Maths P2
Statistics
Ungrouped Data
- A set of individual values or observations
Can be represented in 3 ways:
1. Frequency table
*Frequency table shows the different observations and how
many times they occur*
Ex:
2. Stem-and-leaf diagram
*Stem-and-leaf diagram uses the ten digits as a “stem” and
the units as the leaf, make sure units are in ascending
order*
Ex:
3. Frequency bar graph
*shows what we are measuring ex: age on the horizontal
axis and frequency on the verticle axis*
Ex:
We can also group the data on the horizontal axis
Ex:
Measures of central tendencies (N = number of
values)
- Central tendency is he clustering of data around a
central or middle value
Mean/average
- This is the average of all the data in the data set
Calculate mean:
- add the numbers then divide by N
Median
- the middle most number
Calculate median:
1. make sure numbers are in ascending order
2. N+1 / 2 = position of median
Mode
- The value that occurs most frequently
*if it has two modes it is bimodal, if it has 3 modes it is
trimodal*
Calculate mode:
- Look for the most frequent number in data set
Quartiles:
*median of data set = m*
Lower quartile – median of numbers that occur before m
Upper quartile – median of numbers that occur after m
Calculate Quartiles:
Q1: (N+1) x 1/4 = position of Q1 (25% / 25th percentile)
Q2: (N+1) x 2/4 = position of Q2 (50% / 50th percentile)
Q3: (N+1) x 3/4 = position of Q3 (75% / 75th percentile)
Q4: (N+1) x 4/4 = position of Q2 (100% / 100th percentile)
*round up for down to get position*
Percentiles
- Percentage of a number in a data set, Ex: Q1 = 25th
percentile
Calculate Percentile:
(n) x percentile/100 (similar to calculating quartiles except
dont add 1)
Example:
*45 numbers in data set*
70th percentile = (n) x 70/100 = 31,5
Therefore the 70th percentile is the number in the 32nd
place in the data set
Box and Whisker Diagrams
How to draw box and whisker diagrams:
1. draw a number line with your values just below your
min and just above your max
2. then above that make two points of your min and max
value
3. then calculate Q1, Q2 and Q3 and draw a rectangle to
represent that with a line in the middle representing
Q2
4. then connect the dots of min and max to the rectangle
*each whisker is 25% and each hald of the box is 25%*
If you get something,5 for your answer then the quartiles
are in the middle of the two numbers and draw it
inbetween the two numbers
Ex:
5 number summary:
Min = smallest number
Q1
Q2 (median)
Q3
Max = maximum number
Ex:
Skewness
Positively skewed / skewed to the right – when the mean is
greater than the median (large part of box is to the right)
Ex:
Negatively skewed / skewed to the left – when the mean is
less than the median (large pox of box is too the left
Ex:
Symmetrical – where the mean = median
Ex:
Measures of dispersion
- Measures of dispersion help us determine how data is
spread around the mean or median
*there are 3 measures of dispersion*
Range
- difference between highest and lowest number
Calculate Range:
Maximum value – minimum value
*however the disadvantage of range is that a great deal of
information is left out since only the largest and smallest
values are considered*
- range can be influenced by the presence of outliers
Outliers:
Any values that are below
Q1 - (1.5xIQR)
Any values that are above
Q3 + (1.5xIQR)
IQR (interquartile range)
- The difference between the upper and lower quartiles
Calculate IQR:
Q3-Q1
Semi-interquartile range
- Half the difference between the upper and lower
quartiles
Calculate semi-interquartile range:
(Q3-Q1)/2
Grouped data
- Discrete data
- Continuous data that can take on an infinite number of
real values within a range
- Large sets of continuous data are grouped into class
intervals
- Ex: data containing heights of people, continuous bc
multiple ppl can have the same height
Upper-class boundary – maximum value that could be in a
class interval
Lower-class boundary – minimum value that could be in a
class interval
Ex:
Estimated Mean:
- calculate the midpoint (upper-class boundary + lower-
class boundary /2) of each interval and multiply that
by the frequency
- add all of the FxM together and divide by N
Ex:
Median class interval
- same way that you would usually calculate median
except you just that interval that the median will be
between
Ex:
Modal class interval
- Same as calculating mode normally except you just
give the values that is most common
Ex:
Cumalative frequency
Standard deviation
Analytical Geometry
*Note*
- for any of the following formulas they can be used in
reverse as well if you are trying to find the coordinates of a
point and already have the answer to the formula and one
of the points
Distance between two points
Calculating Distance
- Plug in the values of the coordinates of the two points
you are trying to find the distance between into the
distance formula
Distance Formula
- Will be given on formula sheet
Midpoint of a line segmant
Calculating Midpoint
- Plug in the values of the coordinates you are trying to
fine the midpoint of into the midpoint formula
Midpoint Formula
- Will be given on formula sheet
Gradient of a line segmant
Calculating Gradient
- Plug in the values of the coordinates you are trying to
fine the gradient of into the gradient formula
Gradient formula
- Will be given on formula sheet
Colinnear Points
When points are collinear, this means that they lie on the
same line, therefore the gradients of all of the points will be
equal
Proving that points are co linear
*this explanation applies for when given 3 points, adapt
calculations if needing to prove more points)
1. Choose any two pairs of points
Ex: if given points A, B and C
A pair could be AB and BC
2. Calculate the gradient of each of the pairs of points
3. If the gradients are equal they are collinear, if not they
are not collinear
Example:
Perpendicular lines
When lines are perpendicular their gradients multiplied by
each other will equal –1
This is because if lines are perpendicular their gradients
will be the reciprocals of each other
Proving that Lines are Perpendicular
1. Calculate the gradient of each of the lines
2. Multiply the gradients of the lines together
3. If the answer to multiplying the gradients of the lines
together = -1 then the lines are perpendicular, if not
then the lines are not perpendicular
Example:
Point of interception of two lines
Points of interception will have the same coordinates
therefore the y value of the two graphs will be equal, so we
can make the equations of the graphs equal to each other
to solve
Calculating point of interception of two graphs
1. take what y is equal to from the equation of one of
your graphs (mx+c) and plug it into the y value of the
other graph and solve for x
- The equation will look like this: mx+c = mx+c
2. Once we have solved for x by making the equations
equal, plus the x value into one of the equations of the
graph to calculate the y value of the point of
interception
Example:
y=x+2 y=2x+1
2x+1=x+2
Therefore x = 1
Therefore y = 3
Point of intersection: (1:3)
Trigonometry
theorems
SOH CAH TOA
Sin = opposite/ Cos = adjacent/ Tan = opposite/
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
Recipreicles (third letter)
Cosec (opposite Sec (opposite cos) Cot (opposite tan)
sin)
1/sin 1/cos 1/tan
To get side:
Use the sides theory
To get angle:
unsign the fraction
Special triangles
Angles in the Cartesian Plane
Graphs of trigometric functions
*there are 3 different trig graphs, Cos, Sin, Tan)
Y=represented on vertical axis
Thetha = represented on x axis
The number infront of sin/cos/tan is the A
If you plus or minus a number it is a vertical shift
Sin Graph
Y=[Link] x + q
Y is the y value
A is the amplitude
X Is the x value
And q is the vertical shift
Characteristics:
Max value is 1 and min value is -1 unless stated
otherwise
Range is [-1:1]
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from position
of rest
Reaches max at 90 and comes back to equilibrium at
180
Graph repeats at 360 (period)
Y=Sin thetha
Cos Graph
Y=[Link] x + q
Characteristics
Starts at 1 or negative 1
Maximum value is 1 and minimum value is -1
Range is [-1:1]
Amplitude is maximum displacement from position of
rest
Intersects at 90 and 270 degrees
Graphs repeats 360 degrees (period)
Y = cos thetha
Tan Graph
Y= [Link] x + q
Characteristics:
No max value and no minimum value therefore no
amplitude
Number in the position of a is whatever y is at 45
degrees on the x axis
Range = (- finfinity to infinity) or YER
From there it goes up towards the 90 degrees line but
it doesn’t touch the 90 degree line (asymptote)
Critical points: (45;1), (135;-1), (225;1), (315;-1)
Graph repeats every 180 degrees (period)
Summary of Trig Functions
Euclidean Geometry
Theorems and converse of a theorm
Interior angles of a regular polygon
Properties of Straight Lines
Properties of Parallel Lines
Properties of Triangles
Classification of Triangles
*triangles can be defined in 2 ways, by the length of their
sides and their angles*
Types of triangles (angles)
Types of triangles (length of sides)
Congruency of Triangles
Similarity Triangles
Classification of quadrilaterals
Properties and Proving of
Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram
Rhombus
Rectangle
Square
Trapezium
Kite
Proving Quadrilaterals Examples
*below are the ways to prove quadrilaterals and the easiest
ways to prove each type*
Proving that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram
Easiest way:
*prove that the diagonals bisect each other*
- if a shapes diagonals bisect each other then the midpoint
of the two diagonals will be equal
Proving that a quadrilateral is a rhombus
Easiest way:
*prove that the diagonals bisect at right angles*
Proving that a quadrilateral is a rectangle
Easiest way:
*Prove that one of the interior angles is a right angle*
Proving that a quadrilateral is a square
Easiest way:
*prove that the shape is a rhombus with an interior right
angle*
Proving that a quadrilateral is a trapezium
Easiest way:
*prove that one pair of opposite sides are parallel and that
the other pair of opposite sides are not parallel*
Proving that a quadrilateral is a kite
Easiest way:
*prove that the two pairs of adjacent sides are equal in
length*
Circle Geometry Reasons
Circle Geometry Theorems