Basic Mathematics Assignment-2

No Question 1. (a) Find the ratio of number of sides of a square to the number of edges of a cube.

A square has 4 sides, while a cube has 12 edges. To find the ratio between the number of sides of a
square and the number of edges of a cube, we simply divide the number of sides by the number of
edges:

Ratio = Number of sides of square / Number of edges of cube

= 4 / 12

= 1/3

Therefore, the ratio of the number of sides of a square to the number of edges of a cube is 1:3.

(b) Naina’s annual income is Rs. 312000. Her annual savings amount to Rs. 52000. Find the ratio of her
savings to her expenditure.

The ratio of Naina's savings to her expenditure can be found by dividing her annual savings by her
annual income minus her annual savings.

Let's calculate it step by step:

First, let's find Naina's expenditure:

Expenditure = Income - Savings

Expenditure = Rs. 312000 - Rs. 52000

Expenditure = Rs. 260000

Now, let's find the ratio of her savings to her expenditure:

Ratio = (Savings / Expenditure)

Ratio = (Rs. 52000 / Rs. 260000)

So, the ratio of Naina's savings to her expenditure is 1/20.

(c) Two numbers are in the ratio 5:7. If 8 is added to each, they are in the ratio 3:4. Find the two
numbers.

Let's assume the two numbers in the ratio 5:7 are 5x and 7x, where x is a common factor.

We are given that if we add 8 to each number, they are in the ratio 3:4. This means that (5x + 8)/(7x + 8)
= 3/4.

To solve this equation, we can cross multiply:

4(5x + 8) = 3(7x + 8)

20x + 32 = 21x + 24

20x - 21x = 24 - 32

-x = -8

x=8

Now that we have the value of x, we can find the two numbers:

The first number is 5x = 5(8) = 40.

The second number is 7x = 7(8) = 56.

Therefore, the two numbers are 40 and 56.

(d) Divide Rs. 18288 in the ration 2:3:4

To divide Rs. 18288 in the ratio 2:3:4, we need to find the share of each ratio part.

Step 1: Calculate the sum of the individual parts in the ratio:

Step 2: Divide the total amount (Rs. 18,288) by the sum of the ratio parts:

Share of 1 part = Rs. 18,288 / 9

Step 3: Calculate the share of each ratio part:

Share of the first part (2 parts) = 2 * Share of 1 part

Share of the second part (3 parts) = 3 * Share of 1 part

Share of the third part (4 parts) = 4 * Share of 1 part

Now, let's calculate:

Share of 1 part = Rs. 18,288 / 9 = Rs. 2,032

Share of the first part (2 parts) = 2 * Rs. 2,032 = Rs. 4,064

Share of the second part (3 parts) = 3 * Rs. 2,032 = Rs. 6,096

Share of the third part (4 parts) = 4 * Rs. 2,032 = Rs. 8,128

Therefore, dividing Rs. 18,288 in the ratio 2:3:4 results in:

First part = Rs. 4,064

Second part = Rs. 6,096

Third part = Rs. 8,128

(e)

(f) Find the mean proportion between 3 and 12.

To find the mean proportion between two numbers, we need to find the geometric mean.
The geometric mean of two numbers, a and b, is calculated as the square root of their product. In this
case, the numbers are 3 and 12.

So, the geometric mean can be calculated as follows:

Geometric mean = sqrt(3 * 12) = sqrt(36) = 6.

Therefore, the mean proportion between 3 and 12 is 6.

(g) Find the third proportion between 4 and 12.

To find the third proportion between 4 and 12, we need to determine a number that is related to 4 and
12 in the same way that 12 is related to 4.

The third proportion is found by dividing the second number by the first number and then multiplying
the result by the first number.

So, let's calculate the third proportion between 4 and 12:

Third proportion = (12 / 4) * 4

Calculating this expression, we get:

Third proportion = 3 * 4

Therefore, the third proportion between 4 and 12 is 12.

So, 12 is the number that is related to 4 and 12 in the same way that 12 is related to 4.
 (h) The yield of wheat from 8 hectares of land is 360 quintals. Find the number of hectares of land
required for a yield of 540 quintals?

To find the number of hectares of land required for a yield of 540 quintals, we can use the concept of
proportion.

Let's set up a proportion using the given information:

Yield of wheat / Area of land = Yield of wheat / Area of land

Now, let's plug in the values we have:

360 quintals / 8 hectares = 540 quintals / x hectares

To find the value of x (number of hectares of land required), we can cross multiply and solve for x:

360 quintals * x hectares = 540 quintals * 8 hectares

360x = 4320

Dividing both sides by 360, we get:

x = 4320 / 360

x = 12
Therefore, the number of hectares of land required for a yield of 540 quintals is 12 hectares.

(i) 8 trucks make 14 trips in 9 hours to transport a quantity of goods. How many trips will be made by 18
trucks in 8 hours to transport the same quantity of goods?

To solve this problem, we can use a proportionality relationship. The number of trips is directly
proportional to the number of trucks and inversely proportional to the time taken to transport the
goods.

Let's denote the number of trips made by 8 trucks in 9 hours as T1 and the number of trips made by 18
trucks in 8 hours as T2. We can set up the following proportion:

T1/8 = T2/18

Cross-multiplying, we get:

18 * T1 = 8 * T2

To find T2, we need to know the value of T1. From the problem statement, we are given that 8 trucks
make 14 trips in 9 hours.

Let's substitute these values into the equation:

18 * 14 = 8 * T2

252 = 8 * T2

To solve for T2, we divide both sides of the equation by 8:

T2 = 31.5 trips

Therefore, 18 trucks will make approximately 31.5 trips in 8 hours to transport the same quantity of
goods.

(j) If 񑥠is proportional to 񑦬 then prove that 񑥠is proportional to 񑦠.

To prove that x^2 is proportional to y^2 if x is proportional to y, we can start by expressing the
proportionality between x and y mathematically as:

x = ky,

where k is the proportionality constant. Rearranging this equation, we get:

y = (1/k) x.

Now, let's square both sides of the equation:

y^2 = ((1/k) x)^2

= (1/k)^2 * x^2

= (1/k^2) x^2.

From this equation, we can see that y^2 is proportional to x^2 with a new proportionality constant of
1/k^2. Therefore, we have successfully proved that if x is proportional to y, then x^2 is proportional to
y^2.

(a) Define Share and its types.

There are several types of shares that companies can issue, each with its own characteristics and
benefits. The main types of shares include:

1. Common Shares: Common shares are the most basic form of equity ownership in a company.
Shareholders have the right to vote at the company's annual general meetings and can participate in the
company's profits through dividends. They also have the potential for capital appreciation, meaning the
value of their shares can increase over time.

2. Preferred Shares: Preferred shares have certain preferences over common shares. In the event of
liquidation or bankruptcy of the company, preferred shareholders have a higher claim on the company's
assets and are usually paid off before common shareholders. They also have a fixed dividend rate, which
is typically higher than that of common shares. However, preferred shareholders usually do not have
voting rights.

3. Voting Shares: Voting shares give shareholders the right to vote on important company matters, such
as the appointment of directors or mergers and acquisitions. Typically, common shares are voting
shares, although some companies may issue multiple classes of voting shares with differing voting rights.

4. Non-Voting Shares: Non-voting shares, as the name suggests, do not carry voting rights. Shareholders
holding these shares do not have a say in electing the company's board of directors or on major
company decisions but can still benefit from capital appreciation and dividends.

It's important to note that the specific characteristics of shares can vary from company to company, and
each company may have its own shareholding structure and types of shares issued. Investors should
carefully read a company's prospectus or offering documents to understand the specific rights and
privileges associated with its shares before investing.
(b) Distinguish between shares and stocks.

Shares and stocks are often used interchangeably, but there is a subtle difference between the two
terms.

1. Stocks: Stocks refer to the ownership certificates that represent a claim on a portion of a company's
assets and earnings. When a company goes public, it typically divides its ownership into smaller units
called shares. These shares are then traded on stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange or
NASDAQ.

2. Shares: Shares are equal units of ownership in a company. They represent a proportionate claim on
the company's assets, earnings, and voting rights. When you buy shares of a company, you become a
part-owner or shareholder in that company. The total number of shares issued by a company represents
its capital structure and ownership distribution.

In summary, stocks are the general term used to describe ownership securities traded on stock
exchanges. Shares, on the other hand, are the specific units of ownership into which a company's stock
is divided. So, the terms "stock" and "shares" refer to different aspects of ownership in a company, with
shares being the individual units and stocks being the broader category.

(c) Define the terms face value, market value, par value, at discount, at premium, dividend.

1. Stock Value: Stock value refers to the current market price of a particular stock. It represents the
perceived worth of a company's shares in the market at a given point in time. Stock value is influenced
by various factors such as investor demand, company performance, industry trends, and market
conditions.

2. Cash Value: Cash value typically refers to the amount of money that an asset or investment can be
immediately converted into. It represents the liquidity or immediate availability of funds. In the context
of life insurance, the cash value is the savings component of certain types of policies that accumulate
over time and can be accessed by policyholders.
3. Brokerage: Brokerage refers to a firm or an individual that acts as an intermediary between buyers
and sellers in financial markets, facilitating the purchase or sale of various financial instruments, such as
stocks, bonds, or commodities. Brokerages execute trades on behalf of clients and may provide services
like investment advice, research, and portfolio management.

4. Yield: Yield is a financial term that refers to the return on investment (ROI) generated by an
investment, typically expressed as a percentage. It represents the income or profit generated by an
investment relative to the cost or value of the investment. For example, in the context of bonds, yield
represents the annual interest income generated by the bond as a percentage of its face value. In stocks,
yield can refer to dividends received from the investment as a percentage of the stock's price.

(e) Find the cost of 200 shares at 20 per share.

To find the cost of 200 shares at $20 per share, you simply need to multiply the number of shares by the
price per share.

Multiplying 200 shares by $20 per share:

Cost = 200 shares * $20/share

Cost = $4000

Therefore, the cost of 200 shares at $20 per share would be $4000.

(f) Find the cost of 50 shares at 60 each at 2 discount.

To find the cost of 50 shares at Rs. 60 each with a discount of Rs. 2 per share, we need to calculate the
total cost after the discount has been applied.

The original price of each share is Rs. 60, and the discount per share is Rs. 2. Therefore, the discounted
price per share will be Rs. 60 - Rs. 2 = Rs. 58.
To find the total cost of 50 shares at the discounted price, we multiply the discounted price per share by
the number of shares:

Total cost = Discounted price per share * Number of shares

= Rs. 58 * 50

= Rs. 2900

Therefore, the cost of 50 shares at Rs. 60 each with a discount of Rs. 2 per share is Rs. 2900.

(g) Find the dividend on 100 shares of 15 each at 3%.

To find the dividend on 100 shares at a given rate, we need to calculate the total dividend amount by
multiplying the number of shares by the dividend rate.

In this case, we have 100 shares with a face value of Rs. 15 each, and a dividend rate of 3%.

First, let's calculate the total face value of the shares:

100 shares * Rs. 15/share = Rs. 1500

Next, we'll calculate the dividend amount:

Rs. 1500 * 3% = Rs. 45

Therefore, the dividend on 100 shares of Rs. 15 each at a 3% rate would be Rs. 45.
(h) What is the nominal interest earned by investing 10000 in 15% at 95.

To calculate the nominal interest earned, you need to multiply the principal amount (Rs. 10,000) by the
interest rate (15%) and divide it by the denomination (Rs. 95) over one year.

Nominal Interest = (Principal * Interest Rate) / Denomination

In this case, the calculation would look like:

Nominal Interest = (10,000 * 0.15) / 95

Nominal Interest = 1,500 / 95

Nominal Interest = 15.79

Therefore, the nominal interest earned by investing Rs. 10,000 at 15% and Rs. 95 denomination for one
year is approximately Rs. 15.79.

(i) Find the yield on Rs. 2000 invested in 15% at 75.

(j) Find the simple interest on Rs. 5000 for 12 years at the rate of 10% per annum and compound
interest on Rs. 6000 at the end of 4 years at the rate of 6% per annum