KADI SARVA VISHVAVIDYALAYA

GANDHINAGAR
Leelaben Dashrathbhai Ramdas Patel
Institute of Technology & Research
B.E. VIIth semester
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
EC 703N : microwave engineering

1
 Certificate

This is to certify that the practical/term work carried out in the

subject of EC 703N: Microwave Engineering and recorded in this
journal is the bonafied work of Mr./Ms………………………………..
bearing roll no………………. & identity no…………………of B.E.
Seventh semester in the branch of Electronics & Communication
Engineering during the academic year 20……20…….

Faculty in charge Date Head of the department

2
 INDEX
Sr No Experiment Page No Date Sign
1 To study various Microwave components.

2 To set the Microwave bench for optimum operation.

3 To study characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and

to determine its tuning range.
4 To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular
waveguide working in TE10 mode.
5 To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.

6 To study Attenuators.

7 To study magic Tee & measure its various parameters.

8 To study Isolator & measure their various parameters.

9 To study the function of multidirectional coupler by measuring

the following parameters and measure the coupling factor and
directivity.
10 To study the V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

3
 Practical –1

AIM: To study different types of microwave component.

APPRATUS:
- Waveguide
- E-plane tee
- H-plane tee
- Magic tee
- Isolator
- Directional coupler
- Circulator
THEORY:

Waveguide:

The shape of the waveguide decides the functionality of the given waveguide. The cross-
section of the waveguide can be of any shape. However, since irregular shapes are difficult to
analyze, they are rarely used. The three most commonly used shapes are as follows:

1. Rectangular waveguides: both TE and TM modes can be supported by these waveguides.

The electric field is transverse to the direction of propagation in TE modes. The magnetic
field is transverse to the direction of propagation in TM modes.
2. Circular waveguides: they tend to twist the waves as they travel through them and are
used with rotating antennas in radars.
3. Elliptical waveguides: An elliptical shape is often preferred in flexible waveguides. These
waveguides will be required whenever the waveguide section is capable of movement, such
as bending, stretching and twisting.

E-Plane Tee:

4
If the input arm of the tee comes off the broad the junction is called an E-plane Tree is a
voltage or series junction- symmetrical about the central arm so that the signal to be split up
or the signals to be combined are taken from it is fed from it. The propagation of an E-field
through the E-plane tree junction when EM Waves in TE10 mode enter the junction from
side arms.

Bending of the field as it leaves the side arm causes type opposite of field to be set up in the
main arm. If the junction is completely symmetrical than waves of opposite phase that leave
through the main arms are equal in magnitude. The manner in which E-field (TE10) behaves
when waves enter the junction through main arm is shown in fig. which indicates the
progress through the junction of two field lines. Bending of line causes a portion of E-field to
appear across one entrance of the side arm .If the instantaneous fields entering the main arm
from opposite directions are equal in magnitude and phase the net field in the side arm is
zero. In general the resultant field leaving the junction through the side arm is proportional to
the difference between instantaneous fields which are entering the junction through two main
arms are in phase opposition.

H-Plane Tee:

H-plane tee is so called because the axis of the side arm is parallel to the planes of the H-field
of the main transmission lines. All tree arms of H-plane tee lie in the plane of magnetic field,
it divides itself into the arms; this is a current junction.
H-plane junction is completely symmetrical and waves enter through the side arm, the waves
that leave through the main arms are equal in magnitude and phase. Since the electric field is
not bent as the wave passes through a H-plane tee junction, but merely divides between two
arms: fields of some polarity approaching the junction from the two main arms produce
components of electric field that add in side arm. The effective value of field leaving through
the side arm is proportional to the phasor sum of entering field.

5
Maximum energy delivery to side arm occurs when waves entering the junction through
main arms are in phase. The standing wave in the main line than has antinodes of electric
field at the junction, and a current-node at the same junction. High energy delivery to a
branch line connected to a transmission line at a point of high voltage and low current takes
place if branch line is connected in shunt with the main line.

Magic Tee:

A Magic tree is a combination of an E-plane tee and an H-plane tee. It acts as a 4-port hybrid
circuit. The char. of the hybrid circuit are such that if power enters the circuit through arm A
of arm C; the power is delivered entirely to arms B & D, with no power transmission from
port A to port C to A. also power entering through arm B or arm D is delivered entirely to
arms A & C, with no direct transmission from B to D. The wave guide dimensions are such
that only TE10 mode is supported; E-field in parallel arm P is normal to that in series arm S;
therefore, there is no direct transmission between series and parallel arm, if they are
symmetrically placed. The char. of series and parallel tee are such that when waves of equal
amplitude and phase enter the P & S arms, the E-fields cancel in one of the side arm and add
in the other. The energy applied to arm P or S is divided equally between 1&2 arms, none
emerging from opposite arm. When powers enter through arm 1 & 2, the fields leaving the P
arm are proportional to phasor sum of two input fields.

6
If arms 1 & 2 are terminated in matched load and no reflection take place inside the junction,
entrance of power through either arm S of P result in equal power delivery to arm 1 & 2.
Reflection may take place due to severe discontinuities in the junction and because at the
junction each arm is effectively terminated by two other arms of equal impedance in series or
parallel.

Isolator:
An isolator is a 2 port device which provides very small amount of attenuation for
transmission from port 1 to port 2 but provides maximum attenuation for transmission from
port 1 to port 2. This requirement is very much desirable when we want to match a source
with a variable load. In most microwave generator, the output amplitude and freq. tend to
fluctuate very significantly with changes in load impedance. This is due to mismatch of
generator output to the load resulting in reflected wave from load. But this reflected waves
should not be allow to reach the microwave generator. Which will cause amplitude and freq.
instability of the microwave generator. when isolator is inserted between generator and load,
the generator is coupled to the load with zero attenuation and reflection if any from the load
side are completely absorb by the isolator without affecting the generator output. Hence the
generator appears to be matched for all loads in the presence of isolator so there is no change
in freq. and output power due to variation in load.

Construction: The construction is similar to the generator except that an isolator max use of
45 degree twice rectangular wave guide and 45 degree Faraday rotation ferrite rod, a resistive
card is placed along the larger dimension of the rectangular waveguide, so as to the absorb
any wave whose plane of polarization is parallel to the plane of resistive card. The resistive
card does not absorb any wave whose plane of polarization is perpendicular to its own plane.

Operation: A TE10 wave passing from port 1 through the resistive card and is not attenuated.
After coming out of the card, the wave gets shifted by 45 degree because of the twist in the
anti clock wise direction and then by another 45 degree in clock wise direction because of the
ferrite rod and hence comes out of port 2 with same polarization as at port 1 without any
attenuation. But a TE10 wave fed from port 2 gets a pass from the resistive card placed near
port 2 since the plane of polarization of the wave is perpendicular to the plane of resistive
card. Then the wave gets rotated by 45 degree of Faraday rotation in clock wise direction and
further gets rotated by 45 degree in clock wise direction due to the twist in the waveguide.

7
Now the plane of polarization of the wave will be parallel with that of the resistive card and
resistive and hence the wave will be completely absorbed by the resistive card and the output
at port 1 will be 0. This power is dissipated in the card as heat. In practice 20 to 30 dB
isolation is obtained for transmission form port 2 to port 1.

Directional coupler:
A directional coupler is a device used for unidirectional power measurement, SWR
measurement and unidirectional wave launching. A directional coupler is a junction between
4 pairs of terminals having such characteristics that there is free transfer of the power without
reflection between terminals having such characteristics that there is free transfer of power
without reflection between terminals C & D & no transfer of power between terminals A & C
or between terminals B & D. degree of coupling between A & D and B & C depends upon
the structure of unit.

The performance of a directional coupler may be specified in terms of coupling factor

and directivity. The coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of the input power
to the coupled output power, expressed in decibels.

Pi
C = 10 log10 ------dB
po
The directivity is defined as the ratio of the forward power (p r) to the back power (p b)
expressed in dB.

Pr
C = 10 log10 ------dB
Pb
Directivity is a measure of how well the directional coupler distinguishes between the
forward and reverse traveling powers. Circulator: A circulator is a 4 port microwave
device which has a peculiar property that each terminal is connected only to the next

8
 clockwise terminal; i.e. port 1 is connected only and not to port 3 & 4 and port 2 is
connected only to port 3 etc. Circulators are useful in parametric amplifiers, tunnel diode,
amplifier and duplexers in radars.

Circulator:

A 4 port Faraday rotation circulator is shown in fig. the power entering port 1 is TE 10
mode and is converted to TE11 mode because of gradual rectangular to circular transition.
This power passes for three unaffected since the electric field is not significantly cut and
is rotated through 45 degree due to the ferrite passes for port 4 unaffected and finally
emerges out of port 2. power from port 2 will have plane of polarization already tilted by
45 degree w.r.t. port 1this power passes port 4 unaffected because again the electric field
is not significantly cut this wave get rotated by another 45 degree due to ferrite rod in the
clock wise direction this power whose plane of polarization is tilted through 90 degree
finds port 3 suitably aligned and emerges out of it. Similarly port 3 is coupled out only to
port 4 and port 4 to port 1. This type of circulator is limited by power handling capability
but is eminently suitable as low power device. However, its use is restricted mostly to the
highest freq. in millimeter range and above. Its characteristics are similar to those of the
isolator.

Conclusion:

Practical –2

9
AIM: To set the Microwave bench for optimum operation.

Apparatus:

1. Gunn power supply – NV101A

2. Gunn diode oscillator – NV201
3. Isolator-NV204
4. Frequency meter - NV205
5. Variable attenuator- NV206
6. Detector mount- NV209
7. SWR meter – NV103A
8. Matched termination – NV212

PROCEDURE:

1. Turn on the VSWR meter and keep control knob as below

Range : 50 dB
Gain : At middle
Fine tune : At middle
Input switch : Low impedance
Meter switch : Normal
2. Switch on the cooling fan.
3. Turn on the Gunn Power supply and keep control knob as below
Meter switch : OFF.
Gunn bias knob: Fully anticlockwise
Pin knob : Any position.
4. Set the micrometer frequency for the requirement frequency for required expectation.
5. Turn ON the Gunn Power supply.
6. Adjust variable attenuator VSWR meter gain control knob for obtaining the deflected in
middle.
Conclusion:

10
11
 Practical – 3

Aim: To study characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic
tuning range.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Detector mount- NV209
7 Wave guide stand
8 BNC cable

Theory:

The Reflex klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated & passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally, reflects the
electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an RF-field exists between
the resonators the electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the
resonator changes in amplitude.

Fig.1 Reflex Klystron

12
The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons
leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to
return, due to the change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches,
as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If
the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then
energy will be delivered to the resonator, and klystron will oscillate. The frequency is primarily
determined be the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence, by changing the volume of resonator,
mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also, a small freq. change can be obtained by
adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called electronic tuning. The same result can be obtained
if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector voltage as shown in fig-3.

Fig.2

PROCEDURE :

Carrier Wave Operation :

1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in fig2.

2. Set the variable attenuator at the maximum position (at no attenuation)
3. Set the mode switch of klystron power supply to CW position, beam voltage control knob
to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clockwise and the meter
select to beam position.
4. Keep SWR meter at 50dB attenuation and coarse and fine potentiometers on mid position
and crystal impedance at 200ohm.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at dB position.
6. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.
7. Switch on the klystron the power supply and cooling fan for klystron tube.
8. Set the meter select to beam voltage position and rotate beam voltage knob clockwise
slowly. Observe beam current on the meter by changing the meter switch to beam current
position. The beam current should not increase more than 25 mA.
9. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on SWR meter. Set the
voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained change the plunger

13
 position of klystron mount & detector mount. Select the appropriate range on SWR
meter. Now replace SWR meter to multimeter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum output.
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position. When there is less
output current on multimeter. Read directly the freq. between two horizontal line and
vertical line markers. If micrometer type freq. meter is used, read micrometer freq. and
find the freq. from its calibration chart.

Square Wave operation:

1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in fig2.

2. Set micrometer of variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector switch to 200
ohms impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS set modulation selector switch to AM- mod. Position. Beam voltage control
knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control knob to the fully clockwise
position and meter select switch to ‘Beam position’.
5. Switch ‘On’ the klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the reading in SWR meter is grater
than 0.0dB or less than -10Db in normal mode respectively. Further the output can also be
reduced by variable attenuator for setting the output for any position.
11. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR meter and observe the square wave across detector
mount.

Mode study on Oscilloscope:

1. Setup the components and equipments as shown in fig2.

2. Set mode selector switch to FM-mode position with FM amplitude and FM frequency
knob at mid position. keep beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise and reflector
voltage knob to fully clockwise.
3. Keep the time/division scale of oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency measurement and
volt/div to lower scale.
4. Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
5. Keep the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the reflector
voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in fig-3 on the oscilloscope. The horizontal
axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical axis represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of klystron
tube can be seen on an oscilloscope.

14
 Observation Table:

[Link] Beam voltage (V) Power (dB)

Table 1. Beam voltage Vs. Power

[Link] Beam voltage (V) Beam current (mA)

Table 2. Beam voltage Vs Beam current

Conclusion:

15
 Practical –4

Aim: To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in

TE10 mode.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Slotted section-NV207
7 Tunable probe-NV208
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter-NV103A
10 Matched termination- NV212

Theory:
Mode represents in waveguides as either
TEm, n/TMm, n

Where
TE - Transverse electric
TM – Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.

λg / 2 = (d1 – d2)

Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima / maxima.
It is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE10mode in rectangular wave guide λ0, λg and λc are related as below.

Where
λ0 is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length
λc is cutoff wave length
For TE10 mode, λc = 2a/m
where m = 1 in TE10 mode and ‘a’ is broad dimension of wavelength.
The following relation can be proved
C=fλ
Where
C = 3× 108 m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.

16
PROCEDURE :

1. Set up the component and equipments as shown in figure.

2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR meter as below.

Range dB : 50dB position

Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid position
SWR/ dB : dB position
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below.
Mode-switch : AM
Beam voltage knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid position
5. Switch on the klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at
300V with the help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to 20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage control knob for maximum reading on SWR meter.
11. Tune the probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter to get a ‘dip’ on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF.
13. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get reading in SWR meter. Move the
tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is necessary to
increase the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the probe position i.e. d1.
14. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.

17
 λg = 2 (d1 – d2)
16. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.86 mm for X
band and Calculate

λc=2a
For TE10 mode

17. Calculate the freq. by following equation:

Where, c=3 x 10 8 meter/sec i.e. velocity of light
18. Verify with freq obtained by freq meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different freq.

Observation Table:

[Link] Beam voltage(V) d1(mm) d2(mm)

Table.1

Conclusion:

18
 Practical –5

Aim: To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Slotted section-NV207
7 Tunable probe-NV208
8 S.S Tuner-NV220
9 Wave guide stand
10 SWR meter-NV103A
11 Matched termination- NV212

Theory:

It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called SWR,
as ration of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch between load and
line. The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum
of two traveling waves : the ‘Incident Wave’ propagates from generator and the reflected wave
propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave
from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of
reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of the reflecting impedance. The
superposition of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with the line. The
maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the line
adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half
the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident
wave is called reflection between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.

19
PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the component and equipments as shown in figure.

2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR meter as below.

Range dB : 50dB position

Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid position
SWR/ dB : dB position
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below.
Mode-switch : AM
Beam voltage knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid position
5. Switch on the klystron power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Keep the meter switch of klystron power supply to beam Voltage position and set the beam
voltage at 300 V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and freq of AM modulation.
9. Tune for Maximum reading by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Then tune for
maximum reading by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range dB switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob
to get reading in the SWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.

A. Measurement of low and medium SWR.

1. For low SWR set the S.S tuner probe no penetration position.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line to get the maximum reading in SWR meter in dB.
3. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter indicates 0 dB
in normal modes. SWR for 0 dB is 1.0 by keeping switch at SWR, we can read it directly.
4. Keep all the control knobs as it is. Move the probe to next minimum gain position.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at SWR position.
6. Read the SWR from display and record it.
7. Repeat the above steps for change of S.S tuner probe penetration and record the corresponding
SWR.
8. If the SWR is greater than 10dB then you have to use the following procedure.

B. Measurement of High SWR (Double minimum method )

1. Set the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.

20
 3. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob or variable attenuator to obtain a reading of 3
dB (or any other reference) at SWR Meter.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is obtained i.e. ‘0’
dB(or power should be increased by 3 dB.).Note and record the probe position on slotted
line. Let it be d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with slotted line until
maximum reading is obtained in normal dB mode i.e. upto 0 dB . Let it be d2.
6. Measure the distance between two successive minima position .
Twice of this distance is wave guide length

λg = 2 (d1 – d2)
7. Calculate SWR by following eq.

SWR =

For different SWR, calculate the reflection coefficient.

Observation Table:

[Link] Freq. SWR

Table. 1

Conclusion:

21
 Practical –6

Aim: To study Attenuators.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Slotted section-NV207
7 Tunable probe-NV208
8 Detector mount
9 Wave guide stand
10 SWR meter-NV103A
11 Matched termination- NV212

Theory: The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when inserted into
the transmission line.

Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P2]

Where
P1 =Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb microwave
power according to their position with respect to side wall of the waveguide. As electric field is
maximum, at center in TE10 mode. Moving from center toward the side wall, attenuation decreases in
fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in a variable attenuator, its position can be
changed by help of micrometer or by other methods.

22
 Procedure :

Insertion Loss/ Attenuation Measurement

a. Remove tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted section in the
above setup.
b. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for maximum
deflection on SWR meter (Detector mount’s output should be connected to SWR meter).
c. Set any reference level on the SWR meter with the help of gain control knob of SWR meter,
Let it be P1. Now connect the attenuator in between slotted line and & detector mount.
d. Set the variable attenuator to zero attenuation position and record the reading of SWR meter.
Let it be P2. Then the attenuation of the test attenuator will be P1 – P2 dB.
e. Now, change the micrometer reading and record the SWR meter reading in dB. Find out
attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and record the reading to plot a
graph.
f. In the same way you can test the fixed attenuator which give you only the single attenuation
value.
g. Now change the operating frequency and all the step can be repeated for finding frequency
sensitivity of variable attenuator.

Observation table:

[Link] P1 P2 A(dB)

Sr. Micro meter reading of Power

No variable attenuator ( mm) (dB)

Conclusion:

23
 Practical –7

Aim: To study magic Tee & measure its various parameters.

Apparatus:
2 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Slotted section-NV207
7 Tunable probe-NV208
8 Magic Tee-NV223
9 Wave guide stand
10 SWR meter-NV103A
11 Matched termination- NV212

Theory:
The device magic Tee is a combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an
H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1 and arm
2 a side or collinear arms. if power is fed into arm 3(H-arm) the electric field divides equally
between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase , and no electrical field exists in [Link]
demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm ). If power is fed in arm 4(E-arm), it divides equally
into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. further, if the power is fed from
arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.

Fig. Magic Tee

24
 The basic parameters to be measured for magic tee are defined below.
1. Input VSWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are
terminated in matched load.
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the
generator connected to the E-arm (port-4) to the power detected at H-arm (port3) when side
arms 1 and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence,
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [P4/P3]
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined
3. Coupling factor
It is defined as Cij = 10 (-α/20)

Where
α = attenuation / isolation in dB.
‘i’ is input arm
‘j’ is output arm
Thus

α = 10 log10 [Pi/Pj]
Where
Pi is the power delivered to arm i.
Pj is power detected at j arm.

Procedure:
2. SWR measurement of ports
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm towards slotted
line and matched termination to other ports.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
c. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and medium
value.
d. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other part with matched
termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any port can be measured.
3. Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient
a. Remove the tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and connect the detector
mount to slotted line.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
c. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter and note down.
Let it be P3.
d. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully
place the magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to

25
 e. slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. note down the
reading of SWR meter. Let it be P4.
f. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB .
g. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
h. The same experiment can be repeated for other ports also.
i. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.

Observation table:

Conclusion:

26
 Practical –8

Aim: To study Isolator & measure its various parameters.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Circulator-NV230
5 Frequency meter - NV205
6 Variable attenuator- NV206
7 Slotted section-NV207
8 Tunable probe-NV208
9 Wave guide stand
10 SWR meter-NV103A
11 Matched termination- NV212

Theory:
Isolator: An isolator is a two port device that transfers energy from input to output with little
attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.

Fig. Isolator

27
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.

Insertion loss:
The ratio power supplied by a source to input port to the power detected by a detector in the
coupling arm, i.e output arm with other port terminated in the matched load, is defined as
insertion loss or forward loss.

Isolation:
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with other port
terminated in the matched load.

Input VSWR:
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage
minimum of standing wave exsisting on the line when one port of it terminates the line and other
have matched termination.

Note: when port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination
It marks as isolator (two port device).

PROCEDURE:
1. Input VSWR measurement
a. Set up the components and equipments with input port of isolator towards slotted line and
matched load on other Ports of it.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of freq.
c. With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR , of the isolator or circulator
as described for low and medium SWR measurements.
d. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for frequencies.
e. Measurement of Insertion loss and isolation.
f. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount
to the slotted section. The output of detector mount should be connected SWR meter.
g. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular freq of operation. Tune the
detector mount for maximum output in the SWR meter.
h. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P1.
i. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of set
up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port
to slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed a third
port in case of circulator.
j. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range –dB switch to high or
lower position and 10dB change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
k. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 dB.
l. For measurement of isolation , the isolator or circulator has to be connected in reverse i.e.
output port to slotted line and detector mount to input port with another port terminated by
matched termination . After setting a reference level without isolator or circulator in the
setup. As described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.

28
 m. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step 7. Let it
be P3.
n. Compute isolation as P1 – P3 dB.
o. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
p. Repeat the above experiment other frequencies if required.

Observation Table:

[Link] P1 P2 P3

Conclusion:

29
 Practical –9

Aim: To study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters and measure the coupling factor and directivity.

Apparatus:
1 klystron power supply – NV102
2 klystron tube with klystron mount - NV203
3 Isolator-NV204
4 Frequency meter - NV205
5 Variable attenuator- NV206
6 Slotted section-NV207
7 Tunable probe-NV208
8 MHD coupler (10dB)-NV228
9 Wave guide stand
10 SWR meter-NV103A
11 Matched termination- NV212

Theory:

A directional coupler is a device used for unidirectional power measurement, SWR

measurement and unidirectional wave launching. A directional coupler is a junction between
4 pairs of terminals having such characteristics that there is free transfer of the power without
reflection between terminals having such characteristics that there is free transfer of power
without reflection between terminals C & D & no transfer of power between terminals A & C
or between terminals B & D. degree of coupling between A & D and B & C depends upon
the structure of unit.

30
The performance of a directional coupler may be specified in terms of coupling factor and
directivity.
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of the input power to the coupled output
power, expressed in decibels.

P1
Coupling factor=C = 10 log10 ------dB where port2 is terminated
P3

The directivity is defined as the ratio of the forward power (pr) to the back power (pb) expressed
in dB.

P2
Directivity D = 10 log10 ------dB
P1
Directivity is a measure of how well the directional coupler distinguishes between the forward
and reverse traveling powers.

31
PROCEDURE :

Measurement of coupling factor and directivity :

a. Set up the equipments as shown in fig.

b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described operation of
Klystron.
c. Remove the multi hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the freq meter.
Tune the detector for maximum output.
d. Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator, gain
control knob of SWR meter and note down the readings.
e. Insert the directional couplers as shown in second fig with detector to the auxiliary port3 .and
match the termination to port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter.
f. Note down the readings on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB switch if
required
g. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y in dB.
h. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
i. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to freq. meter side,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3 , without disturbing the position
of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
j. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter, let it be Yd.
k. Compute the directivity as Y-Yd.

32
 l. Repeat the same for other frequencies.

Observation table:

[Link] P1 P2 P3 P4 C D

Conclusion:

33
 Practical –10

Aim: To study the V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.

Apparatus:
1 Gunn power supply – NV101A
2 Gunn oscillator (10MW)- NV201
3 PIN modulator-NV202
4 Isolator-NV204
5 Frequency meter - NV205
6 Variable attenuator- NV206
7 Slotted section-NV207
8 Tunable probe-NV208
9 Magic Tee-NV223
10 Wave guide stand
11 SWR meter-NV103A

Theory:

The Gunn oscillator is based on negative differential effect in bulk semiconductors, which
has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap. A disturbance at the cathode
gives rise to high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts
moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to
anode gives oscillation freq. In a Gunn Oscillator the Gunn diode is placed in resonant
cavity. In this case the Oscillation freq. is determined by cavity dimension. Although Gunn
Oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave
modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the output ratio between, ‘On’ and ‘Off’
state.

Procedure:

1. Set the components and equipment as shown in figure.

2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn power supply as below.

Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise

Pin bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin mod freq. : Mid position
Mode switch : CW mode

34
 4. Keep the control knobs of SWR meter as below.

Range dB : 50dB position

Crystal :At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid position
SWR/ dB : dB position
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required freq. of operation.
6. Switch on the Gunn power supply, SWR meter and cooling the fan.
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled by
Gunn bias knob through the panel, don’t exceed the bias voltage above 10 V.
8. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph.
9. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.

Note: Do not keep Gunn bias Knob position at threshold position for more than 10 to 15
seconds, otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn diode may burn.

Observation table:

[Link] V(volt) I(mA)

Conclusion:

35