Interpreting
trignometric ratios
by Tejasvi Pratap Singh
introduction
Trigonometry is derived from Greek words trigonon (three angles)
and metron (measure).
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with
triangles, particularly triangles in a plane where one angle of the
triangle is 90 degrees.
Triangles on a sphere are also studied, in spherical trigonometry.
Trigonometry specifically deals with the relationships between the
sides and the angles of triangles, that is, on the trigonometric
functions, and with calculations based on these functions.
CONVERSION OF ANGLES
There are two systems of measurements of angles i.e., Degree and Radian.
Conversion of degree to radian:
Radian = Degree × (π / 180)
Conversion of radian to degree:
Degree = Radian × (180 / π)
Value of Trigonometric
Functions for Angle C
Sin θ = AB / AC
Cos θ = BC / AC
Tan θ = AB / BC
Cosec θ = AC / AB
Sec θ = AC / BC
Cot θ = AC / AB
TIGNOMETRIC VALUES WE WILL NEED
sign of trignometric functions
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
TRIGNOMETRIC RATIOS FOR
SUB MULTIPLE ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of sum
and difference of angles
A circle is drawn with center as origin and radius 1 unit. A point P1 is chosen at an angle of x units
from x-axis. The co-ordinates are mentioned in the figure. Another point P2 is chosen, at an angle of y
units from the line segment OP1. P3 is a point on the circle which is at an angle of y units from x-axis,
measured clockwise.
Now, in the given figure, Δ OP1P3 is congruent to Δ OP2P4, by SAS congruency criteria.
Hence, P1P3 = P2P4 (CPCT)
⇒(P1P3 )2= (P2P4)2
Since we know the coordinates of all the four points, hence using distance formula, we can write:
[cos x – cos (-y)]2 + [sin x – sin (-y)]2 = [1- cos (x+y)]2 + sin2 (x+y)
On solving the above equation, we have the following identity:
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y ……… (1)
Replacing y by -y in identity (1), we get,
cos(x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y …….… (2)
Trigonometric functions of sum
and difference of angles
Also,
cos (π/2 – x) = sin x ……………… (3)
That can be obtained by replacing x by π/2 and y by x in identity (2). Also,
sin (π/2 – x) = cos x………….…… (4)
As, sin (π/2 – x) = cos [π/2 – (π/2 – x)] (using identity 3). So,
sin (π/2 – x) = cos x
Now we have the idea about the expansion of sum and difference of angles of cos.
Now let us try to use it for finding the values of sum and difference of angles of sin.
sin (x + y) can be written as cos [π/2 – (x + y)] which is equal to cos [(π/2 – x) – y]
Now, using identity (2) we can write,
cos [(π/2 – x) – y] = cos (π/2 – x) cos y + sin (π/2 – x) sin y
= sin x cos y + cos x sin y
Hence,
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y …………………………. (5)
Replace y by –y in the above formula, we get
sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y .…………………………….. (6)
Trigonometric functions of sum
and difference of angles
Now if we substitute suitable values in identities (1), (2), (5) and (6), we have the following:
cos (π/2 + x) = -sin x
sin (π/2 + x) = cos x
cos (π± x) = – cos x
sin (π – x) = sin x
sin (π + x) = – sin x
sin (2π – x) = -sin x
cos (2π – x) = cos x
After having a brief idea about the expansion of sum and difference
of angles of sin and cos, the expansion for tan and cot is given by
tan (x + y) = (tan x + tan y)/ (1-tan x tan y)
tan (x – y) = (tan x – tan y)/ (1+tan x tan y)
Similarly;
cot (x + y) = (cot x cot y – 1)/(cot y + cot x)
cot (x – y) = (cot x cot y + 1)/(cot y – cot x)
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Sine, Cosine and tangent are the three important trigonometry ratios, based on which
functions are defined. Below are the graphs of the three trigonometry functions sin x,
cos x, and tan x. In these trigonometry graphs, x-axis values of the angles are in
radians, and on the y-axis, its f(x) is taken, the value of the function at each given
angle.
SIN GRAPH
y = sin x
The roots or zeros of y = sin x is at the multiples of π
The sin graph passes the x-axis as sin x = 0 there
Period of the sine function is 2π
The height of the curve at each point is equal to the line value of sine
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Cos Graph
y = cos x
sin (x + π/2 ) = cos x
y = cos x graph is the graph we get after shifting y = sin x to π/2 units to the left
Period of the cosine function is 2π
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
There are a few similarities between the sine and cosine
graphs, They are:
1. Both have the same curve which is shifted along the
x-axis
2. Both have an amplitude of 1
3. Have a period of 360° or 2π radians
The combined graph of sine and cosine function can be
represented as follows
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
tan graph
The tan function is completely different from sin and cos function. The function here
goes between negative and positive infinity, crossing through 0 over a period of π
radian.
y = tan x
The tangent graph has an undefined amplitude
as the curve tends to infinity
It also has a period of 180°, i.e. π
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
The six trigonometric functions are:
1. Sine
2. Cosine
3. Tangent
4. Cosecant
5. Secant
6. Cotangent
Trigonometric graphs for these Trigonometry functions can be drawn if you know the following:
Amplitude
It is the absolute value of any number multiplied with it on the trigonometric function.
The height from the centre line to the peak (or trough) is called amplitude.
You can also measure the height from highest to lowest points and then dividing it by 2.
It basically tells how tall or short the curve is.
Also, notice that the function is in usual orientation or upside down depending on the minus or plus sign of the amplitude value.
Period
The Period goes from any point (one peak) to the next matching point.
The graphical representation of period and amplitude of a function is given below.
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Phase
How far the function is shifted from the usual position horizontally is called a Phase.
Max and min turning points.
The above terms are also important to use the graph of trigonometry formulas.
How to Draw the Graph of a Trigonometric Function?
Different methods can be used to draw the graph of a trigonometric function. The detailed explanation of one of the efficient
methods is given below.
While drawing a graph of the sine function, convert the given function to the general form as a sin (bx – c) + d in order to find the
different parameters such as amplitude, phase shift, vertical shift and period.
Where,
|a| = Amplitude
2π/|b| = Period
c/b = Phase shift
d = Vertical shift
Similarly, for the cosine function we can use the formula a cos (bx – c) + d.
Thus, the graphs of all the six trigonometric functions are as shown in the below figure.
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Process:
Break apart the problem to
determine which operation
symbol is needed and pull out
data for the expression.
easy question
Answers:
difficult problem
Answers: