Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge.

In other words, current flowing in a conductor is the same amount of charge flowing per
second across any cross section of it.

One ampere is defined as the current which flows in a conductor when one coulomb of charge passes through it in one second.

The potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from Infinity to that point.

Potential at a point is said to be one volt when one joule of work is done in bringing one coulomb charge from Infinity to that point.

Potential difference between two points is equal to the work done per unit charge in moving a positive test charge from one point to other.

The obstruction offered to the flow of current by conductor is called resistance. The resistance of a conductor is numerically equal to the
potential difference applied across its end for the flow of unit current through it.

The electrons that move almost freely inside the metal are called free electrons.

Reciprocal of resistance is called conductance.

Specific resistance of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material of unit length and unit area of cross section.

Emf of a cell is defined as the energy spent (w.d) per unit charge in taking a positive test charge around the complete circuit of the cell.

The terminal voltage of a cell is defined as the work done per unit charge in carrying out positive test charge around the external circuit
connected across the terminal of the cell.

The work done per unit charge in carrying positive test charge through the electrolyte is called voltage drop.

The resistance offered by the electrolyte inside the cell to the flow of current is called internal resistance.

Power is defined as a rate at which electrical energy is supplied by the source.

1 watt is the electric power consumed when a current of one ampere flows through a circuit having a potential difference of 1 volt.

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Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon in which an emf is induced in the coil if there is a change in magnetic flux linked with the coil.

According to Ohm’s law the current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its end
provided that the physical condition and the temperature of the conductor remains constant.

Stretch the forefinger central finger and the thumb of your left hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger indicates the
direction of magnetic field and central finger indicates the direction of current then the thumb will indicate the direction of motion of
conductor. FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE.

Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a coil an emf is induced. The magnitude of emf induced is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. FARADAY’S LAW

According to Lenz’s law the direction of induced emf is such that it opposes the cause which produces it.

Stretch the thumb central finger and forefinger of your right hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger indicates the
direction of magnetic field and the thumb indicates the direction of motion of conductor then the central finger will indicate the direction
of induced current. FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE.

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The moment of force is equal to the product of magnitude of force and the perpendicular distance of line of action of force from axis of
rotation.

Moment of couple is equal to the product of either force and perpendicular distance between the two forces.

When a number of forces acting on a body produce no change in its state of rest or of linear or rotational motion the body is said to be in
state of equilibrium.

The centre of gravity for body is a point about which algebraic sum of moment of weights of all particles constituting the body is zero. The
entire weight of the body can be considered to act at this point howsoever the body is placed.

Work is said to be done only when the force applied on the body makes the body move.

One J/ erg of work is said to be done when a force of one N/ dyne displaces a body through the distance of 1 m/ cm in its own direction.

If one J of work is done in one second then the power spent is set to be one watt.

Energy is the capacity to do work.

1 calorie is a heat energy required in raising the temperature of one gramme of water from 14.5 degree Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius.

One eV is the energy gain when electron when it is accelerated through the PD of one volt.
The energy possessed by body at rest due to its possession or size and shape is called potential energy.

The energy possessed by body due to its state of motion is called kinetic energy.

According to the work energy theorem the increase in kinetic energy of moving body is equal to the work done by force acting in the
direction of the moving body.

The conversion of energy to the undesirable form is called dissipation of energy.

A machine is a device by which we can either obtain a gain in speed or overcome a large resistive force at some point by applying a small
force at a convenient point and in a desired direction.

A pulley which has its axis of rotation stationary in position is called fixed pulley. A pulley whose axis of rotation is movable is movable
pulley.

Sound heard after reflection from a distant obstacle after the original sound has ceased is called an echo.

If there are repeated reflection at the reflecting surface the sound gets prolonged this effect is known as reverberation.

The periodic vibration of a body in the absence of any external force on it or called natural vibration.

The periodic vibration of a body of decreasing amplitude in presence of resistive force are called damped vibration.

The vibration of her body which takes place under the influence of an external periodic force acting on it are forced vibration.

Resonance is a special case of forced vibration. When the frequency of the externally applied periodic force is equal to its natural
frequency the body really begins to vibrate with an increased amplitude. This phenomenon is known as resonance.

Loudness is a characteristic by virtue which louds sound can be distinguished from a faint one both having the same pitch and quantity.

Intensity of a sound wave at a point of medium is amount of sound energy passing per second normally through a unit area of that point.

Pitch is characteristic of a sound by which an acute note can be distinguished from a grave note of the same loudness and quality.

Quality of a sound is that characteristic which distinguishes the sound of same loudness and same pitch but emitted from two different
instruments because of their changing waveform.

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Optical centre is a point of principle axis of the lens such that array of light directed towards this point emerges parallel to its direction of
incidence. For thin lens it is a point on the principal axis of a lens such that a ray of light directed towards it passes undeviated through it.

The phenomena of splitting of white light into its constituent colour is known as dispersion.

On passing white light through the prism the band of colours seen on the screen is called spectrum.

Scattering is the process of absorption and re-emission of light energy by dust particle and air molecules present in the atmosphere.

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The Heat capacity of body is the amount of heat energy required to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of that substance
through one degree Celsius.

The change from solid to liquid phase by absorption of heat at a constant temperature is called melting. The constant temperature at
which the solid changes to liquid is called melting point of the solid. (reverse – freezing)

The change from liquid to gas phase on absorption of heat at a constant temperature is called vaporisation. The particular temperature at
which vaporisation occur is called boiling point of liquid. (reverse – condensation)

Specific latent heat of phase is quantity of heat energy absorbed by unit mass of substance for the change in its phase at a constant
temperature.

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice is the heat energy required to melt unit mass of ice at 0 degree Celsius to water and Celsius without any
change in temperature. Specific latent heat of freezing of ice is the heat energy released when a unit mass of water at 0-degree Celsius
freezes to ice at zero degree Celsius without any change in temperature.

The substances which disintegrate by spontaneous emission of radiation are called radioactive substances. Radioactivity is a nuclear
phenomenon. It is the process of spontaneous emission of Alpha or Beta and gamma radiate on from the nucleus of atom during the
decay.

Background radiation of the radioactive radiation to which we all are exposed even in the absence of visible radioactive source.

Nuclear fission is the process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei of nearly same size when bombarded with slow
neutrons. Nuclear fusion is a process in which two light nuclei combined to form a heavy nucleus.