construction that the converse statement is true. Thus we
have one more Axiom.
Axiom 4: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is
equal, then the two lines are parallel to each other.
This Axiom is also referred to as the corresponding angles axiom.
Lets now use this the corresponding angles axiom, to prove relationship between the
alternate interior angles, ∠ 4 and ∠ 5 , ∠ 3 and ∠ 6 when a transversal intersects two
parallel lines.
Theorem 2: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior
angles is equal.
Since this is a theorem, let’s try to prove it.
To prove: ∠ 4 = ∠ 5, given l is parallel to m.
Proof:
∠4=∠7 (Corresponding angle Axiom) – (i)
∠5 = ∠ 7 (Vertical Opposite angle Theorem) – (ii)
Using I & ii , we get ∠ 4 = ∠ 5
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Converse of theorem 2 is also true. It is stated in Theorem 3.
Theorem3: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of alternate interior angles is
equal, then the two lines are parallel.
Since this is a theorem, let’s try to prove it.
To prove: n is parallel to m, given ∠ 4 = ∠ 5
Proof:
∠4=∠5 (Given) – (i)
∠5 = ∠ 7 (Vertical Opposite angle Theorem) – (ii)
Using I & ii , we get ∠ 4 = ∠ 7, but these are corresponding angles. So as per Corresponding
angle axion, line n is parallel to line m.
Similarly we have theorems for interior angle on same side of Transversal.
Theorem 4: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of interior angles on
the same side of the transversal is supplementary.
Theorem 5: If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles on the same
side of the transversal is supplementary, then the two lines are parallel.
Lines parallel to same line
Theorem 6 : Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
Since this is a theorem, let’s try to prove it.
To prove: m is parallel to p, given m is parallel to n & n is parallel to p.
Proof:
∠1=∠2 (Corresponding angle Axiom: m is parallel to n) – (i)
∠2=∠3 (Corresponding angle Axiom: n is parallel to p) – (ii)
Using I & ii, we get ∠ 1 = ∠ 3, but these are corresponding angles.
This lime m is parallel to p using corresponding Angle Axiom.
Angle Sum Property of Triangle
Theorem 7: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o.
Since this is a theorem, let’s try to prove it.
To prove: ∠ 1 + ∠ 2 + ∠ 3 = 180o
Proof:
∠4 = ∠ 3 (Alternate angle theorem) – (i)
∠5 = ∠ 2 (Alternate angle theorem) – (ii)
Now,
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Class 9 Mathematics | Lines And Angles | Notes
∠ 1 + ∠ 4 + ∠ 5 = 180o, Since EF is a line.
Or, ∠ 1 + ∠ 3+ ∠2 = 180o ,Replacing ∠4 with ∠ 3 & ∠5 with ∠ 2 as per eq i & ii.
Exterior Angle of a triangle: Side QR of triangle PQR is produced to point S, ∠ ACD is
called an exterior angle of ΔABC
Theorem 8 : If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to
the sum of the two interior opposite angles
Since this is a theorem, let’s try to prove it.
To prove: ∠9 = ∠ 6 + ∠ 8
Proof:
∠7 + ∠ 6 + ∠ 8 = 180o (Angle Sum property of Triangle) – (i)
∠7 + ∠ 9 = 180o (Linear Pair as BCD is a line) – (ii)
Comparing i & ii , we can say that, ∠9 = ∠ 6 + ∠ 8
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