RATIO and PROPORTION

Definition of Ratio
✗ A ratio is a comparison of two numbers or
quantities. The ratio of a number 𝑎 to a number
𝑏 provide that 𝑏 is not equal to zero can be
written as:
𝑎
𝑜𝑟 𝑎: 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑏

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Ratio in Business Transaction
✗ Liz and Beth are best friends and they have
decided to become business partners. They
have agreed that Liz will invest ₱250 000, while
Beth will invest ₱400 000. The profit from the
business venture will be divided based on the
ratio of their investments. What is the ratio of
their investments which will be used later as a
basis in the distribution of profit?

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Ratio
Example:
An oil tank with a capacity of 200 gallons contains 50 gallons of oil. Find the ratio
of the number of gallons of oil in the tank to the capacity of the tank.

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 2 RATE

Rate is a concept that is used often in everyday situations

such as when you compare prices of goods with different
quantities. You compare items to determine which one is
the better buy.

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Definition of Rate
✗ A rate is a special ratio of two numbers with
different units of measurements such as
kilometers per hour, words per minute, or price per
kilogram.
✗ To drive 600 kilometer in 12 hours is to drive at
the rate of 50 km/hr. (kph).
✗ To type 180 words in 3 minutes is to type at the
rate of 60 words per minute.
✗ These examples express how long it takes to do
something.
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Example/s
The College of Business Administration has 35 faculty members that handle 1 260
students. What is the unit rate or the number of students per faculty member?

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Example/s
You need paper plates for the event you are organizing. So, you
went shopping and found several options with the following
prices:
Brand A ₱49.50 per pack (100 pcs.)
Brand B ₱24.00 per pack (50 pcs.)
Brand C ₱12.25 per pack (25 pcs.)
Brand D ₱11.50 per pack (24 pcs.)

Assuming all these brands have the same quality and have all the
requirements that you need for a paper plate, which brand is the
best buy if you need 2000 pieces?

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3
PROPORTION

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 concept
Proportion refers to the statement of
the equality of two ratios. If 𝑎: 𝑏 and
𝑐: 𝑑 are two equal ratios, then the
proportion can be written as 𝑎: 𝑏 =
𝑐: 𝑑 (read as “𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 𝑎𝑠 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑑”) or
𝑎 𝑐
= . The terms 𝑎 and 𝑑 are called
𝑏 𝑑
the 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑠, while the term 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
are called the 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠.
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In a proportion, the product of the means is equal to
𝑎 𝑐
the product of the extremes, that is, = is a
𝑏 𝑑
proportion if and only if 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐.

Is 6:8=12:16 a
proportion?

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To determine whether the two ratios form a proportion, simplify or
reduce both ratios to their lowest terms.
6 6÷2 3
= =
8 8÷2 4
12 12 ÷ 4 3
= =
16 16 ÷ 4 4

Since the two ratios have the same simplest form, then they form a
proportion.
An alternative method to determine if two ratios from a proportion is
to find out if the product of the means

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Finding the missing term in a proportion
✗ To find the missing term in a given proportion,
apply the rule of proportion, that is, the product
of the extremes of a proportion is equal to the
product of its means. Then solve for the
missing term algebraically.

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 Example/s
✗ Find the value of the
missing term in each
proportion.
✓ 𝑎: 4 = 15: 20
✓ 4: 𝑏 = 24: 18

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 Example/s
✗ The population of the
College of Business
Administration has
increased from 1,260 to
1,440 students. How many
additional faculty members
must be hired if 35 faculty
members are just enough
for the previous
population?

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3.1
Kinds of Proportion

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1. Direct Proportion – 3. Partitive Proportion –
when one quantity a whole is divided into
increases, the other parts that is proportional
quantity increases at the to the given ratio.
same rate and vice versa. The sum of two numbers
The bus fare for an is 215. If the ratio is 2:3,
80km trip is ₱65.00. find the larger number.
How much is the bus 2. Indirect/ Inverse
fare for a 320 km trip? Proportion – when one
quantity increases, the
other quantity decreases,
vice versa.
If 6 men can plow a field
in 10 days. How long will
3 men do it?

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Direct Proportion

Direct proportion exists when two quantities, x and y, of the proportion

wary directly or are in direct variation; that means, if the variable x
increases (decreases), then the other variable, y, also increases
(decreases) by the same factor or constant. For instance, the number of
workers is directly proportional to the number of production units. If
you increase the numbers of the workers, the number of production of
units will also increase and if you decrease the number of the workers,
the number of production of units will also decrease.
A direct proportion is written as
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
=
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐

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 Example/s
Triple A’s Garments produces 100 units of pillow
cases a day with its current workforce of 25 sewers.
The owner has projected an increase in the demand of
their pillow cases. She planned to hire additional 5
sewers. How many pillow cases will Triple A’s
Garments produce with the additional 5 sewers?

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 Example/s
The previous year’s financial
statements reflect that your
business had net sales of
₱2,000,000 and gross profit of
₱500,000. Based on your
analysis of these financial
statements, your business will
continue to thrive and you have
projected your net sales at
₱2,500,000. What is then your
projected gross profit?

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Indirect/Inverse Proportion

Indirect or inverse Proportion exists when the two quantities, x and y, of the
proportion are inversely proportional. It means that x varies inversely with y,
or x is inversely proportional to y; that means, as x variable increases, then y
variable decreases. For example, the faster you drive, the less time it takes to
complete your trip, and the more workers you have, the lesser the time it will
take you to complete the job.
Indirect or inverse proportion is written as
𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏
=
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

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 Example/s
If 35 men can reap a field in 8 days; in how many days can 20 men reap the
same field?

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 Example/s
3 friends want to go
camping and they pack
enough water to last for 6
days. Just as they are
about to leave, they are
joined by 3 more people.
How long will their water
last now?

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 Example/s
The local government officials are
very concerned about providing
the needs of their constituent
especially in times of calamities.
They have to make sure that they
have enough supplies of relief
goods. Based on their inventory
analysis, the relief goods in the
evacuation center can still feed 50
families for 7 days. How long
would the relief goods last if they
were rescued and brought to the
evacuation center?

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 Partitive Proportion

Partitive proportion refers to a kind of proportion where the

given total is partitioned or divided into equal or unequal parts
depending on the given ratios.

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 Example/s
A new graduate of an
entrepreneurship program plans
to divide his mutual trust fund
worth ₱1 million to the three
types of small-scale business in
the ratio of 1:2:3. How much
should he allocate to each type of
business that he plans to put up?

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 Example/s
A man stated in his last will and
testament that he giving ₱50
million as inheritance to his son
and two daughters. Being the
eldest among his children, his son
will receive twice the share of the
two daughters. How much will
each of his children receive?

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