MATRICES

Definition

A rectangular arrangement of numbers (which may be real or complex numbers)

in rows and columns, is called a matrix .

 This arrangement is enclosed by small ( ) or big [ ] brackets.

 The numbers are called the elements of the matrix or entries in the matrix.
 A matrix is represented by capital letters A, B, C etc. and its elements by small
letters a,b,c,x,y etc.

𝑎
1 3 2−𝑖 −𝑖 5
Example: 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = , 𝐶 = [1 3 4], 𝐷 = 𝑏 , 𝐸 = [𝐼]
5 2 1 2+𝑖 −𝑖 + 4 𝑐

Order of Matrix

A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n or

simply m×n matrix (read as 'an m by n matrix). A matrix A of order m×n is usually
written in the following manner.

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 ROW 1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 ROW 2
⎛𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 ⎞ ROW 3
𝐴 = ⎜𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 ⎟
× ROW 4
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
⎝ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 ⎠ ROW m
COLUMN n
COLUMN 1

COLUMN 2

COLUMN 3
 2. Matices
th th
Here aij denotes the element of i row and j column.

3 −2 5
Example: order of matrix is 2×3
1 3 4

Equality of Matrix

Two matrix A and B are said to be equal matrix if they are of same order and
their corresponding elements are equal.

3 4 5 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Example: If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 are equal matrices
7 3 6

then 𝑎 = 3, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑏 = 6.

𝑥+𝑦 1 7 1
Example: If = , find ‘x’.
2𝑦 5 4 5

Solution: 2𝑦 = 4 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4

𝑥+𝑦 = 7⟹ 𝑥 =7−𝑦 =7−4 =3

𝑥−𝑦 𝑧 −1 4
Example: If 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑤 = 0 5 , find the value ‘x+y’.

Solution: 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 2(𝑦 − 1) − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 2 − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2

𝑥 = 𝑦−1= 2−1= 1

𝑥+𝑦 =1+2 =3

Example: If a matrix have 9 elements, what are the possibility orders it can have.

Solution: 3

That is , 1 × 9, 3 × 3, 9 × 1,

Example: If a matrix have 12 elements, what are the possibility orders it can have.

Solution: 6

That is , 1 × 12, 2 × 6, 3 × 4, 4 × 3, 6 × 2, 12 × 1,

Example: How many 3 × 2 matrix can formed using number 0 or 1.

Solution: 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟔𝟒

Matrix have six places each have two choices.

Example: Construct a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 , such that 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3.

×

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 61
 2. Matices
Solution: 𝑎 = 2𝑖 − 𝑗 + 3
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = 2.1 − 1 + 3 = 4
𝑎 𝑎 4 3
𝑎 = 2.1 − 2 + 3 = 3
6 5
𝑎 = 2.2 − 1 + 3 = 6
8 7
𝑎 = 2.2 − 2 + 3 = 5
𝑎 = 2.3 − 1 + 3 = 8
𝑎 = 2.3 − 2 + 3 = 7
| |
Example: Construct a matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 , such that 𝑎 = .
×

| |
Solution: 𝑎 =

|2.1 − 3.1| 1
𝑎 = =
2 2
|2.1 − 3.2| 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = =2
2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
|2.1 − 3.3| 7 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 = =
2 2
|2.1 − 3.4|
𝑎 = =5
2
|2.2 − 3.1| 1
𝑎 = =
2 2
|2.2 − 3.2|
𝑎 = =1 1 7
2 2 5
𝑎 =
|2.2 − 3.3| 5
= ⎛2 2 ⎞
2 2 1 5
⎜ 1 4⎟
|2.2 − 3.4| ⎜2 2 ⎟
𝑎 = =4 ⎜ ⎟
2 3 3
|2.3 − 3.1| 3 0 3
𝑎 = = ⎝2 2 ⎠
2 2
|2.3 − 3.2|
𝑎 = =0
2
|2.3 − 3.3| 3
𝑎 = =
2 2
|2.3 − 3.4|
𝑎 = =3
2

Types of Matrices
1. Row matrix
A matrix is said to be a row matrix or row vector if it has only one row
and any number of columns.

Example: [1 3 4] × , [2] ×

2. Column matrix
A matrix is said to be a column matrix or column vector if it has only one
column and any number of rows.

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 62
 2. Matices
3
Example: −1 , [−5] ×
2 ×

3. Singleton matrix
If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton matrix.
Thus, A  [aij]mn is a singleton matrix if m  n  1.

Example: [−5] × , [3] × , [𝑎] ×

4. Null or Zero matrix

If in a matrix all the elements are zero then it is called a zero matrix
and it is generally denoted by O.
Thus, A  [aij]mn is a null or zero matrix if aij=0 for all i and j.

0 0
Example: [0] × , [ 0 0] × , 0 0
0 0 ×

5. Square matrix
If number of rows and number of columns in a matrix are equal, then it
is called a square matrix.
Thus, A  [aij]mn is a square matrix if m  n

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
Example: [𝑎 ] × , 𝑎 𝑎 , 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
× 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ×

 If m n then matrix is called a rectangular matrix.

 The elements of a square matrix A for which i j,i.e 𝑎 ,𝑎 ,𝑎 , ……. , 𝑎 are
called diagonal elements and the line joining these elements is called the
principal diagonal or leading diagonal of matrix A.
 Trace of a matrix: The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix. A is
called the trace of matrix A , which is denoted by tr A.

𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑎 =𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 +⋯+𝑎

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 Diagonal Elements
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 63
 2. Matices
6. Diagonal matrix
If all elements except the principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero,
it is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus, A  [aij]nn is a diagonal matrix if aij  0 when 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

2 0 0
Example: 0 3 0 , denoted by 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔 [2,3,5]
0 0 5 ×

 No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.

 Number of zeros in a diagonal matrix is given by n2  n where n is the order of the matrix.
 A diagonal matrix of order n n having d1,d2,....., dn as diagonal elements is
denoted by diag [d1,d2,....., dn].

7. Scalar matrix
A square matrix whose all non-diagonal elements are zero and diagonal
elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
𝛼, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
Thus, square matrix A  [aij]nn is a scalar matrix if 𝑎 = .
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

−5 0 0
2 0
Example: [7] × , , 0 −5 0
0 2 ×
0 0 −5 ×

8. Identity matrix
A square matrix in which elements in the main diagonal are all '1' and
rest are all zero is called an identity matrix or unit matrix.
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
Thus, square matrix A  [aij]nn is a scalar matrix if 𝑎 = .
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

We denote the identity matrix of order n by In .

1 0 0
1 0
Example: 𝐼 = [1] × ,𝐼 = ,𝐼 = 0 1 0
0 1 ×
0 0 1 ×

 Unit matrix and null square matrices are also scalar matrices.

9. Triangular matrix
A square matrix 𝑎 is said to be triangular matrix if each element above or
below the principal diagonal is zero. It is of two types.

Ganita Karmasala
Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 64
 2. Matices
i. Upper Triangular matrix:
A square matrix 𝑎 is called the upper triangular matrix, if 𝑎 = 0 when i> j.
≠ 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 ≤ 𝒋
𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
= 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 > 𝒋

5 1 3
Example: 0 −2 4
0 0 6 ×

ii. Lower Triangular matrix:

A square matrix 𝑎 is called the lower triangular matrix, if 𝑎 = 0 when i< j.
≠ 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 ≥ 𝒋
𝒂𝒊𝒋 =
= 𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒊 < 𝒋

5 0 0
Example: 1 −2 0
4 3 6 ×

𝒏(𝒏  )
 Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix is given by 𝟐
where n is order of

matrix.
 Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.
 A triangular matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is called strictly triangular 𝑎 = 0 for 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛.
×

Algebra of Matrix
 Addition of Matrix
 Scalar Multiplication of Matrix
 Product of two Matrices
 Transpose of Matrix

Addition of Matrices

If 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝐵 = 𝑏 are two matrices of the same order then their sum
× ×

A+B is a matrix whose each element is the sum of corresponding elements. i.e. 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
𝑎 +𝑏 .
×

1 3 2 5 1+2 3+5 3 8
Example: If 𝐴 = 4 5 and 𝐵 = 3 7 , then 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 4 + 3 5 + 7 = 7 12
7 2 1 4 7+1 2+4 8 6

Similarly, then their subtraction A-B is defined as 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎 − 𝑏

×

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 65
 2. Matices
1−2 3−5 −1 −2
𝐴 − 𝐵 = 4 − 3 5 − 7 = 1 −2
7−1 2−4 6 −2

PROPERTIES: -

If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then

 Commutative law: 𝐴𝐵𝐵𝐴

 Associative law: (𝐴  𝐵) 𝐶  𝐴  (𝐵  𝐶)
 Identity law: 𝐴𝑶𝑶𝐴𝐴
where O is zero matrix which is additive identity of the matrix.
 Inverse law: 𝐴  (𝐴) 𝑶  (𝐴) 𝐴
where (A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of A, which is additive
inverse of the matrix.
 Cancellation law: 𝐴+𝐵 = 𝐴+𝐶𝐵 =𝐶

𝐵+𝐴=𝐶+𝐴𝐵 =𝐶

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

Let 𝐴 = 𝑎 be a matrix and k be a number, then the matrix which is

×

obtained by multiplying every element of A by k is called scalar multiplication of A by

k and it is denoted by kA.

Thus, if 𝐴 = 𝑎 , then 𝑘𝐴 = 𝐴𝑘 = 𝑘𝑎
× ×

1 −2 4×1 4 × (−2) 4 −8
Example: If 𝐴 = 4 3 , then 4𝐴 = 4 × 4 4 × 3 = 16 12
−3 2 4 × (−3) 4×2 −12 8

PROPERTIES: -

If A, B are matrices of same order and 𝛼 ,𝛽 are any two scalars then

 ∝ (𝐴  𝐵) ∝ 𝐴  ∝ 𝐵
 (∝  𝛽)𝐴  ∝ 𝐴  𝛽𝐴
 ∝ ( 𝛽𝐴) (∝ 𝛽𝐴) 𝛽(∝ 𝐴)
 ( ∝ 𝐴) (∝ 𝐴) ∝ (𝐴)

−2 2 0 2 0 −2
Example: Find a matrix A such that 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 5𝐶 = 0, where 𝐵 = and 𝐶 = .
3 1 4 7 1 6

Solution: 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 5𝐶 = 0

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 66
 2. Matices
−2 2 0 2 0 −2
⇒ 2𝐴 − 3 +5 =0
3 1 4 7 1 6

−2 2 0 2 0 −2 −6 6 0 10 0 −10
⇒ 2𝐴 = 3 −5 = −
3 1 4 7 1 6 9 3 12 35 5 30

−6 − 10 6 − 0 0 + 10 −16 6 10 −8 3 5
⇒ 2𝐴 = = =2
9 − 35 3 − 5 12 − 30 −26 −2 −8 −13 −1 −4

−8 3 5
⇒𝐴=
−13 −1 −4

𝑥 5 3 −4 7 6
Example: Find the value of (x+y) from the following equation 2 + = .
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14

𝑥 5 3 −4 7 6
Solution: 2 + =
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14

2𝑥 10 7 6 3 −4 7−3 6+4
⇒ = − =
14 2𝑦 − 6 15 14 1 2 15 − 1 14 − 2

Example: If A = diag. [3, −5,7] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. [−1,2,4] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Find (2A + 3B).

Solution: 2A + 3B

= 2 diag. [3, −5,7] + 3 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. [−1,2,4]

= diag. [6, −10,14] + 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔. [−3,6,12]

= diag. [6 − 3, −10 + 6,14 + 12]

= diag. [3, −4,26]

2 −1 10
Example: If 𝑥 +𝑦 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 .
3 1 5

2 −1 10
Solution: 𝑥 +𝑦 =
3 1 5
2𝑥 −𝑦 10
⇒ + 𝑦 =
3𝑥 5
2𝑥 − 𝑦 10
⇒ =
3𝑥 + 𝑦 5
So, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
Add above, 5𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
And, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 10 = 2.3 − 10 = 6 − 10 = −4
9 −1 4 1 2 −1
Example: If =𝐴+ , then find the matrix A.
−2 1 3 0 4 9

9 −1 4 1 2 −1
Solution: =𝐴+
−2 1 3 0 4 9

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 67
 2. Matices
9 −1 4 1 2 −1
⇒ − =𝐴
−2 1 3 0 4 9
9−1 −1 − 2 4 + 1 8 −3 5
⇒𝐴= =
−2 − 0 1−4 3−9 −2 −3 −6

Product of Matrices

Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the number of
columns in A (pre-multiplier) is same as the number of rows in B (post multiplier).

MULTIPLICATION CONFORMABLE IF

C
ROW NO OF O
ELEMENTS L
NO OF ELEMENTS IN COLUMN U
IN ROW M
N

𝟐
−𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 CONFORMABLE
Example: . 𝟑
𝟑 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐×𝟑
𝟏 𝟑×𝟏

𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 NOT CONFORMABLE
. 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐×𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑×𝟐

Thus, if 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝐵 = 𝑏 are two matrices of order m×n and n  p respectively,

× ×

then their product 𝐶 = [𝑐 ] × is of order m  p and is defined as 𝒂𝒊𝒋 . 𝒃𝒋𝒌 = [𝒄𝒊𝒌 ]𝒎×𝒑 .
𝒎×𝒏 𝒏×𝒑

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
⋯ 𝑎 ⋯
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
⎛𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯
… 𝑎 ⋯
… 𝑎 ⎞
𝐴= 𝑎 =⎜
⎜ 𝑎⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟
×
⎜ 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⎟⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋮
⋮
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … … 𝑎 ⎠
⎝ 𝑎

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
⋯ ⋯ 𝑏
⎛ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 ⎞
⋯
… ⋯
…
⎜𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 ⎟
𝐵= 𝑏 =⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟
× ⎜𝑏
⎜
𝑏 𝑏 ⋱ 𝑏 ⋱ 𝑏 ⎟ ⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮ … ⋮
⎝ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 ⎠

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Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 68
 2. Matices
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
⋯ ⋯ 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
⎛𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 ⋯
… 𝑐 ⋯
… 𝑐 ⎞
𝐶 = [𝑐 ] =⎜
⎜ 𝑐⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟
𝑐 ⎟
×
⎜ 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 ⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱
⋮
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … 𝑐 …
⎝ 𝑐 ⎠

𝒂𝒊𝒋 . 𝒃𝒋𝒌
𝒎×𝒏 𝒏×𝒑

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝒃𝟏𝒌 𝑏
⋯ 𝑎 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝒃𝟐𝒌
⎛𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 ⋯
… 𝑎 ⋯
… 𝑎 ⎞ ⎛𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
⋯
… 𝒃𝟑𝒌
⋯
… 𝑏 ⎟
⎞
⎜
=⎜
⎜ 𝒂⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟⎟ .⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟
⎜ 𝒊𝟏 𝒂𝒊𝟐 𝒂𝒊𝟑 𝒂𝒊𝒋 𝒂𝒊𝒏 ⎟ ⎜ 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝒃𝒋𝒌 𝑏 ⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋮ ⎜ ⋱ ⋱ ⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 … … 𝑎 ⎠ 𝑏 … …
⎝ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝒃𝒏𝒌 𝑏 ⎠
⎝

𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
⋯ ⋯ 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
⎛𝑐 𝑐 ⋯
… 𝑐 ⋯
… 𝑐 ⎞
𝑐
=⎜
⎜ 𝑐⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⋱
… ⋮ ⎟
⎜ 𝑐 𝑐 𝒄𝒊𝒌 𝑐 ⎟⎟
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋱
⋮
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 … 𝑐 …
⎝ 𝑐 ⎠

𝒄𝒊𝒌 = 𝒂𝒊𝒋 . 𝒃𝒋𝒌 = (𝑖 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐴)(𝑗 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐵)

𝒋 𝟏

Example: 2 −1
4 −3
−5 3 CONFORMABLE
3 2 𝟐×
3 4 ×𝟐

𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐 × 𝟒 + (−𝟏) × 𝟑 ?
𝟒 −3
−5 3 . = ? ?
𝟑 2
3 4 ? ?

𝟐 −𝟏 5 𝟐 × (−𝟑) + (−𝟏) × 𝟐
4 −𝟑
−5 3 . = ? ?
3 𝟐
3 4 ? ?
2 −1 5 −8
𝟒 −3
−𝟓 𝟑 . = (−𝟓) × 𝟒 + 𝟑 × 𝟑 ?
𝟑 2
3 4 ? ?
2 −1 5 −8
4 −𝟑
−𝟓 𝟑 . = −11(−𝟓) × (−𝟑) + 𝟑 × 𝟐
3 𝟐
3 4 ? ?
2 −1 5 −8
𝟒 −3
−5 3 . = −11 21
𝟑 2
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑×𝟒+𝟒×𝟑 ?
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 2. Matices

2 −1 5 −8
4 −𝟑 −11 21
−5 3 . =
3 𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 24 𝟑 × (−𝟑) + 𝟒 × 𝟐

2 −1 5 −8
4 −3
𝑠𝑜, −5 3 . = −11 21
3 2
3 4 24 −1

𝑨𝑰𝑱 . 𝑩𝑱𝒌 = (𝑪𝑰𝒌 )𝒎×𝒑

𝒎×𝒏 𝒏×𝒑

Example: 𝐴 ×______
. 𝐵 ×_____
= (𝐶 )______×

𝐴 ×____
. 𝐵 ×
= (𝐶 )_____×_____

𝐴 _____×
. 𝐵 _____×______
= (𝐶 ) ×

−5
Example: [1 −2 3] . 3
−7

−5
Solution: [1 −2 3] × . 3
−7 ×

= [1. (−5) + (−2). 3 + 3. (−7)] × = [−5 − 6 − 21] × = [−32] ×

−1 3
Example: [2 3] . 2 −1
4 2

−1 3
Solution: [2 3] × . 2 −1 impossible
4 2 ×

1
Example: 2 . [1 2 3 4 5]
3

1
Solution: 2 . [1 2 3 4 5] ×
3 ×

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1 2 3 4 5

= 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 = 2 4 6 8 10
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 × 3 6 9 12 15 ×

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 2. Matices
1 −1
Example: If matrix A = and 𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴, then write the value of “k”.
−1 1

1 −1 1 −1
Solution: 𝐴 = .
−1 1 × −1 1 ×

1.1 + (−1)(−1) 1. (−1) + (−1). 1 2 −2 1 −1

= = =2
(−1). 1 + 1. (−1) (−1)(−1) + 1.1 × −2 2 × −1 1 ×

1 −1 1 −1
𝐴 =2 =𝑘
−1 1 × −1 1 ×

So, 𝑘 = 2

2 3 1 −3 −4 6
Example: If . = , then write the value of “x”.
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥

2 3 1 −3 −4 6
Solution: . =
5 7 × −2 4 × −9 𝑥 ×

2.1 + 3. (−2) 2. (−3) + 3.4 −4 6

⇒ =
5.1 + 7. (−2) 5. (−3) + 7.4 × −9 𝑥 ×

−4 6 −4 6
⇒ =
−9 13 × −9 𝑥 ×

So, 𝑥 = 13

Example: If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴 = 𝐼 ,then find the simplified value of (𝐴 − 𝐼) +
(𝐴 + 𝐼) − 7𝐴 .

Solution: (𝐴 − 𝐼) + (𝐴 + 𝐼) − 7𝐴

= 𝐴 + 3𝐴 𝐼 + 3𝐴𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐴 − 3𝐴 𝐼 + 3𝐴𝐼 − 𝐼 − 7𝐴

= 2𝐴 + 6𝐴𝐼 − 7𝐴

= 2𝐴. 𝐴 + 6𝐴 𝐼 − 7𝐴 (∵ 𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴 . 𝐴, 𝐼 = 𝐼)

= 2𝐴 𝐼 + 6𝐴 𝐼 − 7𝐴 (∵ 𝐴 = 𝐼)

= 2𝐴 + 6𝐴 − 7𝐴 (∵ 𝐴 𝐼 = 𝐴)

= 8𝐴 − 7𝐴 = 𝐴

Example: If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴 = 𝐴 ,then write the value of 7𝐴 − (𝐴 + 𝐼) where I
is an identity matrix.

2 −1 −1 −8
Example: 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 1 0 . 𝐴= 1 −2 .
−3 4 9 22

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 2. Matices
2 −1 −1 −8
Solution: 1 0 .𝐴 × = 1 −2
−3 4 × 9 22 ×

𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝐴 × = 𝑦 𝑦 ×

2 −1 𝑥 𝑥 −1 −8
⇒ 1 0 . 𝑦 𝑦 = 1 −2
×
−3 4 × 9 22 ×

2𝑥 − 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 −1 −8
⇒ 𝑥 𝑥 = 1 −2
−3𝑥 + 4𝑦 −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 × 9 22 ×

So , 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = −2

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 = 2.1 + 1 = 3

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 8 = 2. (−2) + 8 = 4
1 0 2
Example: If 𝐴 = 0 2 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 𝟎, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 “𝑘”.
2 0 3

1 0 2
Solution: 𝐴= 0 2 1
2 0 3 ×

1 0 2 1 0 2
Let 𝐴 = 𝐴 × .𝐴 × = 0 2 1 . 0 2 1
2 0 3 × 2 0 3 ×

1.1 + 0.0 + 2.2 1.0 + 0.2 + 2.0 1.2 + 0.1 + 2.3

= 0.1 + 2.0 + 1.2 0.0 + 2.2 + 1.0 0.2 + 2.1 + 1.3
2.1 + 0.0 + 3.2 2.0 + 0.2 + 3.0 2.2 + 0.1 + 3.3 ×

5 0 8
= 2 4 5
8 0 13 ×

5 0 8 1 0 2
So, 𝐴 = 𝐴 . 𝐴 = 2 4 5 . 0 2 1
8 0 13 × 2 0 3 ×

5.1 + 0.0 + 8.2 5.0 + 0.2 + 8.0 5.2 + 0.1 + 8.3

= 2.1 + 4.0 + 5.2 2.0 + 4.2 + 5.0 2.2 + 4.1 + 5.3
8.1 + 0.0 + 13.2 8.0 + 0.2 + 13.0 8.2 + 0.1 + 13.3 ×

21 0 34
= 12 8 23
34 0 55 ×

Now, 𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 𝟎

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 2. Matices
21 0 34 5 0 8 1 0 2 1 0 2
⇒ 12 8 23 −6 2 4 5 +7 0 2 1 +𝑘 0 2 1 =𝟎
34 0 55 × 8 0 13 × 2 0 3 × 2 0 3 ×

21 0 34 −30 0 −48 7 0 14 𝑘 0 0
⇒ 12 8 23 + −12 −24 −30 + 0 14 7 + 0 𝑘 0 =𝟎
34 0 55 × −48 0 −78 × 14 0 21 × 0 0 𝑘 ×

21 − 30 + 7 0+0+0 34 − 48 + 14 𝑘 0 0
⇒ 12 − 12 + 0 8 − 24 + 14 23 − 30 + 7 + 0 𝑘 0 =𝟎
34 − 48 + 14 0+0+0 55 − 78 + 21 × 0 0 𝑘 ×

−2 0 0 𝑘 0 0
⇒ 0 −2 0 + 0 𝑘 0 =𝟎
0 0 −2 × 0 0 𝑘 ×

𝑘 0 0 2 0 0
⇒ 0 𝑘 0 = 0 2 0
0 0 𝑘 × 0 0 2 ×

So, 𝑘 = 2

PROPERTIES: -

1. NOT COMMUTATIVE

If matrices A and B be conformable for the products AB and BA. take 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝐵 =
×

𝑏 , then the product AB is a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑚 while the product BA is a matrix of order
×

𝑛 × 𝑛.

If 𝑚 = 𝑛, take 𝐴 = 𝑎 and 𝐵 = 𝑏
× ×

Then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐 where, 𝑐 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 . 𝑏𝑘𝑗

×

𝐵𝐴 = 𝑑 where, 𝑑 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑏𝑖𝑘 . 𝑎𝑘𝑗

×

Since 𝑐 ≠ 𝑑 so, 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴

1 −1 0 3
Example: 𝐴 = ,𝐵=
0 2 4 −2

1 −1 0 3 1 × 0 + (−1) × 4 1 × 3 + (−1) × (−2) −4 5

𝐴𝐵 = . = =
0 2 4 −2 0×0+2×4 0 × 3 + 0 × (−2) 8 0

0 3 1 −1 0×1+3×0 0 × (−1) + 3 × 2 0 6
𝐵𝐴 = . = =
4 −2 0 2 4 × 1 + (−2) × 0 4 × (−1) + (−2) × 2 4 −8

𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝑩𝑨

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 2. Matices
2. IDENTITY

If A is a matrix of order n.

𝑨𝑰𝒏 = 𝑨 = 𝑰𝒏 𝑨

3. ASSOCIATIVE
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎 ,𝐵= 𝑏 and 𝐶 = [𝑐 ] × be three matrices of order m×n , n
× ×

 p and p  q respectively. So that AB and BC conformable for products.

Now 𝐴𝐵 = [𝛼 ] × , where [𝛼 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑏𝑗𝑘
𝑝
And 𝐵𝐶 = 𝛽 , where 𝛽 = ∑𝑘=1 𝑏𝑗𝑘 . 𝑐𝑘𝑙
×

(𝐴𝐵)𝐶 = [𝜎 ] ×
𝑝
where [𝜎 ] = ∑𝑘=1 𝛼 . 𝑐𝑘𝑙

=∑ ∑ 𝑎 .𝑏 .𝑐

=∑ ∑ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝐴(𝐵𝐶) = [𝜑 ] ×

where [𝜑 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝛽

=∑ 𝑎 . ∑ 𝑏 .𝑐

=∑ ∑ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

=∑ ∑ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

We have [𝜎 ] × = [𝜑 ] × , so, (𝑨𝑩)𝑪 = 𝑨(𝑩𝑪)

4. DISTRIBUTIVE
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎 ,𝐵= 𝑏 and 𝐶 = 𝑐 be three matrices of order m×n , n
× × ×

 p and n  p respectively. So that A(B+C), AB and AC conformable for products.

So, 𝐵+𝐶 = 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑗𝑘 + 𝑐𝑗𝑘

×

𝐴𝐵 = [𝛼 ] × , where [𝛼 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑏𝑗𝑘

𝐴𝐶 = [𝛽 ] × , where [𝛽 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑐𝑗𝑘

𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = [𝜎𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝

where [𝜎 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑥

=∑ 𝑎 . 𝑏 +𝑐

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 2. Matices
=∑ 𝑎 .𝑏 + ∑ 𝑎 .𝑐

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 = [𝜑 ] ×

where [𝜑 ] = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑏𝑗𝑘 + ∑𝑛𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 . 𝑐𝑗𝑘

We have [𝜎 ] × = [𝜑 ] × , so, 𝑨(𝑩 + 𝑪) = 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑨𝑪

𝐴(𝐵 − 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐴𝐶
(𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐶 + 𝐷) = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐷

5. SCALAR MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

𝜶(𝑨𝑩) = (𝜶𝑨)𝑩 = 𝑨(𝜶𝑩)

 If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
 The multiplication of two triangular matrices is a triangular matrix.
 The multiplication of two diagonal matrices is also a diagonal matrix and
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(𝑎 , 𝑎 , … , 𝑎 ) × 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(𝑏 , 𝑏 , … , 𝑏 ) = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔(𝑎 𝑏 , 𝑎 𝑏 , … , 𝑎 𝑏 )
 The multiplication of two scalar matrices is also a scalar matrix.
 If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then
(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵
(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐴𝐵
(𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴 − 𝐵
𝐴(−𝐵) = (−𝐴)𝐵 = −(𝐴𝐵)
 The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix.
𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴
𝐴 = 𝐴. 𝐴. 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴 =𝐴
(𝐴 ) = 𝐴 = (𝐴 )
𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼

Transpose of a Matrix

The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns
or columns into rows is called transpose of Matrix A and is denoted by 𝐴 or 𝐴 .

if order of A is m×n, then order of 𝐴 is n×m .

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 2. Matices
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
Example: Transpose of matrix 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 is 𝑎 𝑏 .
× 𝑎 𝑏 ×

PROPERTIES: -

Let A and B be two matrices then

 (𝐴 ) = 𝐴
 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴 + 𝐵 , A and B being of the same order
 (𝑘𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 , k be any scalar (real or complex)
 (𝐴𝐵) = 𝐵 𝐴 , A and B being conformable for the product AB
 (𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 … … 𝐴 𝐴 ) =𝐴 𝐴 ……𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
 𝐼 =𝐼

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
Example: 𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = , find 𝛼 satisfying 0 < 𝛼 < when 𝐴 + 𝐴 = √2𝐼 where 𝐴 is
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
transpose A.

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

Solution: 𝐴= ,𝐴 =
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

Given 𝐴 + 𝐴 = √2𝐼

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 1 0

⇒ + = √2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2 0

⇒ = √
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 √2

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 2 0
⇒ = √
0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 √2

So , 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = √2 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = ⇒𝛼=

√

𝑎+𝑏 2 6 5
Example: 𝐼𝑓 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎.
5 𝑏 2 2

Symmetry and Skew-symmetry of Matrix

1. Symmetry Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is called symmetric matrix if 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 for all i, j
or 𝑨𝑻 = 𝑨.

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 2. Matices
𝑎 𝑑 𝑒
Example: 𝑑 𝑏 𝑓
𝑒 𝑓 𝑐

 Every unit matrix and square zero matrix are symmetric matrices.
( )
 Maximum number of different elements in a symmetric matrix is .

2. Skew-Symmetry Matrix
A square matrix 𝐴 = 𝑎 is called skew-symmetric matrix if 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊 for
all i, j or 𝑨𝑻 = −𝑨.

0 𝑑 𝑒
Example: −𝑑 0 𝑓
−𝑒 −𝑓 0

 All principal diagonal elements of a skew- symmetric matrix are always zero because for
any diagonal element. 𝑎 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0
 Trace of a skew symmetric matrix is always 0.

PROPERTIES: -

 If A is a square matrix, then 𝐴 + 𝐴 , 𝐴𝐴 , 𝐴 𝐴 are symmetric matrices, while 𝐴 − 𝐴 is

skew-symmetric matrix.
 If A is a symmetric matrix, then −𝐴 , 𝐾𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐴 , 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 are also symmetric matrices,
where 𝑛𝜖𝑁, 𝐾𝜖𝑅 and B is a square matrix of order that of A.
 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
a) 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix for 𝑛𝜖𝑁 .
b) 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix for 𝑛𝜖𝑁 .
c) 𝑘𝐴 is also skew-symmetric matrix for 𝑘𝜖𝑅 .
d) 𝐵 𝐴𝐵 is also skew- symmetric matrix where B is a square matrix of order that of A.
 If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
a) A  B, AB  BA are also symmetric matrices,
b) AB  BA is a skew- symmetric matrix,
c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB  BA.
 If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
a) A  B, AB  BA are skew-symmetric matrices,

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 2. Matices
b) AB  BA is a symmetric matrix.
 If A a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column matrix, then 𝐶 𝐴𝐶 is a zero matrix.
 Every square matrix A can uniquely be expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrix i.e.
1 1
𝐴= (𝐴 + 𝐴 ) + (𝐴 − 𝐴 )
2 2

Example: Express the matrix A as the sum of a symmetry and a skew-symmetry matrix, where:
3 −2 −4
𝐴= 3 −2 −5 .
−1 1 2

Solution: 𝐴= (𝐴 + 𝐴 ) + (𝐴 − 𝐴 ) = Symmetry Matrix + Skew-Symmetry Matrix

3 −2 −4
𝐴= 3 −2 −5
−1 1 2

3 3 −1
𝐴 = −2 −2 1
−4 −5 2

Symmetry matrix = (𝐴 + 𝐴 )

3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 3 + 3 −2 + 3 −4 − 1
= 3 −2 −5 + −2 −2 1 = 3 − 2 −2 − 2 −5 + 1
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −1 − 4 1 − 5 2+2

6 1 −5 ⎡3 − ⎤
⎢ −2 −2⎥⎥
= 1 −4 −4 = ⎢
−5 −4 4 ⎢ ⎥
⎣− −2 2 ⎦

Skew-Symmetry matrix = (𝐴 − 𝐴 )

3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 3 − 3 −2 − 3 −4 + 1
= 3 −2 −5 − −2 −2 1 = 3 + 2 −2 + 2 −5 − 1
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −1 + 4 1 + 5 2−2

0 −5 −3 ⎡0 − − ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= 5 0 −6 = ⎢ 0 −3⎥
3 6 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 0⎦

0 2𝑏 −2
Example: Matrix 𝐴 = 3 1 3 is given to be symmetric, find values of "a” and “b”.
3𝑎 3 −1

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 2. Matices
Solution: A matrix is Symmetry Matrix if 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊

So 2𝑏 = 3 ⇒ 𝑏 =

And 3𝑎 = −2 ⇒ 𝑎 = −

0 𝑎 −3
Example: If the matrix 2 0 −1 is skew-symmetric, find values of "a” and “b”.
𝑏 1 0

Solution: A matrix is Symmetry Matrix if 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊

So 𝑎 = −2

And 𝑏 = −(−3) = 3

Ganita Karmasala
Bijaya Ranjan Karmi CLASS XII | CBSE | MATHEMATICS | 2025-26 | Page 79