MEC 3352 – STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II
SOME WORKED EXAMPLES
from Ryder
G M Munakaampe
2017
PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND STRAINS
AND
THEORIES OF FAILURE
Example 7, P. 49: A piece of material is subjected to three
perpendicular tensile stresses and the strains in the three
directions are in the ratio 3:4:5. If Poisson’s ratio is 0.286,
find the ratio of the stresses, and their values if the greatest
is 60 MPa. (U. L.)
Example 9, P. 55: The principal stresses at a point in an
elastic material are 60 MPa tensile, 20 MPa tensile and 50
MPa compressive. Calculate the volumetric strain and the
resilience. E = 100 GPa; ν = 0.35.
Resilience = Strain Energy = U = work done per unit volume.
Example 10, P. 60: If the principal stresses at a point in
1
an elastic material are 2f tensile, f tensile and f
2
compressive, calculate the value of f at failure according
to the five different theories.
The elastic limit in simple tension is 200 MPa and
Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.
Example 11, P. 61: The load on a bolt consists of an axial
pull of 10 kN together with a transverse shear force of 5 kN.
Estimate the diameter of the bolt required according to the:
1. Maximum principal stress theory,
2. Maximum shear stress theory,
3. Strain energy theory and
4. Shear strain energy theory.
Elastic limit in tension is 270 MPa, and a factor of safety of
3 is to be applied. Poisson’s ratio = 0.3.
The largest diameter is 14.2 mm given by the
Maximum Shear Stress Theory. This diameter value
is chosen in the absence of any other factors to
consider because it guards against failure by all the
other theories.
THICK CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
Example 7, P. 271: The cylinder of a hydraulic ram is 6 cm
internal diameter. Find the thickness required to withstand
an internal pressure of 40 MPa, if the maximum tensile
stress is limited to 60 MPa and the maximum shear stress to
50 MPa.
Example 8, Pp. 271 & 272: Find the ratio of thickness to
internal diameter for a tube subjected to internal pressure
when the ratio of pressure to maximum circumferential
stress is 0.5.
Find the alteration of thickness of metal in such a tube 8 cm
internal diameter when the pressure is 50 MPa. E = 200
GPa; ν = 0.304. (U. L.)
Example 9, Pp. 272 & 273: The maximum stress
permitted in a thick cylinder, radii 8 cm and 12 cm, is 20
MPa. The external pressure is 6 MPa. What internal
pressure can be applied?
Plot curves showing the variation of hoop and radial
stresses through the material.
Example 12, Pp. 278 & 279: A tube 4 cm outside by 6 cm
outside diameters is to be reinforced by shrinking on a
second tube of 8 cm outside diameter. The compound tube
is to withstand an internal pressure of 50 MPa and the
shrinkage allowance is to be such that the final maximum
stress in each tube is to be the same. Calculate this stress
and show on a diagram the variation of hoop stress in the
two tubes. What is the initial difference of diameters before
the shrinking on? E = 207 GPa.
Example 11.14, Rajput, p. 658: A thick spherical shell
of 180 mm internal diameter is subjected to an internal
fluid pressure of 24 MPa. If the permissible tensile stress
is 120 MPa, find the thickness of the shell.
Solution:
Given:
Internal radius of the spherical shell:
𝑑1 = 0.18 m
Internal fluid pressure, p (or 𝜎𝑟 ) = 24 MPa
Permissible tensile stress, 𝜎 = 120 MPa
Thickness of the Shell:
We know that:
𝑏
𝑝 = −𝑎 + (i)
𝑑3
and
𝑏
𝜎𝜃 = 𝑎 + (ii)
2𝑑 3
At d = 0.18 m, p = 24 MPa.
Therefore,
𝑏
24 = −𝑎 + = −𝑎 + 171.47𝑏 (iii)
0.183
At d = 0.18 m, 𝜎𝜃 = 120 MPa.
Therefore,
𝑏
120 = 𝑎 + = 𝑎 + 85.73𝑏 (iv)
2×0.183
Adding (iii) and (iv) and solving,
𝑏 = 0.56 and 𝑎 = 72
If d2 is external radius, at d = d2, p=0
From (i):
0.56
0 = −72 + 3
𝑑2
d2 = 0.198 m = 198 mm.
Thickness, t:
𝑑2 − 𝑑1 198 − 180
𝑡= =
2 2
t = 9 mm
Example 11.15, Rajput, pp. 658-9: A spherical shell of
120 mm internal diameter has to withstand an internal
pressure of 30 MPa. If the permissible tensile stress is 80
MPa, find the thickness of the shell.
Solution:
Given:
Internal radius of the spherical shell:
𝑑1 = 0.12 m
Internal fluid pressure, p (or 𝜎𝑟 ) = 30 MPa
Permissible tensile stress,𝜎 = 80 MPa
Thickness of the Shell:
We know that:
𝑏
𝑝 = −𝑎 + (i)
𝑑3
and
𝑏
𝜎𝜃 = 𝑎 + (ii)
2𝑑 3
At d = 0.12 m, p = 30 MPa.
Therefore,
𝑏
30 = −𝑎 + = −𝑎 + 578.70𝑏 (iii)
0.123
At d = 0.12 m, 𝜎𝜃 = 80 MPa.
Therefore,
𝑏
80 = 𝑎 + = 𝑎 + 289.35𝑏 (iv)
2×0.123
Adding (iii) and (iv) and solving,
𝑏 = 0.127 and 𝑎 = 43.495
If d2 is external radius, at d = d2, p=0
From (i):
0.127
0 = −43.495 +
𝑑23
d2 = 0.143 m = 143 mm.
Thickness, t:
𝑑2 − 𝑑1 143 − 120
𝑡= =
2 2
t = 11.5 mm
ROTATING DISCS AND CYLINDERS
Example 1, P. 289: A thin uniform steel disc of 25 cm
diameter, with a central hole of 5 cm diameter, runs at
10,000 rpm. Calculate the maximum principal stress and
the maximum shearing stress in the disc if ν = 0.3 and
density = 7.7 Mg/m3.
Integrating:
𝝆𝒓𝟐 𝝎𝟐
ln𝒕 = − + 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝟐𝝈
𝝆𝒓𝟐 𝝎𝟐
−
𝒕= 𝑨𝒆 𝟐𝝈
𝝆𝒓𝟐 𝝎𝟐
−
𝒕= 𝒕𝟎 𝒆 𝟐𝝈
Example 2, P. 291: A turbine rotor disc is 0.6 m diameter at
the blade ring, and is keyed to a 50 mm diameter shaft. If
the minimum thickness is 9.5 mm what should be the
thickness at the shaft for a uniform stress of 200 MPa at
10,000 rpm? Density = 7,700 kg/m3.
In general for a uniform strength rotating disc;
−𝜌𝑟 2 𝜔2 /2𝜎
𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒
At r = 0.3 m
−𝜌(0.3)2 𝜔2 /2𝜎 −𝜌(0.09)𝜔2 /2𝜎
𝑡 = 9.5 = 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒
At r = 0.025 m
−𝜌(0.025)2 𝜔2 /2𝜎 −𝜌(0.000625) 𝜔2 /2𝜎
𝑡 = 9.5 = 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑒
−𝜌(0.0894)𝜔2 /2𝜎 from above
𝑡 = 9.5𝑒 ,
where:
2 2
𝜌𝜔 0.0894 10,000𝜋 0.0894
= 7700 6
= 1.89
2𝜎 30 2 × 200 × 10
then:
𝑡 = 9.5𝑒 1.89
𝒕at shaft = 𝟔𝟑 mm
_________________________________
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
❖ Due After Two (2) Weeks.
From the Problems from the Tutorial Assignment Sheet:
a) 3D Stresses and Strains: Problems 1 and 4
b) Theories of Failure: Problems 9 and 11
c) Thick Cylinders and Spheres: Problems 17 and 20
d) Rotating Discs and Cylinders: Problems 22 and 24.