Module 2
DYNAMICS
IQ2- Forces,
Acceleration and
Energy
Static Vs Kinetic Friction
Static Vs Kinetic Friction
Static Friction Kinetic Friction
The force that prevents relative The force that resists relative
movement between two objects movement once an object is in
until enough force is applied. motion.
Is in effect when a mass is Comes into effect when static friction
stationary on a surface. has been overcome.
On horizontal surface
Weight of the block mg can be resolved into two
components – one parallel to the surface and the
other perpendicular to the surface.
From Newton’s third law,
Normal force = Perpendicular component of weight force
FN = mg cos θ
therefore, the magnitude of static friction is
FS = μS mg cos θ
Inclined plane
• The 2 forces acting perpendicular
to the box are balanced.
ΣF = N + Fy
N = - Fy as ΣF = 0
• If there is no force of friction,
Ff , the horizontal force is Fx
According to Newton’s II law,
Fnet = ma
Fx = ma
mg sin θ = ma
a = g sin θ
This is the acceleration of the box
along the surface parallel to the
plane.
Coefficient of friction
• This is a ratio between the amount of force to make it move across the other
object and the force holding one object stationary on another object.
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Coefficient of friction =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑓 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
On an inclined plane: 𝜇= = = tan 𝜃
𝑁 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Remember Ff = μN
Video Forces on an Inclined Plane
[Link]
• [Link]
Coefficient of friction
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
Coefficient of friction =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑓
𝜇=
𝑁
The coefficient of friction:
• has no units and no dimensions as F and N are both in Newtons.
• is scalar
• depends on the materials involved
• is usually between 0 and 1 but can be greater than 1
• if greater than 1 it’s because friction > normal force
• if zero then there is no friction (not actually possible)
• if 1 then friction force = normal force
Coefficient of friction
Ff = μN
As the size of static and kinetic friction
are different, so is the coefficient of
friction
Kinetic friction s constant, given by:
𝑭𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝝁𝒌 𝑵
Maximum static friction is given by
𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵
Below this maximum static friction, the
static friction is equal to the applied
force
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑵
𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑭𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
Coefficient of Friction and deceleration
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = µ 𝐹𝑛 (coefficient of friction x normal reaction
force)
The normal force is equal and opposite to the weight of the object.
• 𝐹𝑛 = − 𝐹𝑔 = − 𝑚𝑔
So, the force of friction for a sliding object is 𝐹𝑘 = −µ𝑘𝑚𝑔
The negative sign because it acts in the opposite direction to
movement.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
And 𝐹𝑘 = −µ𝑘𝑚𝑔
so, 𝒎𝒂 = −µ𝒌 𝒎𝒈
𝒂 = −µ𝒌 𝒈
Examples
Examples
Work and Energy
Force Displacement Graphs
The area under the force-displacement
graph gives the amount of work done. The work done is:
• positive if F and s have same direction.
• negative if they have opposite direction.
Work and Energy
Work and Energy
Work and Energy
Work and Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• Work done is the change in energy from one form to another.
• For a given isolated system, the total amount of energy does not
change, and is always constant. However, it can be converted
from one form to another.
• This is known as the law of conservation of energy:
“ Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be
transformed from one form to another.”
• SI unit of energy and work done is joule (J)
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy possessed by moving objects, due to their motion.
Mathematically, 𝑲 = ½ 𝒎𝒗𝟐
If a net force acting on an object does work on an object, then :
𝑊 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒔
Using Newton’s second law ∶ 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑚𝒂
So, 𝑊 = 𝑚 𝒂𝒔
Using kinematics formula : 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
–
𝑚 (𝒗 𝒖𝟐)
𝟐
• So, 𝑊 =
2
Therefore, W= Fnet s = ½ mv2 – ½ mu2 = Kf - Ki = ΔK
• This is known as the work-energy theorem because it shows the theoretical
relationship between work and energy.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
• Potential energy is stored energy in
a system, due to the position of
objects relative to an arbitrary
chosen spot.
• It is stored in the whole system and
not in a single object.
• Work must be done to increase
potential energy.
• Potential energy in turn allows
objects to do work.
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE or U)
• Gravitational potential energy is the amount of energy an object has due to its
position within a gravitational field.
• The surface of the Earth is assigned U = 0.
• Work must be done against Earth’s gravitational field to lift an object from the
Earth’s surface to a point above the Earth.
• Work is also done by Earth’s gravitational field once object is released.
• The force acting on an object due to gravity is F=mg.
So: 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚𝑔Δℎ
So, work done is the change in potential energy
Note: This equation assumes that Earth’s gravitational field is constant, and is only
valid for objects close to the Earth’s surface.
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE or U)
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE or U)
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of a
system.
• In an isolated system, the total mechanical energy remains constant.
𝑬𝑻 = 𝑬𝒎 = 𝚺𝑲 + 𝚺𝑼 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
• This is a direct consequence to the law of conservation of energy.
(𝑬𝒎)𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = (𝑬𝒎)𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
For example:
A ball gains U when work is done against gravity to lift it.
When it is released, it falls back towards Earth. U is converted to K.
The sum of U and K is always constant at any position as it falls.
Mechanical Energy
• Using mechanical energy to
calculate velocity
(𝑬𝒎)𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = (𝑬𝒎)𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐾𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑈𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
0 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ = ½ 𝑚𝑣2 + 0
𝑚𝑔ℎ = ½ 𝑚𝑣2
𝑔ℎ = ½ 𝑣2
𝑣2 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Work and Energy -
Practice questions
Power
• Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done or the rate at which energy
is being transferred or transformed.
𝑾 ∆𝑬
𝑷= 𝑷=
𝒕 𝒕
where:
• P = power in watts (W)
• W = work done (J). Prove: P = F v cos𝜽
• ΔE = change in energy (J)
• t = time (s)
• 1 W = 1 J/s
Air and rolling resistance
• Air resistance obviously impedes the forward motion of an object.
• Rolling resistance (rolling friction or rolling drag) is the force
resisting the rolling motion when a body such as a ball, tire, or
wheel rolls on a surface.
• It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects where some of the
kinetic energy is dissipated as the object rolls along the surface.
• It is usually reasonable to assume a constant value for these
resistances at a particular speed.
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power
Power