Objective
ctivity 29
To obtain the mirror image of a givern
geometrical figure with respect to x axis.
Materials required
Graph paper, scale, pencil.
Procedure
1. Find the coordinates of each vertex of the given
geometrical figure (say triarngle) namely A, B,C. A (4,5)
[Link] the mirror image of the (1,3)
respect to x-axis and label the points A, B, C with B
Name them P, Q and R coordinates obtained.
3. Join the points
respectively.
obtained in step 2.
4. This new figure is
the mirror image of ABC.
Conclusion
In case of the inage of a
point through x-axis, sign of its
ordinate changes.
(a)
Objective
Tofind the mid-point of aline segment.
Materials required
Coloured papers, scissors, pencil.
Procedure
M
coloured paper. P
1, Take a rectarngular strip of the (Q)
edges as P and Q.
2. Name the end points of one of the
Fold the strip in such a way that Q falls on P and the
3.
corresponding edges cover each other exactly.
4. Mark the crease after
opening the fold and call it M.
Conclusion
PQ.
Misthe mid-point of the line segment
(b)
Objective
bisector of a line-segment.
Todraw perpendicular
Materials required
Coloured papers, scissors, pencil.
Procedure
the
1. Take a rectangular strip of the coloured paper. Name
Corners A, B, Cand D.
covers AD, B P B
Fold the strip in such a way that BC exactly
A
2. (B)
coincides with A and C with D.
3 Press the crease.
4 Unfold the strip, mark the crease with a pencil. Name the
end points of the crease P and O.
Conclusion
D
PQis the perpendicular bisector of the line segment DC.
ctivity
nd the area of the triangle.
srequired |
oured rectangular sheets,drawing sheet, scissors, pencil.
dure
Put two coloured sheets one below the other.
Make atriangle on one of the coloured sheets by paper-folding method.
. Cut along the crease to get two identical triangles. Name both the triangles ABC
E. Paste one
triangle ABC on a drawing sheet. Let its altitude be 'h' and BC =b.
5. Paste the other AABC on the same
drawing-sheet in such a way that AC of the new trianas
coincides with CA of the pasted triangle, Cwith A and A with C
respectively. Rename verte
B of the new triangle as D.
6. The two combined triangles form a G
parallelogram with base b and altitude h.
7 Area of the parallelogram = bx h.
1
8. Area of AABC =bxh.
onclusion
23 28 24
Area of triangle = 1 base x height
2
A(C)
B CA)
12
$ Objective
Activity G
To find the area of the triangle.
Materials required
Coloured rectangular sheets, drawing sheet, scissors, pencil.
Procedure
1. Put two coloured sheets one below the other.
2 Make a triangle on one of the coloured sheets by paper-folding method.
3
Cut along the crease to get two identical triangles. Name both the triangles ABC
4.
Paste one triangle ABC on a drawing sheet. Let its altitude be h' and BC =b.
5. Paste the other AABC on the same drawing-sheet in such a way that AC of the new
iiand.
coincides with CA of the pasted triangle, C with A and A withC
Bof the new triangle as D. respectively. Rename vert
6. The two combined triangles form a parallelogram with base b and
7.
altitude h.
Area of the parallelogram = bx h.
8 Area of AABC =bx h.
Conclusion
23 28 29
Area of triangle = 1
2
base x height (14
A DIB
A(C)
B
CA)
Topic
Activity
To find the circumcentre of a triangle and hence to draw the circumcircle.
Objective
In the given triangle ABC
(i) to find its circumcentre, (iü) to draw its circumcircle through activity.
Previous Knowledge
from the
bisectors of the sides of a triangle in equidistant
Point of intersection of the perpendicular
vertices of the triangle.
Materials required
Glazed paper, a pair of compasses, pencil, rubber.
Procedure E
from a F
1. Cut an acute angle triangle
as AABC.
coloured paper and name it G
B
B A
way that
Fold the side AB in such a formed A (ii)
2.
crease is
A falls on B. Thus, a
bisector
which is the perpendicular P
of AB.
perpendicular
3. Similarly, get the AC & B
sides
bisectors of other two B A QD
BC of AABC. A
bisectors (i) (iv)
Note that the perpendicular A
and the point of
4.
are concurrent called the
concurrency is S. S is
AABC.
circumcentre of the
for a right
5 Repeat the same activity triangle.
angled and an obtuse angled record
Paste thethree triangles in the
B B
notebook.
(v) (vi)
Observation
1. For an acute angled triangle, the circumcentre lies inside the triangle.
2 For right angled triangle, the circumcentre lies on the mid-point of the hypotenuse.
3 For an obtuse triangle the circumcentre lies outside the triangle.
1
Activity
Topic
and hence to draw the incircle.
To find the incentre of atriangle Objecti
To
Objective
In the given AABC Materi
(i) to find the incentre Co
(ii) to draw the incircle
Proce
Previous Knowledge
1.
Every point on the bisector of an angle is equidistant from the arms of the angle.
3
Materials required
Glazed paper, pencil, rubber.
Procedure
1. Cut an acute angle triangle from a colour paper and name it as APQR
2 Fold it along a vertex P of the triangle in such a way that the sides PQ and PR coincide with ac
other.
3 The crease which is formed is the bisector of P Ob:
4. Similarly, get the bisectors of ZQ and R.
5. Now note that the bisectors of the angles are concurrent and their point of concurrence is LTh
point of concurrence is called the Incentre of the triangle.
6. Repeat the procedure for an obtuse angled and a right angled triangle.
Observation
For all the three types of triangles the incentre lies inside the triangle.
A A
B B Obtuseangled
R Right angled triangle
triangle
18
$Objective
Activity
To find the orthocenter of a triangle.
Materials required
12
Coloured paper, pencil, scissors.
Procedure
1 Draw any acute-angled triangle ABC on a
coloured paper.
2 Cut out the triangle ABC from the coloured paper and paste it on a
tracin8 Papc
3. Fold the triangle in such a way from the vertex Balong the line BC till the fold passes throug
vertex Aand press the two parts together so that straicht crease is formed. Unfold the paps
mark this crease by a dotted line. This dotted line is the altitude fromn vertex Ato uie
shown.
4. Similarly, find the other two altitudes from vertey Bto side CA and from vertexto D
shown.
5. Repeat the same activity for a right-angled triangle as shown.
6. Repeat the same activity for an obtuse-angled triangle as shown.
Observation
A
We also observe that the point O, i.e.,the
orthocentre
1. of an acute-angled triangle lies inside
the triangle. B
the B (11)
2. of a right-angled triangle is ()
vertex of the right angle.
lies
3. of an obtuse-angled triangle
outside the triangle.
Conclusion
A
Orthocentre, which is point of concurrency
irrespective
of altitudes, can be obtained
of type of triangle using paper folding R
activity.
B
(11) (iv)
Activity 13)
Objective Obj
of a triangle.
To find the centroid
Materials requiredI Mat
pencil, scissors.
Coloured paper sheet,
Previous knowledge Pre
Medians of a triangle
Procedure
on a coloured-paper sheet.
1. Draw a traingle ABC
Pro
2 Cut out the triangle
with the help of a scissors.
mid-point of BC by paper folding method. Name it D.
3 Find out the the help of a nenl
4. Fold the triangle through A
and D. Highlight the crease AD with
5. Find out the mid-point of AC by
paper folding method. Name it E.
Highlight the crease BE with help of apencil.
6. Fold the triangle through Band E.
AD and BE as G.
7. Name the point of intersection of
8. Gis the desired centroid of triangle ABC.
Conclusion
We conclude that in all three triangles (Acute, Right angled, Obtuse Centroid lies inside the triangles
A A
Conc
B
D B D
20
of
Conclusion 7. 6. 5. t 3. 2. 1 Knowl
Previoedgeus
() 6) Chart
Remark Area Procedure Martequirialrsed developObTojective
the Divide Draw Formula
Formula
of Area Observe toCut Cut paper,
circle a Area get any
The : of al a
the th the circle a for for coloured formula
increases, area circle rectofangle that one e circle
= circle the the
so r the
shape part 16 of
parts into radius area
circumference for
calcultheated where = = length of
from paper,
r". 2Ttr a and 16 of the
calculated ' ny (1) equal r a area
Tr.Y=
X rectofangle. aarrange (= pencil,
is the 3 rectangle.
only radius is side parts. cm of of
area the scissors. a
rectangle into them say). circle.
mately
approxicomes of two as
circle
Activity
the so
circle
equalshown
closure obtained
equal parts in
and is anFid gure
to 2
2Tr
closure the arrange (1).
and
actual
to width them
the area. as
=
. (2
actual As shown
the 14
size.
number in
igure
of (2)
Conclusion Procedure
Remark
completely (iv) (ü)
(üi) (i) 7 2 1. knowledge
Triangle 6. [Link] 4. 3. Concept
triangleof Differentrequi
Previous Materriaedls
SObjeToctive
equals. all observation.
Recordthe TakeRecordthe RecordRecall
Measure
correspondi
and in ng two incuded two
: one two the explore
Two corresponding are the the sets
covers right corresponding three the the criteria
corresponding
triangles angles congruent pair pair different the of
the corresponding observation.
observations. sides triangular
triangles siordes of of for
other are triangles triangles
are are
angles [Link] when conditions and congruency
their angles
triangle. said sides equal. in in cutouts.
hypotenuses
to are and and sides which which
be of of of
equal. one the are corresponding congruency the
corresponding triangles,
congruent given
sets using
and
if of
on angles sides
are
take
triangles.
Activity 6 set a
superimposition, are out of
equal equal the cut-outs.
land pairs
and
check check of
congruent
uts
one if if
they they
triangle are are
[Link].
exactly
and
28
$Objective
interpret
To
andpaperslips,
Activity
geometrically the factors of a quadratic expression ax' +bx +c using graph paper,
strips
Materialsrequired
Graph-paper, strips and paper slips.
PreviousKnowledge
splitting the middle terms.
1. Factorising a quadratic expression by
2. Area of a rectangle.
Procedure expression
and c =6. So that the quadratic
=1.b=5
quadratic expression x + bx + c. Let a product 1s 6.
I. In the term 5 can be split into3 and 2 whose
is x+ 5x + 6. The
middle
represents x² as shown in the figure 1.
dimension 15 x 15. It
Take agraph paper of figure lI.
each of dimension xx 1 as shown in the
3. Add 3strips, =x+ 3x + 2x.
the rectangle is x² + 3x. figure II. Now the total area
Areaof in the
dimension1 x x as shown shown in figure 1V.
4
strips, each of comnplete the rectangle as
5 Add two dimensions 1 x 1to
strips,each of x+ 5x + 6.
6. Add six represents x? + 3x + 2x +6 =
rectangle formed
7. The area of breadth = x+2.
graphical strip =x+3and
8. Length of the
(x + 3) (x + 2).
9 Hence x'+5x + 6=
III
X x+3
x+3
I
X+2
aax? +bx +cusing graph paper, strips
terms.