SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT BIOLOGY GROUP

SYLLABUS

Concept of Sterilization

Definition of sterilization, dry and moist heat, pasteurization, tyndalization;

radiation, ultrasonication, filtration. Physical and Chemical methods of
sterilization; disinfection sanitization, antisepsis sterilants and fumigation.
Determination of phenol coefficient of disinfectant.

Commercial Production of Microorganisms :

Industrial Fermenters, Single-cell Protein.

Enzyme technology:
Nature of enzymes, application of enzymes, limitations of microbial cells used as
catalysts in fermentation, multi-enzyme reactors, genetic engineering & protein
engineering of enzymes, cloning strategy for enzymes,technology of enzyme
production, use of immobilized cells and enzymes (Ca-alginate beads,
polyacrylamide), industrial applications of immobilized enzymes.

Immunology:
1. Immune Response - an overview, components of mammalian immune system,
molecular structure of Immunoglobulins or Antibodies, Humoral & Cellular
immune responses, T-lymphocytes & immune response (cytotoxic T-cell, helper T-
cell, suppressor T-cells), T-cell receptors, genome rearrangements during B-
lymphocyte differentiation, Antibody affinity maturation class switching, assembly
of T-cell receptor genes by somatic recombination.
2. Immuno-techniques - Blood grouping, Antigen-Antibody reactions :
agglutination,precipitation, immuno-electrophoresis, Coomb’s test, ELISA, RIA.

Microbial Interactions with Human

1. Beneficial Microbial Interactions with Human
2. Harmful Microbial Interactions with Human
Virulence factors: exotoxins, enterotoxins, endotoxins, neurotoxins.
avoidance of host defence mechanisms, damage to host cell, Host factors for
infection and innate resistance to infection. Person to person Microbial disease
Airborne transmission of diseases by micro organisms
Direct contact transmission of diseases : Staphylococcus, Helicobactor pylori
and Gastric ulcers, Hepatitis viruses Animal transmitted, Artropod transmitted
,Soil borne and Water borne microbial diseases

Microbial Genetics
1. Prokaryotic Genomes: Structure of the bacterialnucleoid, Replication and
partitioning of the bacterial genome.
2. Mechanism of genetic exchange :
3. Molecular Mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes:
4. Bacteriophages:

Molecular Genetics

[Link] and Separation of nucleic acids – Extraction and Purification of

nucleic acids,Detection and Quantitation of Nucleic acids, Gel Electrophoresis.

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2. Cutting and Joining DNA – Restriction Endonucleases, Ligation, Alkaline
Phosphate, Double Digest, Modification of Restriction Fragments ends, Other Ways
of joining DNA Molecules.
3. Vectors – Plasmid vectors, Vectors based on the lambda Bacteriophage,
Cosmids, M13 vectors,Expression vectors, Vectors for cloning and expression in
Eukaryotic cells, Super vectors : YACs and BACs.
4. Amplifying DNA : PCR and Cell based DNA Cloning – The importance of DNA
Cloning,PCR : basic features and application, Principles of Cell-based DNA
Cloning, Cloning System for amplifying different sized fragments, Cloning System
for producing single-stranded and mutagenized DNA.
[Link] Acid Hybridization : Principle and application - Preparation of nucleic
probes, Principle of Nucleic acid hybridization, Nucleic acid hybridization assays,
and microarrays.

DNA Typing, Proteomics

1. DNA Typing : DNA polymorphisms: the basis of DNA typing, Minisatellite

analysis, Polymerase chain reaction based analysis, Short tandem repeat analysis,
Mitochondrial DNA analysis, Y chromosome analysis, Randomly amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.
2. Proteomics and beyond : Analysis of the transcriptome, Proteomics-Expression
analysis & Characterization of proteins, Metabolomics & global biochemical
networks.
3. High-throughput analysis of gene function - DNA microarrays, Protein
arrays,Mass spectrometry.
4. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms - The nucleolar proteome, Mapping disease-
associated SNPs :Alzheimer’s disease.

Recombinant DNA Technology:

Gene Recombination and Gene transfer :BacterialConjugation,
Transformation,Transduction,Episomes,Plasmids,Microinjection,Electroporation,
Microprojectile, Shot Gun method,Ultrasonication, Liposome fusion, Microlaser.

Human Genome Project:

[Link] projects – an overview of genome projects of human and other model

organisms of Human Genome Project.

2. Human Genome Project (HGP) – an overview of the project, goals of the project,
major scientific strategies & approaches used in HGP, expected scientific & medical
benefits of this project, about the organizations behind this project.

3 Technologies used in HGP – RFLP, microsatellite markers, STS, EST, DNA

sequencing, DNA microarray.

Biodiversity & Taxonomy

1. Basic concept of Biodiversity – What is Biodiversity, Why should we conserve

it, Elements of Biodiversity - Ecosystem Diversity, Genetic Diversity, Species
Abundance & Diversity, Patterns of Species Diversity

2. Global patterns of Biodiversity – measuring biodiversity, Cataloging and

Discovering Species,Geographical Patterns of Species Richness, Biogeography,

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Importance of Distribution Patterns(Local Endemics, Sparsely Distributed Species,
Migratory Species), GAP Analysis.

3. Biodiversity & Conservation – Overexploitation threatening living

species,International Trade, Animals threatened by International trade, Problems
inControlling International Trade (Enforcement, Reservations, Illegal Trade),
FreeTrade & the Environment, Free Trade & Conservation, Common patterns of
Overexploitation.

4. Ethics of Conservation – Values of Biodiversity, Global Conservation Issues.

Taxonomy:

[Link] concept of Taxonomy – Classification, Construction of Phylogenetic tree,

Systematics,
Cladistics, Cladograms, Phenetics, Nomenclature.

[Link] in relation to Chromosomal morphology & Evolution –

Chromosomal evolution, why location of genes matter, evolutionary oddities about
chromosomes, evolutionary effect of rearrangements of chromosomes.

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 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN BIOLOGY GROUP
SYLLABUS
Evolution:
Introduction, different concepts of Origin of life, Theories of organic evolution,
Theory of inheritance of acquired characters (Lamarckism). Theory of natural
selection, Mutation theory and synthetic theory, Speciation and isolating
mechanism, Morphological criteria for species and races. Allopathic and sympatric
population. Isolating mechanism.

Plant Kingdom
General characters of plant, Body organization: Root, Stem and Leaves; Tissues:
Dermal, Vascular and Ground
Structure of cell
Chemistry and Ultra structure of Cell wall, Cell membrane, Flagella and Cilia
Organelles Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Golgi bodies, Peroxysome, Endoplasmic
Reticulum , Ribosome.
Fundamentals of Biology
[Link] Characteristics, classification and economic importance of Algae,
Fungi, Lichens, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms.
[Link]: Principle of classification and nomenclature of angiosperms,
Anatomy of angiosperms, Structure and development of anthers and ovules,
fertilization, seed development, seed dormancy and germination.
[Link]-Chordates: General characteristics, classification and economic importance
of Protozoa, Porifera, Coelentrate, Helminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and
Echinodermata.
[Link]: General characteristics, Classification and importance of
Protochordata, Hemichordate, Urochordata, Cephalochordata and Cyclostomata,
Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

Biochemistry
1. Carbohydrates : Structural aspects – Introduction & Occurrence, Classification
of Mono-, Di- and Polysaccharides, Reducing & Non-reducing Sugars, Constitution
of Glucose & Fructose, Osazone formation, Pyranose & Furanose forms,
Determination of ring size, Inter-conversion of monosaccharides.
2. Lipids : Structural aspects – General introduction, Classification & Structure of
Simple & Compound lipids, Properties of Lipid aggregates (elementary idea),
Biological membrane,Membrane protein – structural aspects, Lipoproteins .
3. Proteins : Structural aspects – General introduction, Classification & General
characteristics,Structure of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary proteins.

4. Nucleic acid : Structural aspects – Components of DNA and RNA, Nucleosides

& Nucleotides(introduction, structure & bonding), Double helical structure of DNA
(Watson-Crick model),various forms of DNA.
5. Chemical & Enzymatic Kinetics - An introduction to enzyme; How enzyme
works; Reactionrate; Thermodynamic definitions; Principles of catalytic power and
specificity of enzymes;Enzyme kinetics – Approach to mechanism.

6. Mutation – Occurrence, kinds of Mutation, spontaneous & induced Mutation,

Mutagens, detectionof Mutation, Lethal Mutations, Biochemical Mutations,
Phenotypic effects of Mutation, Molecular basis of Mutation, Significance &
Practical applications of Mutation.

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7. Expression of genetic information : from Transcription to Translation – The
Relationship between genes and protein, The transcriptions : The basic process,
Transcription and RNA Processing in Eukaryotic Cells, Encoding genetic
information, Decoding the codons : the role of transfer RNAs.

8. Regulation of mRNA stability – capping, polyadenylation, pre-mRNA

splicing,information of commitment complex, creation of catalytic sites, trans-
esterification reactions, mRNA surveillance.

Organic Mechanisms in Biology

Common Mechanisms in Biological Chemistry – Overview of Digestion, Absorption,
Metabolism (Anabolism & Catabolism), Nutrition, Photosynthesis, Respiration,
Excretion.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates (Anomaric carbon, Simple Chemical reactions of Glucose, Reducing
& Non-reducing Sucrose, Maltose & Lactose, Elementary idea of structure of
Starch & Cellulose); Proteins (Denaturation of proteins, Enzyme Kinetics), Nucleic
acids (Mechanisms of Replication, Transcription & Protein synthesis, Genetic
code); Hormones (classification, structural features & functions in bio-systems);
Vitamins (classification, functions of vitamins in bio-systems).
Carbohydrate Metabolism – Aerobic & Anaerobic glycolysis, sequence of reactions
in glycolysis, regulation in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
(sequence of reactions & regulation), Pentose-phosphate pathway (sequence of
reactions & regulation), extraction of energy from food sources.
Cellular Metabolism
Oxidation-Reduction, Energy and Carbons source utilization, Electron transport
chain and ATP generation
Metabolism: Anabolism, Catabolism, Respiration, Fermentation, Photosynthesis
Nutrient uptake: Active transport, Passive transport, Facilitated diffusion, Group
translocation
Enzymes: Properties, Mechanism of catalysis, Allosteric controls
Cell Division
Cell division, Phases, Mitosis and Meiosis Growth and Tumour

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 LABORATORY ASSISTANT BIOLOGY GROUP
SYLLABUS

Physiology of Plants

Cell as a functional unit, Composition of protoplasm; water relations; Absorption

and conduction (Diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, permeability, water potential,
absorption)

Mineral absorption - functions of mineral elements; essential major elements and

trace elements; deficiency symphoms of elements.

Photosynthesis - significance; site of photosynthesis (functional importance of

chlorophyll structure) photochemical and bio synthetic phases. Electron transport
system.

Physiology of Animals

Nutrition and its types; nutrients food and vitamins; digestive system of
invertebrate (Cockroach)

Digestive system and digestion process in humans (ingestion, digestion,

absorption, assimilation, formation of faecal matter, defecation) (Intra cellular and
extra cellular); role of enzymes and hormones indigestion.

Respiration in humans; respiratory organs; mechanism of respiration. Glycolysis,

fermentation (Alcoholic fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation), aerobic respiration,
TCA cycle.

Human endocrine system - Hormones and their functions; hormonal regulation

and diseases; hormones as neurotransmitters and regulators; Hypothelamo –
hypophysial axis, feedback controls.

Blood Physiology:

[Link] of Human blood

i Blood Plasma - Dissolved solids: Blood proteins (albumin, fibrinogen

and globulins) and their roles.

ii Blood cells :a) RBC - Structure, Total count, Functions, Composition

b) WBC - Structure, Total count, Functions, Classification
c) Platelets - Structure, Total count, Functions.
2. Blood coagulation
Brief introduction and significance Factors involved in blood coagulation.
3. Groups and Blood Types:
ABO Blood Group
Transfusions
Rh Blood Group

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Reproduction, Growth and Development
Modes of reproduction in flowering plants; vegetative propagation (natural and
artificial); significance of vegetative progagation; sexual reproduction; development
of. male and female gametophyte, Pollination (types and factors); Double
fertilization, incompatibility, embryo development, parthenogenesis and
parthenocarpy.

Ecology and Environment

Organism and their environment; factors - Air, Water, Soil, temperature, light,
biota; range of tolerance; ecological adaptations
Levels of organisation - Structure and functions, productivity, energy flow,
ecological efficiencies; decomposition and nutrient cycling; major biomes - forests,
grass lands and deserts.
ecological succession - types and mechanism; Natural resources types and
resources. Environment pollution - kinds, sources and abatement of air, water soil
and noise pollution.
Structure of Eco system: Food Chain & Food Web, Ecological Pyramids.
Energy flow
Biogeochemical cycles:
Carbon cycle , Phosphorous cycle.
Biodiversity:
Genetic diversity, species diversity

Biology and Human Welfare

Population, environment and development; Population growth and factors (Vitality,
mortality, immigration, emigration, age and sex ratio)
Environment/habitat:
Major abiotic factors affecting ecology: light, temperature, water, soil.
Basic consepts of Ecology
Population interaction:
Mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, Amensalism,
antagonism

The Living World

Origin and evolution of life
History of Earth, Theories of origin of life, Living matter.
Chemical evolution, Origin of living systems (molecules to first cell).

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 SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT CHEMISTRY GROUP

SYLLABUS
Analytical Chemistry:
Introduction, The nature of analytical chemistry, The role of analytical chemistry,
Classification of analytical methods (classical and instrumental) Quantitative
analytical methods. An internal role for chemical analysis.

Synthetic Drugs :
General Classification, Chemotherapy, Antipyretics, Analgesics, Hypnotics,
Sedatives, Anaesthetics, Antimalerials, Antiseptics, Cardiovascular drugs. Methods
of preparation and uses of Antipyrine, Phenacetin, n-Hexyl resorcinol, Alprazolam,
Zaleplon, Benzocaine, Lidocaine, Chloroquine, Atenolol, Sulphadiazine,
Trimethoprim and Tolbutamide.

Steroids: Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel's hydrocarbon and

stereochemistry. Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of cholesterol,
Bile acids. Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progesterone, Aldosterone,
Biosynthesis of steroids.

Alcohol & Alcoholism:

Introduction, fermentation processes, conditions for fermentation- ethyl alcohol
from molasses, characteristics of enzymes, alcoholic beverages, manufacture of
beer ,manufacture of spirits, manufacture of wines, manufacture of power alcohol,
importance of power alcohol as a fuel, Chemistry and Bio chemistry of Ethyl and
Methyl Alcohol, Physiological effect of Alcohol and Alcohol poisoning.

Errors and treatment of Analytical data:

Definition terms of mean and median. Precision standard deviation, relative
standard deviation. Accuracy ,absolute error, relative error. Types of error in
experimental data determination (systematic), indeterminate (or random) and
gross. Sources of errors and its effects upon the analytical results. Methods for
reporting analytical data, Statistical evaluation of data indeterminate error, The
uses of statistics.

Quality Control Management System :

Definition of Accreditation, History and development of ISO, Importance of
accreditation in Analytical Laboratories, Introduction to Quality, Quality
Assurance, Quality control, Quality system, Validation Criteria of new test methods
and calibration. GLP concepts.

Forensic Chemistry:
1. Analysis of chemicals and beverages: - Analysis of Jaggery, examination of
chemicals in trap cases ( phenolphthalein), analysis of illicit liquor including
methyl ,ethyl alcohol and other volatile compounds by Gas Head Space Analysis.
2. Fire and Arson:- Chemistry of fire, definition, scientific investigation and
evaluation of clue materials, analysis of arson exhibits by instrumental methods,
managements of arson case.
3. Forensic Toxicology and Poisons :
[Link]: - Introduction and concepts of forensic toxicological examination and
its significance.

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B. Poisons:- Classification, Extraction, isolation of poison (General procedure)
Gaseous and volatile poison, analysis of acidic drugs, basic drugs and neutral
organic poison.
C. Preparation of Aldrine, Malathion, Parathion, Methoxychlor.

4. Forensics Explosive : Definition, classification, types, nature, composition,

chemistry and characteristics of explosives i.e RDX,PETN,NG-
NC,TNT,TETRYL,ANFO etc. Explode mechanism, pyrotechniques, IEDs. Specific
approach to scene of explosion. Systematic examination of explosive and explosion
residue in the laboratory using chemical and instrumental techniques and
interpretation of results, explosive act.

[Link] Scene Management respect to forensic chemistry.

6. Narcotic drugs & psychotropic substances: Introduction to Controlled

Substances, Classification of controlled substances, Precursor chemicals,
Clandestine drug laboratories, Mandatory provisions of NDPS Act, 1985,
Commonly abused drugs, Drug dependence, Drug Tolerance, Designer Drugs,
Drug profiling, Systematic analysis of Drug of abuse by various chemical and
instrumental methods.

Oils and Fat: Introduction, distinction between oils and fats properties,
classification, edible oils , manufacture of oil by solvent extraction, animal fats
and oils, processing of animal fats and oils, mineral oils, difference between
animal, vegetable and mineral oils, hydrocarbon oils and essential oils.

Alkaloids : Classification, General method of determining structure, analytical and

synthetic
methods, structure of Coniine, Nicotine, Atropine and Papaverine.

Synthetic Dyes : Classification of Dyes- Anionic and Cationic dyes, Mordant and
Vat dyes,
Reactive and Dispersed dyes, Synthesis of Alizarin, Malachite green, Indigo, Congo
red, Eosin.

Phase Rule : Binary system : Zn-Cd and Pb-Ag ,Zeotropic and azeotropic
mixtures, Steam distillation, Zone refining.

Osmosis : Desalination and reverse osmosis, Electro dialysis, Electrochemistry

and pollution control, Removal of Cu, Ag and Fe from waste water.

Solvent Extraction Separation: Principles of solvent extraction, choice of

solvent, distribution coefficient, distribution ratio, percentage (%) extraction. The
extraction process, solvent extraction of metals, selective extraction and separation
efficiency.

Nano technology : Introduction and preparation ,Introduction to Nanomaterials,

Optical, magnetic and chemical properties of Nanomaterials, Preparation of
Nanoparticles: Chemical Approaches: Chemical reduction; Sonochemical synthesis;
Sol-Gel Synthesis; Self assembly. Physical Approaches: Aerosol spray; Gas
condensation; Laser vaporization and vapour deposition; Sputtering.
Nanostructured materials : Quantum dots, wells & wires; Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs): Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

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(MWNTs), Graphenes, Fullerenes, Metal/Oxide nanoparticles (NPs), Nanorods,
Nanotubes and Nanofibres, Semiconductor quantum dots, Polymer NPs.
Characterization techniques for Nanomaterials –I :
Particle size Analyser (Laser scattering), Optical Microscopy: Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Tunnel
Microscopy (STM).
Characterization techniques for Nanomaterials-II : X-ray Diffraction (XRD),
Auger Emission Spectroscopy, Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical analysis (ESCA)
Application of Nanomaterials: Applications Solar energy conversion and
catalysis, Polymers with a special architecture, Liquid crystalline systems,
Applications in displays and other devices, Advanced organic materials for data
storage, Photonics, Chemical and biosensors, Nanomedicine and
Nanobiotechnology.

INSTRUMENTATIONS:

1. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy: Classification of spectra i.e. line, band,

continuous spectra / absorption, emission spectra; Wave properties of
electromagnetic radiation; Particle/photon properties of electromagnetic radiation;
Electromagnetic spectrum.

2. UV-VIS Spectroscopy: Theory; Beer and Lambert’s law - limitations and

deviations from the law; Terminologies associated with absorption measurements;
Types of transitions; Factors affecting spectral characteristics (structural and
nonstructural); Effect of conjugation; Wood ward Fieser rule; Photometric
titrations; Instrumentation, applications ( in analysis of organic compounds and
inorganic complexes ), advantages and limitations of UV Visible spectroscopy;
Quantitative analysis of binary mixtures of absorbing substances by simultaneous
equation method; Calibration of UV Visible Spectrophotometer as per standard
methods.

3. Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Introduction: luminescence, photoluminescence;

Theory of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence; Jablonski diagram; Factors affecting
fluorescence intensity (structural and nonstructural); Instrumentation,
applications, advantages and limitations of fluorescence spectroscopy
4. IR Spectroscopy: Theory of absorption of Infrared radiation by molecules;
Molecular vibrations; Factors influencing vibrational frequencies; Calculation of
vibrational frequencies ( Hooke’s law ); Sample handling techniques;
Instrumentation ( Dispersion and FTIR spectrometer ) and applications of IR
Spectroscopy; Calibration of IR Spectrophotometer as per Pharmacopoeia.

5. Atomic Spectroscopy: Basics of atomic spectroscopy; Principle of atomic

absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy; Interferences in atomic
spectroscopy; Factors affecting atomic spectroscopy like solvents, buffers, other
ions, etc; Flame Photometry; Atomic emission spectroscopy with plasma and
electrical discharge sources; Instrumentation ( including radiation sources like
hollow cathode lamp ), applications, advantages and limitations of atomic
absorption and atomic emission spectroscopy.

6. Mass Spectrometry: Theory; Ionization techniques, Ion separating techniques;

Different types of ions and their significance in mass spectra, Fragmentation rules
and rearrangements; Instrumentation and applications of mass spectrometry.
Overview of GC-MS and GC-MS-MS, interpretation of results of Isomers.

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7. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy: Fundamental Principles - nuclear
spin, magnetic moment; Proton NMR spectroscopy - theory, chemical shift and
factors affecting chemical shift, spin- spin coupling, coupling constant, relaxation
process, Instrumentation and applications of PMR; Brief overview of C13 NMR.

8. X-ray spectroscopy Introduction; Generation of X – rays; X-ray diffraction,

Bragg’s law; Applications of X- ray diffraction, EDXRF: Principle instrumentation,
how does it works & Applications of EDXRF.

9. Raman specra :Basic principle , Instrumentation , application of Raman spectra

, comparision of IR and Raman spectra.

10. Gas Chromatography : Introduction; Theory and Principle of Gas-

Chromatography; Mobile phase, Stationary phases for GSC and GLC;
Instrumentation (including temperature programming and derivatization) and
applications of GC. Principle and applications of Gas chromatography with Head
space Technique .

11. High Performance Liquid Chromatography : Introduction; Theory,

Classification and Principle of HPLC; Mobile phase, Stationary phases for normal
and reversed phase HPLC; Instrumentation ( including significance of guard
column ) and applications of HPLC; Comparison of HPLC with GC; Overview of LC-
MS, LC-MS/MS. Basic principle, theory and applications of partition, adsorption,
ion-exchange, size exclusion, Super critical fluid and Affinity chromatography.

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 LABORATORY TECHNICIAN CHEMISTRY GROUP
SYLLABUS
Ionic equilibrium:- Definition of basic terms: Electrical conductance, Specific
conductance, Equivalent conductance, Molar conductance, Cell constant & degree
of Dissociation; Derivation of Oswald’s dilution law, its applications and
Limitations; pH Scale, Hydrolysis, Relation between Ka , Kb , Kh & Kw for Strong
acid- Strong base, Strong acid-Weak base, Weak acid -Strong base, Buffer
Solution, (Henderson – Hasselbalch equation), Indicator theory, Useful pH range of
indicator for acid base titration.
Carbohydrates : Introduction, classification of carbohydrates, osazone formation,
epimerization, step up and stepdown reactions of monosaccharides, simple
structures of glucose and fructose, Fischer’s proof ,configuration of D-glucose.
Amino acid : Introduction of amino acid, Classification and properties of amino
acids, Zwitter ion, Isoelectric point
Chemical Reactivity and Molecular Structure: (Acid- Base Properties) :
Acid-Bases, scale of acidity-basicity, Resonance effect, drawing of structures and
the condition for resonance, Effect of change of hybridization on acidity and
basicity, Inductive and electronic effects, steric effect and hydrogen bonding, Lewis
acid and bases, Keto-enol tautomerism. Difference between resonance and
tautomerism.
Metals and alloys : Introduction, Physical properties of metals, cast iron, wrought
iron, steel, Heat treatment of steel. Definition of alloy, purpose of making
[Link] of alloys. Alloys of steel and its applications. Non-Ferrous
alloys and its industrial applications.
Corrosion and its inhibition : Introduction, Theories of corrosion, Types of
corrosion, Protection of metals from corrosion – organic and inorganic materials,
Inhibitors, Cathodic protection.
Adsorption : Definition of terms, Types of adsorption (physical, chemical and their
difference),Types of adsorption isotherms (5 types), Derivation of Freundlich
adsorption isotherm, Derivation of Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Applications of
adsorption
Catalysis : Characteristic of catalysis, Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis,
Enzymecatalysed reaction and derivation mechanism, Marten reaction
Phase Rule : Theoretical derivation of phase rule; One component system : water
system andsulphur system; Condensed phase rule; Silver – lead (Ag-Pb) system;
Polymer Chemistry : Definition, Monomer, Polymer, Polymerization, Classification
of Polymers; Chainpolymerization:Free radical and Ionic polymerization [cationic
and anionic], Coordination polymerization, Step polymerization: Polycondensation
and Polyadditionand Ring Opening Polymerization.
Spectroscopy : Basic Theory and Concepts of Atomic & Molecular
Spectroscopy.
Sources of radiation: their utility and limitations- conventional sources for UV,
visible and infrared rays, sources for shorter wavelength radiations (X-ray tubes)
radioactivity, x -rays and x-rays. Laser (He, Ne, Argon ion, dye lasers, semi
conductor lasers),
Interaction of radiation with matter : reflection, absorption, transmission,
fluorescence, phosphorescence and their forensic applications, radiation filters.
Detection of radiations; photographic detectors, thermal detectors, photoelectric
detectors etc. Atomic spectra, energy levels, quantum numbers and designation of
states, selection rules, qualitative discussions of atomic spectra.

Elements of X- ray spectrometry- : fluorescence, energy Dispersive X-ray

analysis (EDX), wavelength Dispersive X-ray analysis (WDX), X-ray diffraction,
Augur effect
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Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: Origin of UV Spectra, Principle, Electronic transition (σ-
σ*, n-σ*, π-π* and n-π*), relative positions of λmax considering conjugative effect,
steric effect, solvent effect, red shift (bathochromic shift), blue shift (hypsochromic
shift), hyperchromic effect, hypochromic effect (typical examples). Aromatic and
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Visible Spectroscopy: Introduction, Beer Lambert’s law, instrumentation (light
source, optical system, wavelength selector, light sensitive device), Accuracy and
error of Spectrophotometry, Application in Forensic Chemistry.
Infrared Spectroscopy: Molecular spectra: qualitative discussions of molecular
binding, molecular orbital, types of molecular energies qualitative discussions of
rotational, vibrational and electronic spectra, spectra of polyatomic molecules IR
spectroscopy- correlation of infra red spectra with molecular structure, Fourier
Transform, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence and phosphorescence
spectrophotometry..Study of Conventional IR and FT-IR.

Raman Spectra : Basic principal, Instrumentation, Application of Raman spectra,

Comparison of IR and Raman spectra.
Mass Spectrometry : Theory; Ionization techniques, Ion separating techniques;
Different types of ions and their significance in mass spectra, Fragmentation rules
and rearrangements; Instrumentation and applications of mass spectrometry.
Detail study of GC-MS .
Chromatographic techniques: General principles, function and application of
following chromatography, Paper chromatography, Column chromatography, TLC,
Adsorption chromatography, Partition chromatography, Gas chromatography, Ion-
exchange chromatography and Affinity chromatography(HPLC) etc.

Alkaloids Classification, General method of determining structure, analytical and

synthetic methods, structure of Nicotine, Atropine Papaverine, Morphine and
codeine.
Synthetic Dyes Classification of Dyes- Anionic and Cationic dyes, Mordant and
Vat dyes, Reactive and Dispersed dyes, Synthesis of Alizarin, Malachite green,
Indigo, Congo red, Eosin.
Synthetic Drugs: Definition , Synthesis of drugs, Antiseptics, Halogenated
compounds, Antimalarials, Quinoline derivatives, Antibacterials, Sulpha Aspirin,
Phenacetin, Paracetamol, Sulphanilamide, Sulphaguanidine, Chloromycetin,
Chloroquine.

Errors and treatment of Analytical data: Definition terms of mean and median.
Precision standard deviation, relative standard deviation. Accuracy, absolute
error, relative error. Types of error in experimental data determination (systematic),
indeterminate (or random) and gross. Sources of errors and its effects upon the
analytical results. Methods for reporting analytical data, Statistical evaluation of
data indeterminate error, The uses of statistics.

Forensic Science : Introduction to Forensic science, Definition and Scope of

Forensic Science, History and development of Forensic science.
Explosives : Theory, Classification, chemical properties, Explosion mechanism,
Preparation of RDX, PETN, Nitroglycerine, Tetryl, ANFO, Home made explosives
[IEDs]
Petroleum Chemistry: Occurrence- Composition of Crude oil- Distillation of the
Crude oil, Cracking, Knocking, Octane number & Cetane number, Synthetic petrol.
Forensic analysis of petroleum products :
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[Link], Kerosene, Diesel, ATF, Lubricating Oil, Furnace oil, Grease and Solvents
and Bio diesel as per IS Standard methods.

Alcohol & Alcoholism : Introduction, fermentation processes, conditions for

fermentation- ethyl alcohol from molasses, characteristics of enzymes, alcoholic
beverages, manufacture of beer ,manufacture of spirits, manufacture of wines,
manufacture of power alcohol, importance of power alcohol as a fuel, Chemistry
and Bio chemistry of Ethyl and Methyl Alcohol, Physiological effect of Alcohol and
Alcohol poisoning.

Fire and Arson:- Chemistry of fire, definition, scientific investigation and

evaluation of clue materials, analysis of arson exhibits by instrumental methods,
managements of arson cases.
Steroids : Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel's hydrocarbon and
stereochemistry. Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of cholesterol,
Bile acids. Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progesterone, Aldosterone,
Biosynthesis of steroids.
PH Metry : Water, pH, Buffers, pH meter Properties of water, Water a biological
solvent, Fitness of the aqueous environment for living organisms, self Ionization of
water: Kw and pKw. Acid, base, ampholytes, pH, pOH, pKa, weak and strong acids,
Physiological importance of pH.
Buffers, buffer action, buffer capacity, Henderson – Hasselbalch equation, its
limitations and uses, laboratory use of buffers, physiological importance of buffers
in body fluids and tissues.

Measurement of pH: indicators, pH meter, different types of electrodes, advantages

and disadvantages of different electrodes, principle, working, application, factors
affecting pH determination.

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 LABORATORY ASSISTANT CHEMISTRY GROUP
SYLLABUS
Fundamentals of Organic Reactions:-
Fission of covalent bond, types of reagents, Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular
reaction mechanism (SN1), Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular reaction
mechanism (SN2), Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution –Elementary treatment only
(Nitration, Sulfonation, Halogenation & Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Acylation)

Alkanes:- (Saturated Hydrocarbons)

Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Reduction of R-X, Woortz’s reaction, Hydrolysis
of R-Mg-X, Decarboxylation of acid, Kolbe’s electrolytic process, Free radical
mechanism (Chlorination of Methane).

Alkenes & Alkynes:- (Unsaturated Hydrocarbons)

Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Preparations (dehydration, dehalogenation,
dehydro halogenation), Reactions with H2, X2, HX, HOCl, H2SO4, and
Hydroboration; Oxidation reactions: (i) with cold alkaline KMnO4 (Bayer’s reagent),
(ii) Oxidative cleavage with acidified or hot KMnO4, (iii) OzonolysisO3);
Polymerization; Reactions of terminal Acetylenes: (i) Addition of water,(ii) Na /
liquid NH3.

Thermodynamics:-
Zeroth law, first law, Second law of thermodynamics; proof of 2nd law (Carnot’s
Cycle); Entropy, of Gas and calculation of entropy for different processes;
Kirchhoff’s equation.

Analytical Techniques : Introduction Types of analysis – Physical, Chemical and

instrumentation. Physical analysis – Specific gravity, Melting point, Boiling point,
Crystallization. Purification of compounds etc. Chemical analysis – Quantitative
and Qualitative analysis of organic and inorganic compounds. Instrumental
analysis – Spectroscopic, Chromatographic PH measurement, Conductivity,
Turbidity etc

Atomic structure : Fundamental particles, Rutherford Model of an atom, Nature

of electromagnetic radiation, emission spectrum of hydrogen atom, concept of
energy levels (orbits). Drawbacks (weaknesses) of Bohr's model, modern concept of
structure of atom (elementary idea only) concept of orbits and orbitals, main four
quantum numbers, electronic configuration of elements, Aufbau Principle, Pauli's
principle, Hund's rule.

Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: The need of

classification of elements, the significance of (i) Mendeleev's periodic law (ii) Atomic
number and periodic taw, present (modern) form of the periodic table. The IUPAC
nomenclature for the elements with Z >100, electronic configuration of the
elements and periodic table. Types of elements: s, p, d and f block elements,
periodic trends in properties; Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii,
valency.

Actinides:- Electron configuration, Oxidation states, Magnetic properties, Color

and absorption spectra of actinide ions, actinide contraction, Nuclear synthesis of
trans uranic elements, Chain reaction, importance of Uranium, Comparison with
lanthanide

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Organic compounds with functional group containing nitrogen : Nitro
compounds : Electronic structure of nitro group, nomenclature, important method
of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions. Amine compounds :
Electronic structure of primary, secondary and tertiary amine group,
nomenclature, important method of preparation, physical properties, basic
character of amine, chemical reactions, separation of primary, secondary and
tertiary amines. Diazonium salt Preparation and chemical reactions of benzene
diazonium chloride, importance of diazonium salt in synthetic organic chemistry.

Fundamental of Forensic Science & Basic Principles and significance of

Forensic Science
Nature and Scope of Biochemistry : What is biochemistry, development of
biochemistry, What is biochemical approach, scope of biochemistry, applications of
biochemistry, Biochemical literature
Carbohydrates :
classification, monosaccharide, structures of pentose and hexose’s. anomeric
carbon, mutarotation, simple chemical reactions of glucose,
disaccharides : reducing and non reducing sugars-sucrose, maltose and lactose,
polysaccharides : elementary idea of structures of starch and cellulose.

Metals, Alloys and Corrosion: Introduction, Physical properties of metals,

Definition and purpose of alloy, Classification of alloys. Alloys Steel and its
applications. Non-Ferrous alloys and its industrial applications. Introduction to
Corrosion, Theories of corrosion, Protection of metals from corrosion – organic and
inorganic materials, Inhibitors, Cathodic protection.
Cements: Introduction, Classification of cement and properties, chemical
composition of cement, Standards, Manufacturing of Portland cement, chemical
constituents of Portland cement, Setting and hardening of cement, PCC & RCC.

Polymers : Classification of polymers, General method of polymerization addition

and condensation, free radical, cationic and anionic polymerization,
copolymerization, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers.
(examples of monomer only) condensation polymer, molecular mass of polymers
(high lightening level of complexity only), Bio polymers, and biodegradable
polymers, some industrially important polymers.

Basics of drugs and formulation analysis : Weights, balances, importance of

analysis, quality control and quality assurance, analytical methods (classification,
validation parameters), requirements – chemicals (types, purification, checking
purity), glass wares (types, calibration, cleaning), sampling techniques, sampling
error minimization. Units of concentrations. Errors science, errors minimization.

Volumetric analysis (Titrimetric analysis) :

1. Acid-base titrations: Relative strength and its effect on titration, common ion
effect, pH, HendersonHesselbach equation, buffers, neutralization curve, acid bas
indicators, theory of indicators, back titrations, biphasic titrations, pharmacopoeial
applications, hydrolysis of salts, ionic products of water and law of mass action.
2. Redox titrations : Theory of redox titrations, redox indicators, types of redox
titrations, iodometry, cerrimetry, mercury metry, diazotization nitrite titrations,
2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol titrations, titration curve and calculations of
potentials during course of titrations.
3. Argentometric or precipitation titrations : Mohrs, Fajans and Volhard methods
4. Nonaqueous titrations : Nonaqueous solvents, titrants and indicators.
Differentiating and leveling solvents.
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5. Complexometric titrations : Theory of the titrations, titrant, indicators and
pharmacopoeial applications.
6. Miscellaneous titrations : Karl-Fischer titrations, Kjeldahl method.
Gravimetric analysis : Stability, solubility products, types of precipitations,
precipitation techniques, pharmacopoeial applications

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