BIOLOGY

CHAPTER1-CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY
*In order to provide food to our growing population, we need to adopt certain agricultural practices.

*Same kind of plants grown and cultivated at a place constitute a crop.

* In India, crops can be broadly categorized into two types based on seasons - rabi and kharif crops.

* It is necessary to prepare soil by tilling and levelling. Ploughs and levelers are used for this purpose.

*Sowing of seeds at appropriate depths and distances gives good yield. Good variety of seeds are sown
after selection of healthy seeds. Sowing is done by seed drills.

*Soil needs replenishment and enrichment through the use of organic manure and fertilisers. Use of
chemical fertilisers has increased tremendously with the introduction of new crop varieties.

* Supply of water to crops at appropriate intervals is called irrigation.

* Weeding involves removal of unwanted and uncultivated plants called weeds.

*Harvesting is the cutting of the mature crop manually or by machines.

*Separation of the grains from the chaff is called threshing.

* Proper storage of grains is necessary to protect them from pests and microorganisms.

* Food is also obtained from animals for which animals are reared. This is called animal husbandry.

Agricultural Practice PART A

[Link] in the Blanks

a. A crop that is grown June to September is called a crop.

b. A crop that is grown from October to March is called a crop.
c. …………. are the activities used for cultivation of crops.

d. …………. like wheat, legumes grow well during Nov.-April.

e. …………. like paddy, maize grow well during June-October.

f. ………….. crop is harvested in october.
a. Kharif crop
b. Rabi crop c. agricultural practices d. Rabi crops e. Kharif crops [Link]
[Link]
i. Examples of kharif crops are
a)Wheat and maize b)Gram and maize c)Paddy and maize

ii. Kharif crops are sown in

a)March to April b)May to June (c) June to September
iii. Maize grow well during
(a) June (b) January (c) April (d) September
iv. Rabi crop is harvested in
(a) January (b) March (c) October (d) Septembe

3. State whether the statements given below are True or False:

i. Various kinds of plants grown at a place constitute a [Link]

PART B
Answer the following
[Link] plants of same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale are called…Crop

[Link] between Rabi and Kharif crops with examples.

Kharif crops Rabi crops

The crops which are sown The crops grown in the winter
in the rainy season are season are called rabi crops.
called kharif crops.
Their time period is generally
The rainy season in India from October to March.
is generally from June to
Examples of rabi crops are
September.
wheat, gram, pea, mustard
Examples: Paddy, maize, and linseed.
soyabean, groundnut,
cotton, etc., are kharif
crops.

[Link] crops are sown in the rainy season and some are grown in the winter season. Give reason.
Crops are of different types like cereals, vegetables and fruits. These can be classified on the basis of the
season in which they grow. India is a vast country. The climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and
rainfall vary from one region to another due to this reason some crops are sown in the rainy season and
some are grown in the winter season.

[Link] plants of the same kind are grown and cultivated at one place on a large scale.
What is it called?
Ans Crop

[Link] wheat is sown in the kharif season, what would happen?

The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. Wheat is rabi crop as does grown well
in too much water.
Worksheet 2

Basic Practices of Crop Production

Preparation of Soil

PART A
[Link] in the blanks
a. The preparation of soil is the step before growing a crop.
b. One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to the soil and
it.
c. Soil contains , water, air and some .
d. …………. is used to till the soil in agriculture.
a. First b. Till, loosen c. Mineral ,Living organism d. Plough

[Link], manure is added to the soil before tilling. Why?

Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before tilling.
This helps in proper mixing of manure with soil. The soil is watered before sowing.

[Link] and rewrite the following definition:

The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called sowing.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing.
PART B
Answer the following

[Link] the steps involved in basic practices of crop production.

1. Ploughing the soil to loosen it.
[Link] the soil to ensure uniform distribution of water and nutrients.
[Link] to provide nutrients to the soil.

2. Give three reasons, why soil should be turned and loosened?

[Link] allows the roots to penetrate deep into the soil. The loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily
even when they go deep into the soil.
[Link] loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.
[Link] and loosening of soil brings the nutrient-rich soil to the top so that plants can use these
nutrients.

[Link] are friends of the farmer. Give reason for the same.
Earthworms are friends of the farmer because they further turn and loosen the soil and
add humus to it.

[Link] does dead organisms are released back into the soil?

Dead plants and animals get decomposed by soil organisms.

In this way, various nutrients held in the dead organisms are released back into the soil. These
nutrients are again absorbed by plants.

Worksheet 3 Agriculture Implements

PART A

[Link] in the blanks

A. The indigenous wooden plough is increasingly being replaced by
nowadays.
B. Before sowing the seeds, it is necessary to to the size of grains to get
 better yield.
[Link] in the blanks
a. Iron plough
b. Break Soil

[Link] the given figures:

IDENTIFY THE IMAGES

[Link]
b. The plough
c. Cultivator

3. Label the given diagram.

Refer TB
PART B
Answer the following

1. Write a note on Hoe, Cultivator and Plough

Hoe : It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil.
It has a long rod of wood or iron. A strong, broad and bent plate of iron is fixed to
one of its ends and works like a blade. It is pulled by animals
Cultivator : Nowadays ploughing is done by tractor driven cultivator.
The use of cultivator saves labour and time.
PLOUGH -It contains a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare.
The main part of the plough is a long log of wood which is called a ploughshaft.
There is a handle at one end of the shaft. The other end is attached to a
beam which is placed on the bulls’ necks. One pair of bulls and a man can
 easily operate the plough

2. Draw a labeled diagram of: hoe and [Link] TB

Worksheet 4
Sowing PART A [Link]
A. Which of the following tools used for sowing the seeds?
a)Seed drill b) traditional tool c) Sickle d) Both (a) and (b)

B. Seed drill is used to

a) sow the seeds b) remove the weeds c)remove the pest d)mix manure in the soil.

[Link] a and b [Link] the seed

[Link] True or False:

i. Sowing of seeds at varying (different) depth and distance gives good [Link]

3. Fill in the Blanks:

i. …………. involves putting seeds in soil.

ii. …………. is a device to spread seeds in soil.

i. Sowing ii. Seed Drill

PART B
[Link] and write two point note on the identified figures.

A B

A-Traditional tool : The tool used traditionally for sowing seeds is shaped like a funnel. The seeds are
filled into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into
the soil and place seeds there
B-Seed drill : seed drill is used for sowing with the help of tractors. This tool sows the seeds uniformly at
proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing

[Link] is important to sow seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. Why?
An appropriate distance between the seeds is important to avoid overcrowding of plants. This allows plants
to get sufficient sunlight, nutrients and water from the soil. Sometimes a few plants have to be removed to
prevent overcrowding.

[Link] sowing seeds with seed drill is better than broadcasting?

 This tool sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by
the soil after sowing. This prevents damage caused by birds. Sowing by using a seed drill saves time and
labour.

Worksheet 5
Adding Manure and Fertilisers PART A
[Link] in the blanks
A) Soil supplies nutrients to the crop.
B) is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant and animal wastes.
[Link] [Link]

[Link] two chemical fertilizers.

Urea, Ammonium sulphate

[Link] whether True or False

A. Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients.F
B. Nutrients are not very essential for the growth of plants.T
C. It is better to use fertilisers than organic manure.T

[Link] items in Column ‘A’ with those in Column ‘B’ :

A B

Kharif crops b (a)Urea and super phosphate

Tilling c (b) Paddy and maize

Fertilizer a (c) loosening and turning the soil

Organic manure d (d) decomposition of plant or animal

PART B

Answer the following

[Link] between manures and fertilizers?
REFER TB
[Link] the advantages of manure over fertilizers.
Advantages of Manure : The organic manure is considered better than fertilisers.
This is because it enhances the water holding capacity of the soil.
It makes the soil porous due to which exchange of gases becomes easy.
It increases the number of friendly [Link] improves the texture of the soil.

[Link] step of adding organic substance to soil is called MANURE

 [Link] the differences between manure and fertilizers?
REFER TB
[Link] is it advisable to wash fruits and vegetables before using them?

Fruits and vegetables may contain many pesticides, used during the crop production practices,
on them along with other germs and dust.
Worksheet 6

Irrigation: Traditional and Modern Method PART A

1. Identify the given methods of irrigation: A and B

A Dhekhli B Rahat

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. The supply of water to crops at different intervals is called .
B. The waterfalls drop by drop just at the position of the roots is called .
C. In …………. type of irrigation, water is sprayed on the plants using rotating sprinkler.
D. The method of irrigation in which emitters let out a trickle of water near the roots is called…………
A. Irrigation B. Drip Irrigation C. Sprinkler D. Drip irrigation

3. MCQ
1. Watering the crops is called:
(a)sowing b) manuring c) tilling d)irrigation
[Link] true or False:
i. Sprinkler system is a type of drip irrigation system. T

PART B
Answer the following.
1. Give three advantages of using the drip system of irrigation.
It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees. The system provides water to plants
drop by drop . Water is not wasted at all. It is a boon in regions where availability of water is poor

2. Why should excessive supply of water be avoided?

To avoid wastage of water.

[Link] sprinkler system and drip system.

. Sprinkler System:
• This system is more useful on the uneven land where sufficient water is not available.
• The perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular
intervals.
• When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes
from the rotating nozzles.
• It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.
• Sprinkler is very useful for sandy soil

Drip system :
• In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So, it is called drip system.
• It is the best technique for watering fruit plants, gardens and trees.
• The system provides water to plants drop by drop.
• Water is not wasted at all. It is a boon in regions where availability of water is poor.

4. If you are given a dry piece of land for cultivation what will you do before sowing the seed? And
Why?
Water is important for proper growth and development of flowers, fruits and seeds of plants. Water is
absorbed by the plant roots. Along with water, minerals and fertilisers are also absorbed. Plants contain
nearly 90% water. Water is essential because germination of seeds does not take place under dry
conditions.

5. In summer, the frequency of watering is higher. Why is it so?

Rajan felt worried about the condition of water scarcity in his village during the cropping season. He went
to Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare of his area to get the solution of this problem. There he
came to know about effective method of irrigation and drought resistant varieties of crop.
He requested the head of department of the ministry to arrange some workshop on this topic to educate
the farmers in these methods.

[Link] modern methods of irrigation that help us to use water economically.

Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.

b. What is drought resistant varieties of crop?

Crops like corn, wheat, and rice, have become increasingly tolerant to drought with
new varieties created via genetic engineering
c. Can you name some crops that require less amount of water?

Sorghum, chickpea, groundnut,

Worksheet 7
Protection from Weeds
PART A

[Link] in the blanks

[Link] undesirable plants which grow along with crops are called .
[Link] used to control weeds are called .
a Weeds [Link]
[Link]
i. Weeds are the:
[Link] crop plants b) insects and pests
[Link] plants growing along the crop d)chemical substances

[Link] are used to destroy:

(a)insects (b) weeds (c )pests (d) none of these.
iii. Which instrument is used for spraying weedicides

(a) Sprayer (b) Cultivator (c) Plough (d) Combine

[Link] True or False:

i. One should always protect his/her crops from the pests.T

[Link] the following boxes in proper order to make a flow chart of sugar
crop production.

Sending crop to sugar Irrigation Harvest Sowing

factory ing

1 2 3 4

Ploughing the
Preparation of soil Manurin -
field
g

5 6 7 -

PART B
5. Answer the following

1. Explain the manual method of removing weeds.

The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the ground,
from time to time. This is done with the help of a khurpi
[Link] of weedicides may affect the health of farmers. Why?
Once the weedicides are breathed in, they can cause major harm to the respiratory tract.
The nose, throat and lungs might be influenced, causing major harm to health of farmers.

[Link] do weeding is different from tilling?

The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants
for water, nutrients, space and [Link] before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and killing of weeds,
which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil
[Link] is necessary. Give reason for the same.
The removal of weeds is called weeding.
Weeding is necessary since weeds compete with the crop plants for water,
nutrients, space and light.
[Link] are weeds better adapted for growth?
Weeds have developed specialized structures on their seeds to ensure the seed is dispersed far from their
parent [Link] cocklebur

[Link] can nitrogen be replenished in soil naturally?

These are present in the nodules of the roots of leguminous plants. They fix atmospheric nitrogen. This
helped in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen

Worksheet 8
 Harvesting,Threshing and Winnowing
PART A
1. Fill in the blanks
A. The cutting of a crop after it is mature is called .
B. In harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the .

a. harvester
b. Ground

2. Identify the given diagram.

Combine
3. State True or False:
[Link] is the cutting down of the mature crop. T

[Link] of the grains from the chaff is called threshing.T

PART B
1. Despite favorable climatic conditions a farmer’s crop failed to give good yield.
Give the possible reason for this.

Following issues could be possible for the farmer's crop to fail-

1- The selection of crops weren't made properly.

2- The farmer did not use a good quality seed.

3- Weeds of the field were not removed.

4- Manures and fertilizers weren't used properly.

5- The field was not properly irrigated.

[Link] between: Threshing and Winnowing

THRESHING -In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be separated from the chaff.
This process is called threshing.
WINNOWING - Farmers with small holdings of land do the separation of grain and chaff by winnowing

3. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), a constituent extension centre of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal
 Sciences University, organised a farmer’s workshop on organic farming in vegetable cultivation at
Kalayarkoil to commemorate the World Soil Day.
(a) What is organic farming?
(b) What is the advantage of organic farming?
(c) What are the health benefits of organic farming?

(a) Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green ma-nure,
compost and biological pest control.
(b) Advantages of organic farming are:

• Do not use any harmful chemicals

• Crops have better taste and nutrition
• Eco-friendly
• Cost effective

(c) Organic farming uses all the natural ways to provide nutrients and to get rid of the pests. So it reduces
the harmful effects of pesticides and fertilisers on human beings.

Worksheet 9
Storage and Food from Animals PART A
1. Correct and rewrite the following definition:
Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be provided with proper food, shelter and care. When this is
done on a small scale, it is called animal husbandry.
Animals reared at home or in farms, have to be provided with proper food, shelter and care.
When this is done on a large scale, it is called animal husbandry.

2. Complete the following:

A. Storage of is an important task. If the crop grains are to be kept for longer time,
they should be safe from , , and microorganisms.
B. The fresh crop has more . If freshly harvested are stored
without , they may get spoilt or attacked by , losing their
capacity.
a. Produce, moisture, insects, rats
b. Moisture, grains, drying, organism, germination

[Link] true or false:

i. Proper storage of grain is necessary to protect them from pests and microorganisms.T
ii. Threshing can be done using the machine called combine.T

PART B

Answer the following

1. Proper storage of grains is necessary. Why?
The fresh crop has more moisture. If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying, they may
get spoilt or attacked by organisms, losing their germination capacity.
Hence, before storing them, the grains are properly dried in the sun to reduce the moisture in them.
This prevents the attack by insect pests, bacteria and fungi.

2. What will happen: If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying.
 If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying, they may get spoilt or attacked
by organisms, losing their germination capacity.

3. For storing the crops in large scale some specific chemical treatments are required. Why?
Large scale storage of grains is done in silos and granaries to protect them from
pests like rats and insects

4. Complete the flow chart to show the agriculture practice used at different stages
of crop production
(Refer TB) ad
adding manure and
Soil preparation fertilizer

Protection from weeds and pests

Threshing

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER1-CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

[Link] the given terms:

a) tilling b)irrigation c)weeding d)harvesting e)animal husbandry
b) Crop
I MCQ
1. Wheat and gram belong to
a)Rabi crops b)Kharif crops c) Both of these d)None of these.
2. Examples of kharif crops are
a) Wheat and maize b)Gram and maize c)Paddy and maize d) All of these.
3. Match the following:
Column A Column B
Plough Sowing of seeds
Hoe An irrigation system
Cultivator Harvesting
Seed drill Loosening and tilling of soil
Moat Used for spraying weedicide
Sickle Removing weeds
Sprayer Combined harvester and thresher
 Combine Tractor driven tilling device

I. Answer the following

1.
What are Rabi and Kharif crops? Give examples also.
2.
Why can’t paddy be grown in the winter season?
3.
Differentiate between ii) winnowing and threshing
4.
Write a note on Hoe and cultivator
5. Difference between manure and fertilizers. (Four points each)
6. The organic manure is considered better than fertilizers. Give reasons 7. Name the
agricultural implement used in manual method of removing weeds?
8. Name few fertilizers.
9. Name the sources of irrigation.
10. Why does the loosening of soil allow the roots to breathe easily?
11. Name the different methods of traditional irrigation.
12. What are weeds?
13. Why is it important to follow regular weeding practices in agricultural field?
14. How do soils get affected by the continuous plantation of crops in a field?
15. Explain any two modern methods of irrigation which will prevent excessive supply of water in the
field.
16. Storage of produce is an important task Give two reasons for the same. [Link] cutting of
crop after it is mature is an important task. What is this process known as?

II Draw labeled diagrams

[Link] plough 2. A hoe 3. Sickle