Solution A solution is a

Homogenous
mixture of two or more
chemically
Mon Reacting substance whose composition
can be varied within certain limits

Types of solution

Solute Solvent Types Example

of
som

solid solid solid in solid Alloys Bronze

German Siver
brass ate

solid liquid in Hydrated salty

Liquid Solid Amalgam of Hywith
Ma

Solid Dissolvedgases
Gas Gas in
solid in minerals
or
Hz in Pd

Solid solid in Salt son

 9
liquid
liquid liquid liquid in Ethanol in H2o
liquid

Gas ace in O2 in water

liquid cold
liquid drinks

Solid solid in Camphor in Mz

Gas
Cray gas

liquid Gas liquid in Humidity in Air

any chloroform mixed
with Magus
Gas in
Gas Gas Air
Eros

liquid liquid mixture

completely miscible liquids

f d4
T partially miscible liquids
 Expressing concentration of a Solution

no of moles of solute
Molarity
dissolved h of a solution It is
denoted M
by
M Mo of moles of solute
My v me
Volume of solution
in litre dm

If w
gram of the solute are present
in y cm3 of a
given som then

4m miasmas
I
Numerical If g of Hyson I
dissolved it soo ml of som
what will have ittmolatity
m 2
 102 98 5

meet
molarity covalent compound
Formality Ionic compound

Normality Normality of a solution is

defined as the number of gram
equivalents of the solute dissolved
per litre dm of a
solution
given
It is denoted by M

Number of of
n
gram equivalent
a solute
volume of the solution in lines

fte [Link]
Equivalent mass of a

equimassofanelemtista
of element which combines
the
mass
or displaces 1.008 parts by mass of
Hydrogen or 8 parts by mass of oxygen
or 35 5 parts by mass of chlorine

a
Mass

1mmt of an
Element

m T.

mass of

[Link]
as tons
from one molecule of the
Acid
Acidity Number of displacedle of tons
one molecule of the Base
 it
É

1am of the metal

atop

of an Ion

1Reducingagentmeedssance

i
Normality of a Base Molarity x
 Molality
m number ofmoles of solute
dissolved in 1000
gram of the solvent

Mathematically

M Number ofmolesof number of mules

the solute

massotsumentinky staffing
in
g
41000
Molefractiona
solute Rz solvent 321

N2 he hoofmoles of
at Solent
nano of moles off
solute
Itn malefaction of

hi Wtf na
Y
ya solent
not mole fraction of
w weightofsolvent weightofsolute gone
Mol wt of solvent Mz Molcotofsolute
M1

Nz
nitens
Ppm parts per million parts
Mass of the solute present in one
million lob parts by mass of the
solution

ppm x1o
[Link]
solution

Relationship between volume and Normality

or
molarity of a solution
M V 7242
g

M Yi Maz
 2M E MI
5
soo me

Mi Y May 2

MI Mz x too

Th
Me

me
V3 1500mL
 my
MYgM
2 5 1000
3
10ft
9Th 33

Mz 334M

Mass of É s É
in the sun
acompoy
TutdmassofXIo
solution

[Link] component in a
 Total Volume I

nx m

Wanting
in litres dm

Solutions of solid in liquid

solubility Thesolubility of a solid in a

liquid at
any Temperature is defined
the maximum amount of the solid
in which can dissolve in
grams
100
gram of the liquid to form a
sutuarated soth at that particular
Tempesture

Rate of dissolution Rate of crystallize

atim

factors affecting the

solubility of a
 solid in a
liquid
Nature of solute and solvent
Like dissolve like

polar solvent polar solute t

Mon polar solvents Mon polar
solute y

A substance dissolves if Hydration

Energy is greater than the lattice
energy
Dad H 7

Mail
Daff
It
 it go
I
tips it III's
SEI
fit
YET
it gg
DHydtt
n

H [Link]

Effect of Temperature on solubility

Those whose
solubility Increases
continously with Increase of Tempesture
Most of the substance tall in this
category Ma Moz KMOs Mace Kel
The Reason for
this Behaviour is that in
case of all such substances the
 me my

made
If

Solute Solvent that 5017

Those whose decreases continously

solubility
with Increase of Temperture C

There are few substances like Ce

42103 Mazcoz 420 etc
It is due to the process of dissolution
of these substances is exothermic

Solute solvent Sol Heat

Those substances whose solubility

 does not Increase or decrease
continuously There are some
which
substances
change at
on
a heating
particular Temperture
from one
polymorphic form to another
like A to B form or from
hydrated to anhydrous form
Hasson 101120 Massoud

Solution of Gases in liquids

The
solubility of any Gas in aparticular
liquid is the volume of the gas in cc's
that can dissolve Icy of the liquid
to form the saturated
solution at the
Temperature of the experiment under a
pressure of one atmosphere

Factors affecting the solubility of a

gas in a liquid
Nature of the
gas and the solvent

H2 02 My water 1
Polar
solent
ggg
CO2 MHz Hal water t

Effect of Tempertures The

solubility of a guy decreases with

Increase in temperature

Gas solvent Solution Heat

Effect of Pressure Henry'sland

The Mass of a
gas dissolved in a
given volume of the liquid constant
Temperature is directly proportional
to the pressure of the gas
present in equilibrium with the
liquid

m a p

Mtd
K Cat offporality
At a
particular temperature the
solubility of any gas in the
mixture is
proportional
 y
to the pressure of that gas
partial
in the Mixture

KFK
T
mole fraction
PA
t Ft
partial
press

PA X Na III
s

It fry's constant

PA [Link]

The pafpassiotagay in a

vapour phase is directly proportional

to the Mole fraction of the gal in
a solution
 Unit of Kit Bar or atm

Kit is a function of the Mature

of the gas
Greater the value of kit lower is
the
solubility of the gas at
the same partial pressure
The value of kit Increases with
increase of Temperture implying that
the
solubility decreases with Increase
of Temperature at the same pressure

A Limitation of Henry's law

The should behave like
gas an
Ideal gas
The should not undergo
gas
compound formation with solvent
or
association or dissociation in the
Solvent
 Vapour Pressure of liquid solution
vapour

I
u

yield
liquid
or manometer
solution

Vapour pressure of a liquid solution is the

pressure exerted by the vapour in Equilibria
m with the liquid solution at a
particular Temperture
Effect of Temperature on vapour pressure
of liquid is given by Clausis Clapyeron

equation

dog
ILIE
 Vapour Pressure of liquid liquid
solution and Raoult's Law
Raoult's Law for volatile solutes

In a solution vapour pressure of a

the
component at a given Temperture is
equal to the mole fraction of that
component in the solution multiplied by
the vapour pressure of that component
in the
pure State

TI
liquid
ET B
liquid
A
liquid A liquid
T T A
pop PB PAT PB
NA UB
 Pa HA X PE

A'm water

Paino PEater

Alcohol water

Me
iii

Palcono Pwater
U Alcohol Baater

If P is the total pressure of the

solution then By Dalton's Law
 of Partial pressure
FEET
P PAIPB R
E NA POA 213 PB
P 1 NB Pat 243.1093
HARB 1

na r a
IIFistt

1
i The Total vapour pressure is a linear
Function of the mole fraction NB or
UA
Ppl
IPI PIPatPB
j Ideal
son
É pistol I o
 I
Na I Razo
213 0 213 1

The composition of vapour phase in

Equilibrium with the solution can be
calculated from the partial pressure of
the two component If GA and YB
Represents fraction of the
the mole
component A and B Respectively in
the Vapour phase then
Ya
pÉt Egad

YB
Ffp pfotal

Vapour pressure of solutions of solids in

Raoult's Law for Non
volatile
liquids
test
It liquid solid
t
solute
IET
PA Solent
Vapour Pressure of molefraction of Vapourpress
solvent in a solvent in y use of
solvent in
Solution a son
pure state

Tpourpressure of Vapour pressure

solvent in a of soluting
solution

Vapour Pressure Mole fraction vapour press

of solution of solvent x use of

in a solution solvent in
the pure
State

Ps NI X P

u
7

Ps PIX at

pg constant
 Ps X Kt
solution
vapour pressure of is directly
a

proportional to the mole fraction of

the solvent in in the solution

N I
hit Nz

nite
subtract Both the sides from

I
Pf Innit

[Link] nmen
 92 malefaction

4712 of solute

PO Ps lowering of vapour pressure

of
Pyp
Relative lowering vapour
pressure

The Relative lowering of vapour pressure

of a solution containing a non volatile
solute is equal to the mole fraction
of the solute

Ideal and Non Ideal solution

Ideal solution An Ideal solution

is that solution in which each
component obeys Raoult's law under
all Conditions of Temperture and
pressure
 IDvmixing I
EIEI. I

oomLB
2oTl
DV mixing o

D
mixing H
O

So
At themolecular level

III
Et

liquid a T
B
liquid ligud A
liquid B
A A B B A
D
50 Go
sm
a
Exampies
 Benzene Toluene
Hexanet Heptane
Ethyl Bromide Ethyl chloride
Chlorobenzene Bromo benzene

An IdealSolution of the component A and

B is defined as the solution in which
the Intermolecular Interaction between
the component A B Interacting are of the
same magnitude as the Intermolecular
Interaction found in the pure component
A A Interaction and B B Interactions

Mon Ideal Solution

A solution which does not obey's Raoult's
Law is called Mon Ideal solution

PA NA PI Pa HA pa

At Molecular level
Umixing 0

o
 soinishatsolatilin
Amon Ideal
which solute and solvent molecules
Interact with one another with
different force than the force of
Interaction Between the molecules of
the pure component

liquid A
F liquids
liquid A
A A B B liquids
Go A B
70
A B A A B B

B B
A B C A A

40 60 50

Ideal solution
Non showing positive
deviation
 I CB
a

É
ÉÉÉ
ÉÉ

NAZI molefraction Ha 0

213 0
213 1

A B L A A B B
40 50 60

Alcohol 4120
95 371 4
6319
80 Joy

Minimum Boiling Azeotrope

To sum up for Mon Ideal Solution
showing positive deviation
Pa Ka Pao
PB NB PB
Rota A Patna P

DHmixing tve

Examples

Acetone Carbon disulphide

Acetone Ethyl Alcohol

Acetone t Benzene
CHzOH H2O
CaltsoH t Ho
 CClye Benzene
Colyt Toluene

Pa
213 0 Mole fraction NA O
NAI 413 1

A B 7 A A B B
70 40 60

water Alcohol
water alcohol
I
t
water water Alcohol alcohol
water alcohol

To sum up

Pa L Ha Pao
PBL HBO PB

Pete L Pat PB
DHmixing re

AV mixing re

Examples
Chloroform Benzene
Chloroform Diethyl ether
Acetone Aniline
HCl t water
HNozt 1720
Acetic acid pyridine
 A Difference Between Ideal and Mon Ideal
Soth
Difference Between solution showing
positive deviation and Negative deviation

Azeotropic or Constant Boiling mixture

A type of liquid mixture having a definite

composition and a
Boiling like a
pure liquid is called constant Boiling
mixture or
simply an azetrope

Components composition By Boiling pointy

A B weight of A B Azetorope

Minimum Boiling Azetrope

H2O SHAH 95 37 373 353 3 351 5

H2O 311704 7169 373 370.19 350.7
413120 S2 67 329.25 351 3323
Cheez G HOH 6.8 334.2 35103 3323
 Maximum
Boiling Azetope

H2O HCl 20 3 373 0 188 383

H2O HI 57 0
373 239 400
H2O HMO 68 0 373 359 393.5

H2o Helo y 71 6 373 383 476

Azetropic Mixtures cannot be separated

nstit entsPy fractional

[Link]
I Colligative properties

Those properties of Ideal solutions which

depend only on number of particle
the
of the solute molecules or Ions
dissolved in a definite amount of the
Solvent and do not depend on the
Nature of the solute are called
Colligative properties

Relative lowering of vapour pressure

 Mon volatile Solute

III pure sorent

H2O
I i

I
f
Entropy
É disorderness

I chart
pursue sitter
disordered more disordered
less
state state

mathematically lowering of vapour pressure

is given by

t
 P

p
my
f the
mofuction of
solute

Determination of molecular masses of

solutes from lowering of vapour pressure

n i IEEE
For dilute Solh ha can his hoof
moles of

II
IIs pagesueof
pure solvent
ha
YE Ps vapour
n
I
i
pressureof
solution
 II
m

[Link]
tT

To calculate the molecular mass of

unknown solute M2
LÉÉ
nation in
Boiling point
EÉ i
The B P of a liquid is the Temperature
at which the
vapour pressure of the
to the
liquid becomes equal
atmo pheric
pressure
atmospheric pressure force

InMormaliandititim

up Atmo pheric
Vapour
Force
 pressure Presser

Caf

It that water

THE
Man volatile solute
I vapourpressur
 r

I pressure

To BP ofSIM

É u
of DTT
Too BP of fkn
y

Tempertureto T

That in Boiling point

Boiling point

molality of
DT Elevation the
ye am
B
solution
F DT m
 Ky molal Elevation constant
or

bullioscopic constant

If m 1 D T

Molal Elevation constant is defined as

Elevation in Boiling point when the
Molality of the solution is unity
The unit of kg Klm or
Cfm
or
k kg molt

solvent Kb Kkgmol y
H2O 0.52

GHG 2.53

5 03
Cody
I molal Benzene sun 2.530
Benzene

H2O

molal H2o goin 0.52

Calculation of molecular mass of

a solute

1 16 x
Mt

T
DT Ktx
x1g
 IMzekoxwaxtonF
with
Calculation of Kb from enthalpy of
vaporisation A
Kb M1 RT
1000 XDrapI

er

To Boiling point of the liquid puresolvent

Iv latent heat of vapourisation gram of the
solvent
Draph latent heat of vapourisation mole of
the solvent

MI Molecular mass of the Solvent

R Gas constant
 Depression in Freezing point

Freezing point of the substance is the

Temperature at which the solid and the

liquid forms of the substance are in
equilibrium i e the solid and liquid forms
of the substance have the same
vapour pressure

water

[Link]

FEE
p
Entre
more

stun
 t

[Link]

C
ja

too
Temp S
If Tj depression

Dlf If If 47ft
in freezing
point
Expression for the depression in freezing point
 Lm
Alf
Atf Kf XM

Kf molal depression constant

or
cryoscopic constant

If me fDIfKf
Molal depression constant is defined as
the depression in freezing point
when the of the solution is
molality
unity
The unit of Kf Klm or

K Ky most
solvent Kf
H2O 1.86
Benzene 5 12

Ethyl Alcohol 1 99

Ether 1 79
 Cody 31.8
Camphor 39.70

A calculation of molecular mass of solute

DF H
m

DY Kfx
EXIT
i me
HIIIII
 Calculation of molal depression constant
from enthalpy of fusion

Kf RT
toooxlt [Link]
44
To freezing point of the
liquid puresolvent

If latent heat of fusion gram of the

solvent
My molecular mass of solvent

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis The net spontaneous flow of the

solvent molecule from the solvent to
the solution or from a less concentrated
solution to more concentrated solution
though a semipermeable membrane
 is called Osmosis
semipermeable
membrane

Can I Dilcusoy
som
cuson

[Link]
cusoysum
less
cm
Yin

when the membrane permits the Solvent

molecule to come out through the
membrane it is called exosmosis

when the membrane permits the solvent

molecule to enter inside it is
called endosmosis

Semipermeable membrane

Natural semipermeable membrane

e.g
vegetable membrane and animal membrane
which are found just under the outer
Skin of the animals and plants
The pig's Bladder is the most
e.g
common animal membrane is used

Artificial semipermeable membrane s

parchement paper cellophane
eg and certain
freshly precipitated
Inorganic substance e g copper
ferrocyanide silicates of Iron
cobalt Mickel etc

Osmotic pressure
Fun Marrow
tube

semipermeable
membrane
The minimum excess that has to be
pressure
applied on the solution to prevent the
entry of the solvent into the solution
through the semipermeable membrane
is called the osmotic pressure

Desalination of sea water

Is
solvent will flow from the
c
solution
me

into the pure solvent through the

semipermeable membrane The process is
called Reverse Osmosis Ro

Piston seawater
y

IT
semipermeable membrane cellulose
acetate
 water molecules pass though
any can

this membranebuttnetonsandothe

Ysetnseawati
A Expression for the osmotic Pressure a

Osmotic pressure a of
solution is
a

found to directly proportional to

the molar concentration c of the
solution and its Temperture e

and
Tay
T R C XT

[Link]

constant

FCRTI
R
 But c

T
I R T

4ax nr

This equation is called Yan't Hoff

equation for dilute solution

Determination of Molecular mass from

Osmotic pressure

h no of moles of solute

Mz molecular weightof solute

s TY RT
 2

Emet
Abnormal molecular Mass

When the molecular mass of a substance

determined studying one of the
by any
be
colligative properties comes to
different than the theoretically expected
Value The substances is said to be
show abnormal molecular mass

mate ceo
cayman dissent
dissocation molecular mass
12 r

cost 2 R coat R do the a

TO H 04

Associating
Association s molecular moss x2
 2 I 2

To sum
up
Abnormal molecular masses are observed in
the following cases

When the solution in Mon Ideal

When the solute

undergoes association
in the solution
when the solute undergoes dissociation

Van't Hoff factor i

106k
Experimental value of the colligative property
I calculated value of the colligative property

I Observed value of colligative

protest
Normal value of colligative property

Further
Waligativenpen monen
of solute

I Normal calculated molecular mass

Abnormal Observed Molecular Mass

modifiedÉsm for
substance

undergoing Association or Dissociation

Relative lowering of

y
j
vapour
pressure

Elevation in D 76

Depression in
freezing
point

Osmotic
 gammy
using
van't Holt factor
calculation of degree of dissociation a

x no of moles dissociated
Total no of moles taken
suppose a molecule of electrolyte when
dissolved in a Solvent dissociates to
give n ions and a is degree
of dissociation In general
A ha Bt halt
Initial 1 0 0

I a
Equilibrium

Total no of moles at
Ix nt
Eiben
F It Ch 1 2
 I

normal theoretical value 2 I As I mole

of A

4
was taken

U
J
Yuan't [Link]
1 t
property

i I
II
i I I cn

i i i h i X

paint
 a

h
e
if
1

Taitt

Calculation of degree of association

suppose n molecules of the solute A

associates to form associated
molecule An I

DA
Number of moles A 1 a

Number of motes of An
I
Total of moles l t
f
no X
 I
i 1

E I

Also I M

na An

At equilibrium I a
 Total no of H at
mules

Fish
generally needs Oz conch and

water atleast
3.8mg h for survival
pressure of Oz
what partial above the
water is needed for the survival
of fish given solubility of oz in
water at 0 and 1 atm
C
partial
pressure is 2.2 10 3 mol L

Formul tor KTX

Go
hHz0 19 3.8mg
Ig Loony
102 31 1
 i Noe
night
Kit
I 27103

An aqueous son of a certain

organic compound has a density
of 1.63 gil and osmotic

pressure a of 12.16 atm at 250C

Freezing point 1 0300 what is

the molar mass of the compound

SI
f 1.63
gli
71 12.16 atm 70 2734
272.12k
Tf 1.03 C

Dlf 1.03K 23340 Y

 8
Ma
YEI 1

É
me
sty
33

A vis'm Igneous so it
freezes at 0.510 C Assume
volume of 801h equal to that
of water calculate i and
osmotic pressure at
t
273K
71 CAR X T
V T T t
008
Name
12
Ft
x
Ix ex ex

is of
molality
If kg my

Kt If
D
Tf i x 1.86 X 0.15

Est
DH Ty If
00 c C o 51
 P Bar
12 0.083 Bara
How of sucrose should be
many grams
dissolved
g of in
in too water order
to
produce a Solh with 10506
difference Between the freezing point
and the
Boiling point
soft 1.8691m
Too
4kt
kg o ji g
Df Tf
DT To 100

To DIG 100

To KG xm
too
D Tf
TEH
O
Def Tf
O
 I
If o
Kt m

To
Tf 105

Ibom 100 o
Ky m 10J

m i s

o 57 m t 1 86m 5

186
2.37m g

to m
Band Theory molecular orbital theory

O Antibonding
Molecular
orbital
00

O Bonding
Molecular
orbital

8
0000
8

0000001 I
 conductor
Bond

IMessage anime
pad
Bmd
empty ended

Jing s

Targe Every small

energygap
I crap

metals
conductors
semi
Insulator conductor

A
Doping with election Rich
Impurity
 o

S si si S si si si
o o o
TI9 o

si o
si si si si si si
o ao e o o as

S si i si si [Link]
o o oo o
a do o o

of Arsenic
P
semiconductor

Si As
n type
T 15
T crop
c n
he se
f si p
As

Hole
ex
00 on
Election
S si si
o o o o o o

e si u
si
a
of Al oo
si
o o

si si si si
 semiconductor
p type
Azetropes

50 t
H2O water

Calton Ethanol
got

I
H2O Canton Aretopic mixture
T t
4 637 95374

Azetropes Intermediate composition the

composition of the liquid and vapour
 phase is the same

An aqueous solution
containing 28 by
weight of a liquid A Molartass o

a vapour pressure of 0.200 bur

at 370C calculate the vapour
pressure of pure liquid Vapour
pressure of
th
of solute
water o
Sod wt
28g
wt of solvent
72g
WI
molar Mass of solute 140g Mr
Molar Mass of solvent 18g M
Vapour pressure of som 0.200bar
Vapour pressure of liquid

htt
iffy
i Nz
 7

N2
I
i N it 22 1

1
N 22 1 I 2g

PTotal Pion PE N

P vapour

vapour
pressure
of IIe
liquid
pure

0.2
R 3ft 0.14
 R 2.18 bar

smh
1010
tkd's

Lj
T wat
o Z
72g

At 20 C the vapour pressure of

pure liquid A is 22 and
of
mmHg
B is
that pure liquid
75mm
Hg what is the composition of
the solution of these
components that
has vapour pressure of 48.5 mmHg
at this Temperature

It 17
B A
A liquid liquid
liquid
PÉ 22 13 75 IguidB
485
NA NB
so

I ÉpRp22 2ÉNA

PB 213 PB INA PB

Raoult's PB I na 75
raw
Proful Pat PB

48.5 22nA I
NA 75

48 5 22 Nat 75 75N A

48.5 53 NA 75

53 MA 48.5 75

453 NA 126.5

2
NA
19 20 5
 [Link]

NB 1 NA 1 0 5 0.5

22 75 75 4
222

liquid X and liquid Y form an Ideal

solution The vapour pressure of X and
Y at 100 C are 300 and 100
mm
Hy Respectively Suppose that
a solution composed of 1 mole of
X and I mole of Y at100
is collected and condensed
This condensate is then heated at
and is
too c vapour again
condensed to form liquid A
What is the mole fraction of X
in A

sod
 [Link]
EI

In vessel a

Pi 300
mmHg
Pyo 100mm
Hg

mole fraction
of liquid x mft I Xx

mole fraction n

of dignity Tiny I Ny

pt p Ix3voiso
Py Ny Pl It
100 50
 xx [Link] eso 1
HI 3
n I ni
I
I
4
In vessel B

B 3g
Ux in

Ny in B
ty
Px Ux PE
x 300 225
Ty
 Py Ny XP 3

ty x 100 25

B P Y 22 25 25

251

0.9

The vapour pressure of Cheez and atzelz

at 298K is 200mm and his minty
Itg
Respectively Calculate

The vapour pressure of the sun

prepared by mixing 25.5g of Cheez

and 40
g of Chacha at 298K
 Mole fraction of each component
in vapour phase
Some

Molar Mass of atzelz

Molar mass of Cheez

No of moles of atacez

Mo of moles of at
cap
Total no of moles

Natacha
giggly
U
Chaz I
Natacha

Protect
Pace
 212 A 13

NA Patzcent NB Face
I Natzeez 418 t Hafeez 200

Patz cuz Natzelz X Pdatzed

Patch ace X P'ated

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Patz chat Patel

Watch Patch
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What mass of Mon volatile
solute
urea needs to be dissolved in
of water in order to
100g
decrease the vapour pressure of
water 30 what will
by 80th
be the molality m of a

soy P
Ps
É
Po 100mm Hy

Ps 70 mm
Hy

was weight of user solute

wit weight of water

Mz molecular weight of area

Mat molecular of water

711 7
 X 31 07
1
02

weight of urea
142.890
molality pigott IffJoveit

23 88m
KEG
calculate the molal
lowering of
Hat Ioc
[Link]
Let 1 mole of solute is dissolved in

1000g of solvent water

 ht 1
1
If mole
41

Poff ninth

Also Po [Link] toooo

Po Ps
1
7 760

Po Ps 13 43
mmHg
A 18g of glucose Cotta 06 is dissolved
in
1kg of water in a saucepan
At what Temperature will the water
boil at 1 atm Kb for water is 0 52
K
kg molt

oeo
a'Isis
[Link] oncent

0.52 18
180 1

AT 6 0.052 K

Atf To Too

To 97ft To
0.052 373
 i To

On dissolving 3.24g ofthe sulphur

in
40g of Benzene B P

of the solution was higher than that of

Benzene by 0.81k What is the
molecular formula of sulphur
Ko for Benene 2.53 K
kg mot
atomic mass of sulphur 32g most
Molecular weight
molecular formula
[Link]
son
WB 3
29g Wa
Log
MB AT 0.81K

Kb 2.53 K
kg moil
 To
GIFT
m

2 53 X 3.24 1000

0.81 X 40

Molecular
formula of sulphur
É
I 8

ayyy i Molecular
of
Formula 5g
sulphur
 of acetone dissolved in 100g of
1.4g
Benzene gave a solution which freezes
at 277.12k Pure Benzene freezes at
27804 K
2.8g of dissolved in
solid A

Toogot Benzene gave a solution

which froze at 277076 K Calculate
the molecular mass of A

1 To Kf X 442 1000

Ma X We

Cased
Def
[Link]
70 1 7 7
41 9 417
14
4274 5214
 1 28 Kt X

ca

[Link]
278 6 2770767 1
14,448,41
o by Ktx
In
ey by eg

Fa
 II
2
5 12
MA 2 2 58

nul cut of solute At

232g

A solution of urea in water has B P

of 100.150C Calculate the freezing point
of the same solution if Kf and Kb
for water are 1 17 K mon and
o 52K
kg
kymolt Respectively
Sod Def Kb x m

If
m
 0.2884
Def Kf X m

1 87 0.2884 0.54 C

Thus the
freezing point of Sol

DI 71 7

0.2889

Atf
How many grams of sucrose Mol wt 342g
should be dissolved in too water in order
g
to produce a solution with 1050C
difference between the freezing point
and the
Boiling point 136 0.519 mon
1.86 C mot
Kf
501h Insolvent 1009
M solute
342g
Tf Tf 1050C

Dlf Tf To
i To DTot To
076 toxin
76 Kbxm 100

Atf To Tf
Tf Tfo Dlf
 O Kfom
Tf
1 86

Tf Kf m

It
Tf Tf 105

Koxm 1100 105

i
Kf m

t 100 Ko m
Kf m 105

100 0
16864 105
3
O 51m I 86m 105 100

2 37m 5

m
2 7

MIT
weight of solute
to be dissolved
in
IÉ
t
100g
 34.2

IxyI
2 li

IEEE 72.16g

im
97 [Link]

If Nz is bubbled through
gas
How
water at 293K many milli
mules of My gas would dissolve
in IL of water Assume that
Ma exerts a partial pressure of
977ft AH's
law constant or Me at 293K is
76 48 K Bar

SI The
solubility of a
gas
is Related
to its mole function in the aqueous
Su n

Me
It Etta
I AM 5
2
1.29710

IH
trot Mz

i
man
YE
no

1.29 [Link]
1 29 I
710 5 5 55

h 5
1 29 910 55.55

h 5
55.55 1 29 10 X 103mmol
 M 55 5577 29 4152mmol

Henry's Law constant for oxygen dissolved

in water is 4 34 104 atm at 250C
If the partial pressure of in air
oxygen
is 0.4 atm Calculate the concentration
in mules per litre of the dissolved
water in with air
oxygen in
equilibrium
at 250C

SOI
p Kit x R

Poz kit Hoz

non
in

i moles of 120 hi 155.55 mot

mole fraction of 02
holfnino
i Moz Cccc Nitro

Not
ME
i 102 7024 Nito
X 55.55

Moz