RESEARCH IN EDUCATION Components/Parts of Chapter II (Review

of Related Literature and Studies)

JOEMARIE C. SIBATON, MAEd
Instructor Related Literature
Related Studies
UNIT II. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE (CHAPTER II) Theoretical Framework

Target Outcomes: Conceptual Framework

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to Paradigm of the Study

1. present the components of Chapter II

(Review of Related Literature and Studies); Purposes of Review of Related
2. distinguish the difference between related Literature & Studies (RRLS)
literature and related studies; 1. It helps the researcher identify and define
3. illustrate the difference between a research problem
theoretical framework and conceptual 2. It helps justify the need for studying a
problem.
framework; 1.
3. It prevents unnecessary duplication of a
study
Related Literature 4. It can be a source of a theoretical basis for
the study
Literature may be defined as “Written
works collectively, especially, those enduring 5. It enables the researcher to learn how to
importance, exhibiting creative imagination conceptualize a research problem and
and artistic skill which are written in a properly identify and operationally define
particular period, language, and subject study variables
(Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976).
6. It helps formulate and refine research
In other words, any written materials instruments
published in book, journal, magazine,
novel, poetry, yearbook, and 7. It provides lesson for data analysis and
encyclopedia are considered as interpretation
literature. Examples of Related Literature
The related literature is a section in a Murray’s (1998) article on nurse
research paper, thesis, dissertation, and executives’ leadership roles stated that chief
research project in which the sources are nursing officers (CNO) leave their position
taken from books, journals, magazines, due to lack of power, conflict with chief
novels, poetry, and many others. executive officer (CEO), and inadequate
4. conceptualize a theory by rephrasing the nursing personnel.
qualitative data into quantitative data; and In 1996, Laschinger published an
5. discuss the different research variables by article on staff nurses work empowerment
illustrating their applications based on the and perceived control over nursing practice
problems of the study. stressed that lack of autonomy often
identified as prominent reason for nurses
leaving the profession.
2. Related Studies
These are published and unpublished theses What is a CONCEPT?
of high school, undergraduate, graduate
 It relates how data are described
students as well as dissertations for graduate
and interpreted, including how
students. The related studies to be
particular phenomena are categorized.
considered must be recent and should be
conducted 10 years back. This means that  An intellectual representations of
only studies from 2016-2025 are considered some aspects of reality that is derived
with respect to year 2025. from observation made from
phenomena.
 Describes a phenomena thus
Examples of Related Studies
providing it with a separate meaning.
. In 2015, Sultan in her study on
perceived sources of stress among staff
nurses at a tertiary hospital in Quezon City, WHAT IS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK?
found out that lack of administrative support
and no rewards were perceived by staff  Refers to the theory that a researcher
nurses as the most stressing; no chooses to guide him in his research.
opportunities for personal and career  Anchoring of a theory or a set of ideas
development ranked second; and increased based from the identified research
risk for contacting disease from patients problem/s.
ranked third as stressors.
 Offers an explanation of an event, or
Galvez (1996) conducted a study on shed some light on a particular
relationship between organizational climate phenomenon or research problem.
and job performance of nurses in selected
private hospitals in Iloilo City. She found out  Provides a general representation of
that staff nurses employed in Hospital A, relationships between things in a
managed by Baptists, had job performance given phenomenon .
rating of 3.253 or average; Hospital B,
managed by Roman Catholic, the job
performance mean score of staff nurses was WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?
3.478 or above average; and Hospital C,
managed by non-sectarian, the mean score  founded on the theoretical
job performance rating of staff nurses was framework, which lies on a much
3.479 or above average. broader scale of resolution.
 researcher’s idea on how the
research problem will have to be
WHAT IS A THEORY? explored.
According to Mr. Webster, THEORY is  embodies the specific direction by
which the research will have to be
 an idea or assumption that is
undertaken.
suggested as possibly true but that is
not known nor proven.  describes the relationship
between specific variables
 a set of ideas that is intended to
identified in the study.
explain facts or events.
 Also called research paradigm.
 general or abstract principle of a body
of fact.
 provides a framework for explaining
and predicting phenomena.
If we can construct an IQ test to measure There is no significant relationship between
intelligence and comparable scale to length of service and performance rating of
measure or test happiness, then we can teacher.
state in conceptual level as…
Sample 2:
“The higher the score of a person on
the IQ test, the lower his or her score
on the happiness test.”

CONCEPTUALIZING A RESEARCH
THEORY
After reading many stories about unhappy
intelligent people, we can speculate that
”the more intelligent one is, the more Hypothesis:
unhappy he or she is.”
There is no significant relationship between
This proposition is on a theoretical level. It the level of adoption of instructional
is not testable hypothesis. technology and academic performance of
To be testable we need to restate it on a the students.
conceptual level. We need indicators for
the proposition in order to generate
measurement. Sample 3:

This is summarized as follows:

Hypothesis:

Converting this conceptual level to null There is no significant difference between

hypothesis, we have male and female students in terms of their
Mathematics performance.
1. Happiness is not related to IQ, or
2. There is no significant relationship
between happiness and IQ of a person. References:
All credits belong to Tarlac State University
Sample 1: and Tarlac Agricultural university.

Hypothesis: