CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL Grand Hyatt Manila
ENGINEERING
− The tallest building in the Philippines at 318
meters with 66 floors, designed by Skidmore,
Owings & Merrill.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
− The tower is supported by a RC core and
Structure external steel frame and includes a hotel and
luxury residential apartments. The building is
− In terms of Civil Engineering - buildings, designed to be sustainable with energy-
bridges, dams, retaining walls, towers; Other efficient features and a rainwater harvesting
branches of engineering: ship and aircraft system.
frames, tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical − Construction involved over 7,000 workers
systems, electrical supporting structures. and 38 tower cranes and was completed in
2017.
NOTABLE STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
− Structural analysis is the prediction of the
− The roof is made up of a series of undulating performance of a given structure under
steel arches that span up to 30 meters and prescribed loads and/or other external
are supported by reinforced concrete effects, such as support movements and
columns. The arches are clad with a special temperature changes.
material called ETFE, which allows natural − This includes the determination of: stresses
light to filter through while still providing or stress resultants, such as axial forces,
insulation and protection from the elements. shear forces, and bending moments;
− The roof structure was designed by the deflections; and support reactions.
international engineering firm Arup and was
completed in 2018 as part of a major
renovation and expansion project at the HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
airport. − Egyptian pyramids (about 3000 BC)
− The wave-like design not only creates a
− Greek temples (500–200 BC)
striking visual feature for passengers and
− Roman coliseums and aqueducts (200 BC –
visitors but also helps to regulate the
AD 200)
temperature and airflow within the terminal
− Gothic cathedrals (AD).
building.
Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway 1. Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
− is generally considered to be the originator of
− The Cordova-Cebu Bridge (CCLEX) is a the theory of structures. In his book entitled
cable-stayed bridge in the Philippines with Two New Sciences, which was published in
two main pylons that rise to a height of 145 1638, Galileo analyzed the failure of some
meters, making it the tallest bridge in the simple structures, including cantilever
country. beams.
− The 8.5-kilometer-long bridge deck is 2. Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
supported by 56 cable stays and was built − who developed the law of linear relationships
using a balanced cantilever construction between the force and deformation of
method. materials (Hooke’s law).
− It was designed to withstand extreme weather
events and earthquakes and features
environmentally sustainable elements such
as solar panels.
CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts
3. Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
− who formulated the laws of motion and
developed calculus.
4. John Bernoulli (1667–1748)
− who formulated the principle of virtual work.
5. Leonhard Euler (1707–1783)
− who developed the theory of buckling of
columns.
6. C.A. de Coulomb (1736–1806)
− who presented the analysis of bending of
elastic beams.
7. L. M. Navier (1785–1836)
− published a treatise on elastic behavior of
structures, which is the first textbook on the
modern theory of strength of materials.
8. B. P. Clapeyron (1799–1864)
− who formulated the three-moment equation
for the analysis of continuous beams.
9. J.C. Maxwell (1831–1879)
− who presented the method of consistent
deformations and the law of reciprocal
deflections.
10. Otto Mohr (1835–1918)
− who developed the conjugate-beam method
for calculation of deflections and Mohr’s
circles of stress and strain. PHASES OF A TYPICAL STRUCTURAL
11. Alberto Castigliano (1847–1884) ENGINEERING PROJECT
− who formulated the theorem of least work;
12. C. E. Greene (1842–1903)
− who developed the moment-area method.
13. H. Muller-Breslau (1851–1925)
− who presented a principle for constructing
influence lines.
14. G. A. Maney (1888–1947)
− who developed the slope-deflection method,
which is the precursor of the matrix stiffness
method.
15. Hardy Cross (1885–1959)
− who developed the moment-distribution
method in 1924.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
− Structural engineering is the science and art
of planning, designing, and constructing safe
and economical structures that will serve their
intended purposes.
CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts
TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Trusses
− When the span of a structure is required to be
large and its depth is not an important
criterion for design, a truss may be selected.
− Trusses consist of slender elements, usually
arranged in triangular fashion.
Cables and Arches
− Cables are usually flexible and carry their
loads in tension. They are commonly used to
support bridges and building roofs.
− The arch achieves its strength in
compression, since it has a reverse curvature
to that of the cable. The arch must be rigid,
however, in order to maintain its shape, and
this results in secondary loadings involving
shear and moment, which must be
considered in its design. Arches are
frequently used in bridge structures, dome
roofs, and for openings in masonry walls.
Frames
− Frames are often used in buildings and are
composed of beams and columns that are
either pin or fixed connected.
− Like trusses, frames extend in two or three 2. Live Loads
dimensions. The loading on a frame causes − Which are movable or moving loads due to
bending of its members, and if it has rigid joint the use of the structure
connections, this structure is generally
“indeterminate” from a standpoint of analysis.
− The strength of such a frame is derived from
the moment interactions between the beams
and the columns at the rigid joints.
LOADINGS
Types of Loadings
1. Dead Loads
− Due to the weight of the structural system
itself and any other material permanently
attached to it.
CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts
3. Environmental Loads
− Which are caused by environmental effects,
such as wind, flood, and earthquakes.
FLOOR LOAD ANALYSIS
Sample Problem #1
The floor system of a building consists of a 15-cm-
thick reinforced concrete slab resting on four steel Determinacy
floor beams, which in turn are supported by two steel
girders. The cross-sectional areas of the floor beams − When all the forces in a structure can be
and the girders are 94.8 sq. cm and 337.4 sq. cm, determined strictly from equations of
respectively. Determine the dead loads acting on the equilibrium, the structure is referred to as
beams CG and DH and the girder AD. statically determinate.
STABILITY AND DETERMINACY
Internal Stable/Rigid
− Maintains its shape and remains a rigid body
when detached from the supports.
Internally Unstable/Nonrigid
− Cannot maintain its shape and may undergo
large displacements under small
disturbances when not supported externally.
CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts
− Structures having more unknown forces than
available equilibrium equations are called
statically indeterminate.
− The reactions more than those necessary for
equilibrium are called external redundant,
and the number of external redundant is
referred to as the degree of external
indeterminacy.
− If a structure has r, reactions (r > 3), then the
degree of external indeterminacy can be
written as ie = r - 3
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Classify each of the structures shown as externally
unstable, statically determinate, or statically
indeterminate. If the structure is statically
indeterminate externally, then determine the degree
of external indeterminacy.
CETHOS30: Structural Theory
3rd Term A.Y. 24-25 | Handouts