References

Adger, W.N., 2003. Social capital, collective action and adaptation to climate change, Economic
Geography, 79, 4, 387-404.

Armitage, D. and Plummer, R. (Eds.), 2010. Adaptive capacity and environmental governance. Springer
Series on Environmental Management.

Bankoff, G., 2004. Mapping vulnerability: Disasters, development and people. Earthscan.

Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I. and Wisner, B., 1994. At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples’ Vulnerability and
Disasters, London: Routledge.

Burton, I. and May E., 2004. The Adaptation Deficit in Water Resource Management. IDS Bulletin Climate
Change and Development 35(3), 31-37.

Chishakwe, N., Murray, L. and Chambwera M., 2012. Building climate change adaptation on community
experiences: Lessons from community-based natural resource management in southern Africa,
International Institute for Environment and Development. London.

Chong, J (2014) Ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation: progress and challenges.
International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics14(4): 391–405.

Colloff, M, Lavorel, S, Wise, R, Dunlop, M, Overton, I and Williams, K (2016) Adaptation services of
floodplains and wetlands under transformational climate change. Ecological Applications 26(4): 1003–
1017.

Colls, A, Ash, N and Ikkala, N (2009) Ecosystem-based adaptation: a natural response to climate change.
IUCN, Gland.

Doswald, N, Munroe, R, Roe, D, Giuliani, A, Castelli, I, Stephens, J, Möller, I, Spencer, T, Vira, B and Reid,
H (2014) Effectiveness of ecosystem-based approaches for adaptation: review of the evidence-base.
Climate and Development 6(2): 185–201. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2013.867247.

Eriksen, S. and Otto Næss, L., 2003. Pro-Poor Climate Adaptation: Norwegian Development Cooperation
and Climate Change Adaptation. Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.

Fankhauser, S., 1998. Global Climate Change. The Challenges for Development Policy. Environment and
Development Economics, 3(3): 369-371.

FAO, 2010. “Climate-Smart” Agriculture: Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation
and Mitigation.

Glantz, M.H., Betsill, M. and Crandall, K., 1997. Food security in Southern Africa. Assessing the Use and
Value of ENSO Information. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
Houghton, J., 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University
Press.

Huq, S. and Reid, H., 2007. Community-Based Adaptation: A vital approach to the threat climate change
poses to the poor. IIED Briefing. London: IIED.

Huq, S., Reid, H. and Murray, L., 2006. Climate Change and Development Links. Gatekeeper Series 123.
London: IIED.

Huq, S., Sokona, Y. and Najam, A., 2002. Climate Change and Sustainable Development Beyond Kyoto.
IIED Opinion Paper. London: IIED.

Iacob, O, Rowan, J, Brown, I and Ellis, C (2014) Evaluating wider benefits of natural flood management
strategies: an ecosystem-based adaptation perspective. Hydrology Research 45(6): 774–787.

IPCC (2018) Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C
above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of
strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts
to eradicate poverty. [Masson-Delmotte, V, Zhai, P, Pörtner, H, Roberts, D, Skea, J, Shukla, P, Pirani, A,
Moufouma-Okia, W, Péan, C, Pidcock, R, Connors, S, Matthews, J, Chen, Y, Zhou, X, Gomis, M, Lonnoy, E,
Maycock, T, Tignor and M, Waterfield, T (eds.)] World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.

IPCC, 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Third Assessment Report. United Nations.

Jones, L., Ludi, E. and Levine, S., 2010. Towards a characterisation of adaptive capacity: A framework for
analysis of adaptive capacity at the local level. ODI Background Note.

Kandji, S.T., Verchot, L. and Mackensen, J., 2006. Climate Change Climate and Variability in Southern
Africa: Impacts and Adaptation in the Agricultural Sector. UNEP and ICRAF

Klein, R.J.T., Nicholls, R.J. and F. Thomalla, F, 2003. Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this
concept? Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards 5 (1–2), 35–45.

Matocha, J, Schroth, G, Hills, T and Hole, D (2012) Integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation
through agroforestry and ecosystem conservation. In Nair, P and Garrity, D (eds.) Agroforestry — the
Future of Global Land Use. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 9.

McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., White, K.S., eds, 2001. Climate Change: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nalau, J, Becken, S and Mackey, B (2018) Ecosystem-based adaptation: a review of the constraints.
Environmental Science and Policy 89: 357–364.

NCAR, 2005. A Continent Split by Climate Change: New Study Projects Drought in Southern Africa, Rain in
Sahel. National Center for Atmospheric Research Press Release, May 24,2005, Boulder, CO.
Ojea, E (2015) Challenges for mainstreaming ecosystem-based adaptation into the international climate
agenda. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14: 41–48.

Pittock, A.B. and Jones, R.N., 2000. Adaptation to what and why? Environmental Monitoring and
Research, 61, 9-35.

Pramova, E, Locatelli, B, Djoudi, H and Somorin, O (2012) Forests and trees for social adaptation to
climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3: 581–596.

Prowse, M. and Scott L., 2008. Assets and Adaptation: An Emerging Debate. IDS Bulletin vol 39: 4

Ragab, R. and Prudhomme, C., 2002. Climate Change and Water Resources Management in Arid and
Semi-arid Regions: Prospective and Challenges for the 21st century. Biosystems Engineering 81: 3-34

Reid, H (2011) Improving the evidence for ecosystem-based adaptation. IIED opinion: lessons from
adaptation in practice series. IIED, London.

Reid, H (2014a) A natural focus for community-based adaptation. In Ensor, J, Berger, R and Huq, S (2014)
Community-based Adaptation to Climate Change: Emerging Lessons. Practical Action Publishing, Rugby.

Reid, H and Faulkner, L (2015) Assessing how participatory/community-based natural resource

Renaud, F, Sudmeier-Rieux, K, Estrella, M and Nehren, U (eds) (2016) Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk
Reduction and Adaptation in Practice. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.

Rizvi, A, Baig, S and Verdone, M (2015) Ecosystems based adaptation: knowledge gaps in making an
economic case for investing in nature-based solutions for climate change. IUCN, Gland.

Schipper, L. and Burton, I., eds., 2008. The Earthscan Reader on Adaptation to Climate Change. London:
Earthscan.

Seddon (2018) Nature-based solutions: delivering national adaptation and global goals. IIED briefing
note. IIED, London.

Smit, B. and Wandel J., 2006. Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability. Global Environmental
Change 16: 282-292

Spalding, M, Ruffo, S, Lacambra, C, Meliane, I, Hale, L, Shepard, C and Beck, M (2014) The role of
ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. Ocean and Coastal
Management 90: 50–57.

Tanner, T. and Mitchell T., 2008. Entrenchment or Enhancement: Could Climate Change Adaptation Help
Reduce Chronic Poverty? CPRC Working Paper, Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre,
University of Manchester.
Tansley, A.G. 1935: The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms. Ecology 16, 284 -307

Travers, A, Elrick, C, Kay, R and Vestergaard, O (2012) Ecosystem-based adaptation decisions and
guidance: moving from principles to practice. UNEP.

UN (2015) Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015–2030. Geneva.

UNEA (2014) Proceedings of the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations
Environment Programme at its first session, Nairobi, 23–27 June 2014. UN, Nairobi.

UNEP (2012) Making the case for ecosystem-based adaptation: building resilience to climate change.
Nairobi.

UNFCCC (2017) Adaptation planning, implementation and evaluation addressing ecosystems and areas
such as water resources. Synthesis report by the secretariat for the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and
Technological Advice, 46th session, Bonn, 8–18 May 2017.

Wamsler, C and Pauleit, S (2016) Making headway in climate policy mainstreaming and ecosystem-based
adaptation: two pioneering countries, different pathways, one goal. Climatic Change 137: 71–87.

WRI, 2009. The National Adaptive Capacity Framework: Pilot Draft. Washington, DC: World Resources
Institute.