ĐẠI HỌC FPT CẦN THƠ
Chapter 6 c
International Logistics,
Risk, and Insurance
Contents
1 • International Logistics
2 • External Influences on Logistics Decisions
3
• Typical Logistics Problems and Solutions
4 • The International Logistics Process
5
• Logistics Functions
6 • Risks in Foreign Trade
7
• Marine and Aviation Insurance
8 • Claims and Procedures
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance><Truong Thi Huyen Trang> 2
What is Logistics?
vThe process of planning, implementing, and
controlling the flow and storage of materials
from the point of origin to the point of
consumption. phí đầu đi
- [Link] fee
- B/L fee- ng có tên trên B/L là người sở hữu đơn
từ nơi bắt đầu (suppliers) đến nơi tiêu dùng hàng, có thể lấy hàng
- Seal fee (kẹp chì,...)
- telex release (nếu có) - người mua quen thuộc thì sẽ
yêu cầu người mua phát hành telex
phí đầu đến
- [Link] fee cước VTQT_ F:Freight
- CIC
- CFS
- D/O fee ( delivery order
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 3
Two Categories of Logistics
1. Materials Management: Timely movement or
flow of materials/products from the sources of
supply to the point of manufacture, assembly,
or distribution (inbound materials).
2. Physical Distribution:
Movement of the
firm’s product to
consumers
(outbound materials).
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Logistics Concepts
v The systems approach: This approach puts
more emphasis on maximizing the benefits of
the corporate system as a whole as opposed
to that of individual units.
v The total cost approach: Evaluates the total
cost implications of various activities.
v The opportunity cost approach: Considers the
trade–off in undertaking certain logistic
decisions.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 5
Importance of Logistics
to International Trade
v Efficient allocation of resources: Allows
countries to export products in which they
have a competitive advantage and import
products that are either unavailable at home or
produced at a lower cost overseas.
v Expansion of economic growth and
employment: Facilitates international trade and
contributes to economic growth and job
creation.
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External Influences
on Logistics Decisions
v Regulations: Export controls, import restrictions,
privatization, deregulation etc.
v Competition: The need to reduce inventory,
lower overall costs, and develop appropriate
logistics networks and delivery systems to retain
and enhance customer base.
v Technology: Technology improvements, added to
the deregulation of transportation and
communications, have transformed the logistics
industry.
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Logistics Functions
v Labeling: Exporters need to be aware of certain
labeling requirements to avoid unnecessary
delays in shipping.
v Packing: The rigors
of long–distance
transportation of
goods require
protection of
merchandise from
possible breakage,
moisture, or
pilferage.
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Logistics Functions
v Traffic management: Selection of mode of
transportation carriers, consolidation of small
cargo, documentation, and filing of loss and
damage claims.
v Inventory and storage:
Important to establish
certain guidelines with
respect to such issues as
maximum holding period,
time of shipment of
inventories to the supplier,
and other related factors.
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Typical logistics problems
Each export-import firm must use a logistics system that best fits its product line and
cho- sen competitive strategy (see Table 6.1 for differences between domestic and
international logistics).
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The International Logistics
Process
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Risks in Foreign Trade
vPolitical risks: Wars, revolution, or civil unrest
can lead to destruction or confiscation of cargo.
A government may impose severe restrictions on
export–import trade, such as limitation or control
of exports or imports, restrictions of licenses.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 12
Risks in Foreign Trade
vForeign credit risk: Risk of
delays in payment or
nonpayment could have a
crucial effect on cash flow and
profits.
vForeign exchange risk: Changes
in foreign currency values could
either reduce future receipts or
increase payments in foreign
currency.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 13
Managing Risks
Political risk: Monitoring political developments,
taking insurance against political risks
Foreign credit risk:
Appropriate credit
management through
current and reliable
information, requiring
letters of credit, insuring
against credit risks
Foreign exchange risks: spot and forward
market hedging etc.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 14
QUIZ
1. Action of legitimate government authorities to confiscate
cargo war revolution that impede the conduct of international
business belongs to :
A foreign credit risk
B political risk
C transportation risk
D foreign exchange risk
2. In logistics ....deals with the inbound flow of material and
production
A physical distribution
B packing
C material managment
D labeling
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QUIZ
3. in logistics.... Is concerned with the outbound
flow of materials or products
A materials management
B physical distribution
C research and development
D storage of material for production
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 16
QUIZ
5. if a firm face a possibility that changes in foreign currency
Values could either reduce their future receipts or increase their
payments in foreign currency it is called
A political risk
B foreign credit risk
C transportation risk
D foreign exchange risk
6. .........is the activity that controls the transportation of
physical materials through the value chain, from procurement
through production and into distribution.
A. Outsourcing
B. Production
C. Logistics
D. Distribution
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QUIZ
7. Risks in foreign trade include:
a. War, terrorism, actions of legitimate government
authorities to confiscate cargo
b. Nonpayments or delays in payment for imports
c. Loss or damage to shipment during transit
d. All of the above
8. Which logistics function includes the consolidation of
small cargo, documentation, and filing of loss and damage
claims?
a. Inventory and storage
b. Traffic management
c. Packing
d. All of the above
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 18
QUIZ
9. The result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks has increased
costs to U.S. exporters. Which of the following is a major
factor?
a. Rise in transportation costs
b. Rise in fuel costs
c. Rise in merchandise trade costs
d. Rise in security costs
10. What factors influence the need for adequate packing
of goods?
a. Breakage of goods, moisture, and theft
b. Faster transportation
c. Easier supervision
d. Easier containerization
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 19
Insurance
Two essential principles:
1. The principle of insurable interest: The
insured must prove the extent of the
insurable interest to collect, and recovery is
limited by the insured’s interest at the time of
loss.
2. The principle of subrogation: The insurer is
subrogated to all the rights of the insured
after having indemnified the latter for its loss.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 20
Types of marine insurance
Marine cargo insurance: Cargo insurance caters
specifically to the cargo of the ship and also
pertains to the belongings of a ship’s voyagers.
Hull insurance: Hull insurance mainly caters to
the torso and hull of the vessel along with all
the articles and pieces of furniture in the ship.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 21
Types of marine insurance
Liability Insurance: Liability insurance is that type
of marine insurance where compensation is
sought to be provided to any liability occurring on
account of a ship crashing or colliding and on
account of any other induced attacks.
Freight Insurance: Freight insurance offers and
provides protection to merchant vessels’
corporations which stand a chance of losing
money in the form of freight in case the cargo is
lost due to the ship meeting with an accident.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 22
Why Marine Insurance
should be done?
Once the goods are moved out from the warehouse of the
seller, they are no more in the custody of the seller or the
buyer. They are rather in the hands of a third party called the
carrier. During the transit loss can arise from:
Fire/ explosion /Breakage/ Accident/ Theft….
Exposure to there risks and the fact that the goods are in
possession of a third party enhances the chances of loss.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 23
Kinds of risks marine
insurance
General insurance risk (RR Bảo hiểm chung)
Private insurance risk (RR Bảo hiểm riêng)
Elimination risk (RR loại trừ, không bảo hiểm)
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 24
Kinds of risks marine insurance
Grounded
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risksi
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Sunk
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risksi
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Fire
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risksi
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Collision
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risksi
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
illegal acts
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 29
Kinds of risks marine insurance
Missing ship
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
jettision
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 31
Kinds of risks marine insurance
theft
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
rust
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
breakage
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 34
Kinds of risks marine insurance
hook
Main risks
General
insurance
risk
Extraneous
risks
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 35
Kinds of risks marine insurance
Private
insurance risk
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Excluded risks
1. The risk is caused by the fault of 2. Risk due to delay of the
the insured journey
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Excluded risks
3. unseaworthiness ship 4. risks due to the nature of the
subject-matter insured
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Excluded risks
5. the risk of the ship being 6. break the siege
seized
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Kinds of risks marine insurance
Excluded risks
7. risk due to normal natural 8. smuggle
loss
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 40
Kinds of risks marine insurance
Excluded risks
9. deviation
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 41
Marine Insurance
Terms of policy:
vVoyage policy: Policy for a single trip or
shipment
vTime policy: Policy for
a specified period
vOpen policy: Available
to
exporters/importers
with larger shipments
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 42
Marine Insurance
Types of policies:
v Perils-only policy: covers extraordinary and
unusual perils that are not expected during a
voyage.
v All-risks policy:
provides the broadest
level of coverage
except for those
expressly excluded in
the policy.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 43
Marine Insurance policies
Coverage for cargo loss/damage:
v Perils only policy
q Free of particular average policy: In addition to total
losses, partial losses from certain specified risks such
as stranding or fire are recoverable.
q With average policy: WA covers total as well as
partial losses. Most WA policies limit coverage to
those losses that exceed 3 percent of the value of
the goods.
vAll risks policy: Broad coverage except for
those expressly excluded.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 44
General Average and losses
General average: Goods sacrificed as part of
a general average act or as a cargo owner’s
contribution for the general average loss of
others.
Types of losses:
• Total loss: Actual total loss;
constructive total loss
• Partial loss: General
average loss, particular
charges, particular average
loss.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 45
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
Khái niệm:
TỔN THẤT
ØLà những thiệt hại, hư hỏng, mất mát của đối tượng bảo
hiểm do các rủi ro gây ra.
ØTổn thất là hậu quả của các rủi ro.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 46
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
Phân loại:
Căn cứ quyền lợi các bên/
Căn cứ mức độ, quy mô
tính chất
Tổn thất bộ phận Tổn thất chung
Tổn thất toàn bộ Tổn thất riêng
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 47
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
Phân loại:
Căn cứ mức độ, quy mô
Tổn thất bộ phận TT toàn bộ thực sự
(Partial loss) (Actual total loss)
TT toàn bộ ước tính
Tổn thất toàn bộ (Constructive total
(Total loss)
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang >
loss) 48
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
TT riêng
(Particular Hy sinh TT
average) chung (General
Theo quyền lợi average sacrify)
các bên với tổn
thất
TT chung
(General
average)
Chi phí TT
chung (General
average
expenses)
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 49
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
v Các nguyên tắc xác định Tổn thất chung theo quy tắc York-
Antwerp 1974, sửa đổi 1994:
Ø TTC do hành động tự giác, hữu ý của thuyền trưởng, thuỷ thủ
trên tàu nhằm mục đích vì an toàn chung của hành trình.
Ø TTC phải là do hành động hợp lý và thích đáng với tình hình cụ
thể xảy ra trên biển.
Ø Mục đích của hành động TTC phải vì an toàn chung, không đơn
thuần vì an toàn cho một phần tài sản nào.
Ø Hành động TTC phải nhằm tránh những nguy hiểm thực tế và
nghiêm trọng.
Ø TTC phải là những chi phí và hy sinh đặc biệt, trực tiếp do hậu
quả của hành động TTC.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 50
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
General average Particular average
- Do hành động cố ý của con - Do những rủi ro ngẫu nhiên,
người vì an toàn chung của bất ngờ xảy ra.
hành trình trên biển.
- Các bên phải đóng góp vào - Chủ hàng nào bị tổn thất, chủ
quỹ tổn thất chung. hàng đó tự gánh chịu
- Được BH bồi thường dù mua - Được BH bồi thường hay
BH theo điều kiện nào. không tùy thuộc vào rủi ro có
thuộc phạm vi BH hay không
51
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LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
v Cách tính phân bổ TTC
- Xác định TTR hàng và tàu trước TTC
- Xác định hy sinh TTC của hàng
- Xác định hy sinh TTC của tàu
- Xác định chi phí TTC
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 52
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
v Cách tính phân bổ TTC
Bước 1: xác định giá trị TTC
Vttc = Chi phí + hy sinh TTC
Bước 2: xác định giá trị chịu phân bổ TTC
Vphân bổ của tàu; Vphân bổ của hàng; tổng Vphân bổ
Bước 3: xác định tỉ lệ đóng góp
TLĐG = Vttc / Vphân bổ
Bước 4: tính số tiền phải đóng góp TTC của từng quyền lợi
STĐG của tàu = TLĐG x Vphân bổ của tàu
STĐG của hàng = TLĐG x Vphân bổ của hàng
Bước 5: xác định số tiền cuối cùng mà tàu và hàng phải bỏ ra
thêm hay thu về từ TTC
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 53
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
VD: Tàu (trị giá 1.100.000 USD) chở hàng (trị giá 1.000.000 USD)
gặp bão, bị đánh dạt và mắc cạn làm hư hỏng về hàng là 63.000
USD (do đổ vỡ), hư hỏng về tàu là 50.000 USD. Để làm nổi tàu,
thuyền trưởng ra lệnh: vứt hàng trên tàu (trị giá 150.000 USD),
thúc máy tàu làm hỏng nồi hơi (trị giá 45.000 USD), chi phí ném
hàng xuống biển: 3.700 USD. Hãy phân bổ tổn thất chung.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 54
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
VD: Tàu trị giá 120.000USD chở hàng kính xây dựng trị giá
60.000USD và hàng nhựa PVC trị giá 40.000 USD gặp bão lớn
thổi tàu trôi dạt và bị mắc cạn. Khi bị mắc cạn, tàu bị hư hại 10.000
USD, hàng kính bị đổ vỡ 6.000 USD, hàng nhựa PVC bị hư hại
4.000 USD. Để làm nổi tàu, thuyền trưởng ra l ệnh ném hàng kính
(trị giá 5.000 USD) cho nhẹ tàu, đồng thời thúc máy tàu chạy hết
công suất làm máy tàu hỏng (trị giá 5.000 USD). Hãy phân bổ tổn
thất chung nói trên.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 55
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
VD: Tàu chở hàng vải trị giá 200.000 USD và hàng bột trị giá
350.000 USD bị va phải đá ngầm, vỏ tàu thủng,ước tính chi phí sửa
chữa là 50.000 USD. Nước biển tràn vào hầm hàng làm hàng vải
hư hại 50.000 USD, bột hư hại 100.000 USD. Để đối phó với tình
hình, thuyền trưởng ra lệnh dùng hàng bột bịt tạm thời lỗ thủng (trị
giá 50.000 USD), đồng thời thúc máy tàu hết công suất để tàu
nhanh về cảng đích làm hỏng một máy tàu (trị giá 150.000 USD).
Giá trị tàu tại cảng đến (trong trạng thái hỏng) là 1.050.000 USD.
Hãy phân bổ tổn thất chung nói trên.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 56
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
VD:Tàu trị giá 1.000.000 USD chở hàng trị giá 700.000 USD bị đâm
phải đá ngầm, vỏ tàu thủng ước tính chi phí sửa chữa 10.000 USD, nước
biển tràn vào hầm hàng làm hư hại 155.000 USD. Để cứu tàu, thuyền
trưởng ra lệnh vứt 100.000 USD hàng để làm nhẹ tàu và thúc máy tàu
nhanh chóng về cảng lánh nạn để sửa chữa làm hỏng một nồi hơi (trị giá
60.000 USD). Chi phí ném hàng xuống biển và cứu tàu 6.000 USD, chi
phí sắp xếp dịch chuyển hàng hóa khi về đến cảng đích là 5.000 USD.
Hãy phân biệt các trường hợp tổn thất chung và tổn thất riêng. Hãy phân
bổ tổn thất chung nói trên.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 57
LOSS/DAMAGE/AVERAGE
VD: Tàu trị giá 1.241.500 chở 400 kiện vải trị giá 600.000 USD và
hàng điện máy trị giá 1.010.000 USD từ Singapore về Hải Phòng
thì bị hỏa hoạn. Một bộ phận của tàu trị giá 1.500 USD và 100 kiện
vải bị cháy. Thuyền trưởng ra lệnh phun nước biển để chữa cháy
làm 200 kiện vải bị ngấm nước, giảm giá trị 40%. Chi phí chữa
cháy là 15.000 USD. Hãy phân bổ tổn thất chung nói trên.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 58
Claims and Procedures
Typical claim procedures:
v Preliminary notice of claim: The export–import
firm (insured) must file a preliminary claim by
notifying the carrier of a potential claim as soon
as the loss is known or expected.
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Claims and Procedures
Typical claim procedures:
v Formal notice and settlement: The consignee
must file a formal claim with the carrier and the
insurance company once the damage or loss is
ascertained.
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Claims and Procedures
Typical claim procedures:
v Settlement of claim: If the claim is covered by
the policy and claims procedures are
appropriately followed, the insurance company
will pay the insured.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 61
QUIZ
1. if cargo insurances policy is written for single trip or
shipment, it is
A voyage policy
B time policy
C open policy
D closed policy
2. The primary purpose of....... in the context of foreign
trade is to reduce the financial burden of losses arising
from the movement of goods over long distances
A. Insurance
B. Transportation
C. Investment
D. Inventory
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 62
QUIZ
3. once an insurance company settles the insured's claim it
exercises :
A residual rights
B subrogation rights
C indemnity right
D claim rights
4. The two types of marine cargo insurance policies are:
a. Perils-only policy and all-risks policy
b. Perils-only policy and marine-risk policy
c. Marine-risk policy and all-risks policy
d. Marine-risk policy and perils-only policy
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 63
QUIZ
5. In a general average loss:
a. Goods are totally damaged
b. Goods are subject to constructive total loss
c. Goods are sacrificed as part of cargo owner’s contribution
for the general loss of others
d. None of the above
6. A particular average loss is:
a. Part of general average loss
b. Loss for goods lost or damaged
c. Not covered by particular charges
d. All of the above
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 64
11:13
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the importance of logistics to international trade.
2. What is the systems approach to logistics?
3. State the external factors that influence international logistics
decisions.
4. What is materials management and how does it differ from
physical distribution?
5. State some of the differences between domestic and
international logistics.
6. What are political risks in foreign trade? How can it be
managed?
7. What kinds of risks does marine insurance cover? How does an
FPA policy differ from WA policy?
8. Discuss typical steps followed in claims from carriers or insurers
with respect to loss or damage to cargo.
<International Logistics, Risk, and Insurance>< Truong Thi Huyen Trang > 65
ĐẠI HỌC FPT CẦN THƠ
Chapter 6