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Introduction to Modern History of India

Introduction

In the 15th Century, Europe witnessed an era of geographical discoveries through land and sea routes. In 1498,
Vasco Da Gama of Portugal discovered a new sea route from Europe to India. The main motive behind those
discoveries was to maximize profit through trade and to establish political supremacy. The rule of East India
Company in India became effective after the conquest of Bengal. The main interest of the company in India was
territorialand commercial expansions.

Establishment of Political Power by the English East India Company

Battle of Plassey (1757)
Alivardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 and his grandsonSiraj-ud-daula ascended the throne of
Bengal. The British taking advantage of the New Nawab’s weakness and unpopularity seized

power. So, Siraj-ud-daulah decided to teach them (British) a lesson by attacking over their political
settlement of Calcutta. The Nawab captured their factory at Kasimbazar. On 20th June 1756, Fort
William surrendered but Robert Clive recovered Calcutta.
On 9th February 1757, Treaty of Alinagar was signed, where by Siraj-ud-daulah conceded

Battle of Plassey (1757)

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practically all his claims. British then captured Chandranagore, the French settlement, on March 1757. The battle of
Plassey took place between the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.

It was fought on 23 June 1757. The English East India Company’s forces under Robert Clive defeated the forces
of Siraj-ud-daulah. After the collapse of Bengal, the company gained a huge amount of wealth from the
treasury of Bengal and used it to strengthenits military force. The beginning of the British political sway over India
may be traced from the Battle of Plassey. It was the most decisive battle that marked the initiation of British rule
in India for the next two centuries.
Battle of Buxar (1764)
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, thecompany was granted undisputed right to have free trade in Bengal, Bihar
and [Link] received the place of 24 parganas in Bengal. Mir Jafar (1757 to 1760) the Nawab of Bengal however
fell into arrears and was forced toabdicate in favor of his son in law, Mir Qasim.
Mir Qasim ceded Burdwan, Midnapore and Chittagong. He shifted his capital from Mursidabad to Monghyr.
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Mir Qasim soon revolted as he was angry with the Britishfor

misusing the destakes (free duty passes). However, having been
defeated by the British, he fled to Awadh, where he formed a
confederacy with Shuja-ud-daulah and Shah Alam.

Battle of Buxar (1764)

The Battle was fought on October 22, 1764 at Buxar, a “small
fortified town” within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometers west of
Patna. It was a decisive victory for the British East India Company. Shuja–ud-daulah, Shah Alam and Mir Qasim were
defeated by General Hector Munro. Mir Jafar was again placedon the throne. On Mir Jafar’s death, his son
Nizam-ud-daulah was placed on the throne and signed Allahabad Treaty on 20th February 1765 by which the Nawab
had to disband most of his army and to administer Bengal througha Deputy Subedar nominated by the company.
Robert Clive concluded two separate treaties with Shuja-ud-daula and Shah Alam II. Dual System of government
started in Bengal.
Carnatic wars
In the 18th century, three Carnatic wars were fought between various Indian rulers, British and French East Indian
Company on either side. Traditionally, Britain and France were rival countries in Europe. Their rivalry continued in
India over trade and [Link] resulted in a series of military conflictsin the south known as the Carnatic
wars which spanned from 1746 to 1763. These wars resulted in establishment of political supremacy of British East
Indian Company.

First Second Third

Carnatic war Carnatic war Carnatic war

1746 - 1748 1749 - 1754 1756 - 1763

First Carnatic war (1746 - 48)

On the outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe the English and the French were on
opposite camps increased the hostility between these two forces. The echoof this war was felt in
India.

Battle of Adayar (1746)

The First Carnatic War is remembered for the battle of Santhome (Madras) fought between the French forces and
the forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic, who appealed the British for help. A small French army under
Captain Paradise defeated the strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khanat Santhome on the banks of the River
Adayar. This was the first occasion when the superiority of the well-trained and well-equipped European army
over the Indian army was proved beyond doubt.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

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The war was ended by the treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle which brought the Austrian War of Succession to an end.
Under the terms of this treaty, Madras was returned back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their
territories in North America.

Second Carnatic War (1749 - 54)

The main cause of this war was the issue of succession in Carnatic and Hyderabad. Anwaruddin Khan and Chanda
Sahib were the two claimants to the throne of Carnatic, where as Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang wereclaimants to
the throne of Hyderabad. The French supported Chanda sahib and Muzaffar Jang, while the British supported the
other claimants with the objective of keeping their interest and influence in the entire Deccan region

Battle of Ambur (1749)

Finally Dupleix, Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang formed a grand alliance and defeated and killed Anwar-ud-
din Khan, the Nawab of Carnatic, on 3 August 1749 in the Battleof Ambur. Muhammad Ali, the son of Anwar-ud-din,
fled to Trichinopoly (Trichirappalli). Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic and rewarded the French with the
grant of 80 villages around Pondicherry.
In the Deccan, too, the French defeated and killed Nasir Jang and made Muzaffar Jang as the Nizam. The new
Nizam gaveample rewards to the French. He appointed Dupleix as the governor of all the territoriesin south of
the river Krishna. Muzaffar Jang was assassinated by his own people in 1751. Salabat Jang, brother of Nasir Jang
was raised to the throne by Bussy. Salabat Jang granted the Northern Circars excluding the Guntur District to the
French. Dupleix’s power wasat its zenith by that time.

Battle of Arcot (1751)

In the meantime, Dupleix sent forces to besiege the fort of Trichy where Muhammad Ali had
taken shelter. Chanda Sahib also joined with the French in their efforts to besiege Trichy.
Robert Clive’s proposal was accepted by the British governor, Saunders, and with only 200
English and 300 Indian soldiers, Clive was entrusted the task of capturing Arcot. His attack
proved successful.
Robert Clive defeated the French at Arni and Kaveripak. With the assistance of Major
General Stringer Lawrence,Chanda Sahib was killed in Trichy. Muhammad Ali was made
the Nawab of Arcot under Britishprotection. The French Government. Recalled Dupleix
to Paris.

Treaty of Pondicherry (1755)

Dupleix was succeeded by Godeheu who agreed the treaty of Pondicherry. According to it, both the powers agreed
not to interferein the internal affairs of the native [Link] were to retain their old positions. New forts
should not be built by either power. The treaty made the British stronger.
The second Carnatic war also provedinconclusive. The English proved their superiority on land by appointing
Mohammad Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. The French were still very powerful in Hyderabad. However, the
predominant position of the French in the Deccan peninsula was definitely undermined in this war.

Third Carnatic War (1756 - 63)

The outbreak of the Seven Years’ Warin Europe led to the third Carnatic war in India. By this time, Robert
Clive established the British power in Bengal by the Battle of Plassey which provided them with the necessary
finance for the third Carnatic war.
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Count de Lally was deputed from France to conduct the war from the French side. He easily captured Fort St.
David. He ordered Bussy to come down to the Carnatic with his army, to make a united effort topush the British
out of the Carnatic. Taking advantage of Bussy’s departure, Robert Clive sent Colonel Forde from Bengal to occupy
the Northern Circars (parts of Andhra Pradesh and Odhisha).

Battle of Wandi wash (1760)

The decisive battle of the third Carnatic war was fought on January 22, 1760. The English army under General
Eyre Coote totally routed the French army under [Link] a year the French had lost all their possessions in
India. Lally returned to France where he was imprisoned and executed.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Seven Years’ War was concluded by the treaty of Paris. The French settlements including Pondicherry were
given back tothe French. But they were forbidden from fortifying those places. They were not allowed to gather
armies. The French dominance in India practically came to an end.

Mysore and its Resistance to British Expansion

The state of Mysore rose to prominence inthe politics of South India under the leadership of Haider Ali (1760-82).
He and his son Tipu Sultan (1782-99) played a prominent roleagainst the expansion of British Empire in India.
Both of them faced the English with undoubted courage. In 1761, he became the de facto ruler of Mysore. He
also proved to be the most formidable enemy of the English in India.
The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767 - 69)
Causes
• Haider Ali’s growing power and his friendlyrelations with the French became a matter of concern for
the English East India Company.
• The Marathas, the Nizam and the English entered into a triple alliance againstHaider Ali.
Course
The Nizam, with the help of British troops under General Joseph Smith, invadedMysore in 1767. Haider
Ali defeated English and captured Mangalore. In March 1769, he attacked Madras and forced the English
to sign a treaty on 4 April 1769.
Treaty of Madras (1769)
At the end of the war, the Treaty of Madras was signed between Haider Ali and British East India Company. Both
the parties returned the conquered territories and promised to help each other in case of any foreign attack on
them.
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Anglo-Mysore Wars

First Second Third Fourth

Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore
War War War War

1767 - 1769 1780 - 1784 1790 - 1792 1799

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84)

Causes
• The English did not fulfill the terms of the treaty of 1769, when Haider’s territories were attacked in 1771 by
Marathas, Haiderdid not get help from the British.
• British captured Mahe, a French settlementwithin Haider’s Jurisdiction. It led to the formation of an alliance by
Haider with theNizam and Marathas against the English in 1779.

Course
In 1781, the British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at Porto Novo. The Mysore forces suffered
another defeat at Solinger. Haider Ali died of cancer during the course of the war. After the death of Haider Ali in
1782, his son Tipu Sultan, continued the war against the English.
Tipu captured Brigadier Mathews, the supreme commander of the British forcesalong with his soldiers in 1783.
It was a serious loss to Tipu.

Treaty of Mangalore (1784)

On 7th March 1784 the treaty of Mangalore was signed between the two parties. Both agreed to return the conquered
territories and also the prisoners of war.
Thus, Warren Hastings saved the newly- established British dominion from the wrath of powerful enemies like
Marathas and Haider Ali. When the British lost their colonies in America and elsewhere, Warren Hastings lost
nothing in India. Instead, he consolidated the British power in India.

The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92)

Causes
• Tipu was trying to seek alliance of foreign powers against the English and for that purpose he had sent his
ambassadors toFrance and Turkey.
• Tipu attacked on Travancore in 1789 whoseruler was an ally of the British.
• The English, the Nizam and the Marathas entered into a “Triple Alliance” against Mysore.
Course
Tipu fought alone which continued for two years. It was fought in three phases. The attack of the English
under General Medows failed. Therefore, in December 1790, Cornwallis himself took the command of the army.
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Cornwallis captured all the hill- forts which obstructed his advance towardsSrirangapatam and reached near its outer
wall. Tipu felt desperate and opened negotiations with the English. Cornwallis agreed and the treaty of
Srirangapatnam was concluded in 1792.

Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792)

• Tipu surrendered half of his kingdom to theallies.
• Tipu agreed to pay 3.6 crore of rupees to the English as war indemnity and surrendered two of his sons as hostages
to the English.
• The English acquired Malabar, Coorg, Dindigul and Baramahal(Coimbatore and Salem).

The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)

Tipu Sultan did not forget the humiliating treaty of Srirangapatnam imposed upon him by Cornwallis in 1790.

Causes
• Tipu sought alliance with foreign powers against the English and sent ambassadors to Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan
and the French.
• Tipu was in correspondence with Napoleonwho invaded Egypt at that time.
• The French officers came to Srirangapatnam where they founded a Jacobin Club and planted the Tree of Liberty.

Course
Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799. The war was short and decisive. As planned, the Bombay army
under GeneralStuart invaded Mysore from the west. The Madras army, which was led by the Governor- General’s
brother, Arthur Wellesley, forced Tipu to retreat to his capital Srirangapatnam. On 4th May 1799 Srirangapatnam
was captured. Tipu fought bravely and was killed finally. Thus ended the fourth Mysore War and the whole of
Mysore lay prostrate before the British.
Mysore after the War
• The English occupied Kanara, Wynad, Coimbatore, Darapuram and Srirangapattinam.
• Krishna Raja Odayar of the former Hindu royal family was brought to the throne.
• Tipu’s family was sent to the fort of Vellore.

Anglo-Maratha Wars
The Marathas managed to overcome the crisis caused by their defeat at Panipat andafter a decade recovered their
control over Delhi. However the old Maratha Confederacy controlled by the Peshwa had given way tofive virtually
independent states. Peshwa at Pune, Gaikwads at Baroda, Bhonsle at Nagpur, Holkars at Indore, and Scindias at
Gwalior. The Peshwa’s government was weakened by internal rivalries, and the other four leaders were often
hostile to one another. Despite this, the Marathas were still a formidable power. The internal conflict
among the Marathas was best utilized by the British intheir expansionist policy.

The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)

Causes
In the case of the Marathas, the first Britishintervention was at the time of dispute over succession to the Peshwaship
following the deathof Narayan Rao. After the death of Narayan Rao,Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) became the Peshwa,but
his authority was challenged by a strong party at Poona under Nana Phadnavis. The party recognised the infant born
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posthumously toNarayan Rao’s wife, Ganga Bai, as the Peshwa andset up a council of regency in his name. Having failed
in his bid to capture power, Raghunath Rao approached the British for help. The Treatyof Surat between the English
and Raghunath Rao was concluded in 1775. However, the majorityof the Supreme British Council in Calcutta was
opposed to the Surat treaty, although Warren Hastings himself had no objection to ratifying the treaty. The council sent
Colonel Upton to Poonato negotiate a peace with the Poona regency. Accordingly, Upton concluded the Treaty of
Purandhar in 1776. The treaty, however, did not take effect due to opposition from the English government in
Bombay.
Course
In 1781, Warren Hastings dispatched British troops under Captain Popham. He defeated the Maratha chief,
Mahadaji Scindia, in a number of small battles and captured Gwalior. Later on 17th May 1782, the Treaty of Salbai
was signed between Warren Hastings and Mahadaji Scindia.

First Anglo-Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War

1775 - 1782 1803 - 1805 1817 - 1818

17
Results
• Raghunath Rao was pensioned off and Madhav Rao II was accepted as the Peshwa.
• Salsette was given to the British.
• The Treaty of Salbai established the British influence in Indian politics. It provided the British twenty years of
peace with the Marathas.
The internal affairs of the Marathas
The internal affairs of the Marathas deteriorated further after the close of the first Maratha War. Nana Fadnavis
grew fond of power, jealous of Mahadaji Scindia andbecame progressively inclined to seek the support of the
English. The young Peshwa, Madhava Rao II, tried to improve the affairs but could not check the rivalry of the
Maratha chiefs. Mahadaji Scindia died in 1794 and was succeeded by his grand nephew DaulatRao Scindia. His
death left Nana Fadnavis supreme at Poona and the English to expand their influence in north India. Peshwa
Madhav Rao II committed suicide in 1795, and Baji Rao II, worthless son of Raghunath Rao, became the Peshwa.
The death of Nana Phadnavis in 1800 gave the British an added advantage.

Jaswant Rao Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia were fighting against each other. The Peshwa supported Scindia
against Holkar. The Peshwa and the Scindia agreed to help each [Link] marched against the Peshwa. The
combined forces of Scindia and the Peshwa were utterly defeated in 1802 and captured the city. BajiRao II
approached Lord Wellesley, the then Governor-General of India, for help. Lord Wellesley welcomed the Peshwa
and made him sign the Treatyof Bassein, in other words, the Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance, accepting the status
of a British subsidiary in 1802. As an immediateto the Treaty of Bassein, the British troops marched under the
command of Arthur Wellesely towards Poona and restored the Peshwa to his position. The forces of Holkar
vanished from the Maratha capital. fought by the Peshwa's forces to prevent his capture.
Bhonsle was defeated in the battle of Sitabaldi and Holkar in the battle of Mahidpur.
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Results
• The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and Peshwaship was abolished.
• Most of the territory of Peshwa Baji Rao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency.
• The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and
Indore by the British.
• The Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha was given an annual pension of 8 lakh rupees.

The British Administrative Organisation in India

The British Indian administration was run by four principal institutions - Civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary.

Civil Services
The term ‘civil service’ was used for the first time by the East India Company to distinguish its civilian employees
from their military counterparts. Translating law into action and collecting revenue were the main jobs of the civil
service. The civil servicewas initially commercial in nature but later it was transformed into a public service. In the
beginning, the appointment to these services was the sole prerogative of the Court of Directors of the Company.
But the nominated civil servants indulged in corruption, bribery and illegal private trade. So, Cornwallis who came
to India as Governor-General in 1786,enforced the rules against private trade. He also raised the salary of the
Company’s servants who became the highest paid civil servants in the world.

Lord Wellesley, who came to India as Governor-General in 1798, introduced the idea of suitable training for the
civil servants in India. In 1800, he established the Collegein Fort William at Calcutta to provide training in literature,
science and languages. However, the directors of the Company disapproved of his action and replaced it by their
own East India College, established at Haileybury in England in 1806.
The idea of competition for recruitment was introduced first by the Charter Act, 1833. But the system of competition
was these not nominated by the Court of Directors were not eligible to write the competitive examination. Hence,
the system was called as nomination- cum-competition system. The system of recruitment on the basis of open
competitive examination was introduced in 1853. This system was confirmed by the Government of India Act of
1858. The maximum age for competitors was fixed at 23. Subsequently, East India College at Haileybury was
abolished in 1858, and recruitment to civil services became the responsibility of the civil service commission. By
the Regulation of 1860 the maximum age was lowered to 22, in 1866 to 21 and in 1876 to 19.
The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 passed by the British Parliament exclusively reserved certain categories of high
executive and judicial posts for the covenanted civil service which was later designated as the Indian Civil Service.
Due to the loweringof age limit and holding of examinationin London it could be possible only for avery
few wealthy Indians to appear at the I.C.S. examination. In 1869, three Indians - Surendra Nath Banerje,
Ramesh Chandra Dutt and Bihari Lal Gupta became successfulin the I.C.S. examination.

brother of poet Rabindranath

Later on, the Indians demanded to increase the age limit and to establish centre for examination in
India instead of England.

In 1892, the minimum age limit for appearing for the Civil Service Examination was raisedto 21 and the maximum to 23.
In 1912, a Royal Commission on Public Service was appointed. Chaired by Lord Islington, this commission had two
Indian members - G.K. Gokhale and Sir Abdur Rahim - besides four Englishmen. The Commission published its report
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in 1917. Islington commission’s recommendations partly fulfilled the demand for the Indianisation of Civil Service.

In 1918, Montague and Lord Chelmsford recommended that 33% Indian should be recruited in Indian Civil
Services and gradually the number should be increased. In 1923, a Royal Commission on Public Services was
appointed with Lord Lee of Fareham as chairman. This commission recommended that recruitment to all-Indian
services like the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Police Service and the Indian Forest Service should be made and
controlled by the Secretary of State forIndia. The Lee Commission recommended the immediate establishment
of a Public Service Commission.
The Act of 1935 also made provisions for the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission at the Centre
and the Provincial Public Service Commissions in the various provinces. Provision was also made for a Joint Public
Service Commission in two or more Provinces. Although, the main aim of this measure was to serve the British
interests,it became the base of the civil service systemin independent India.

Army
The army was the second important pillar of the British administration in India. The East India Company started
recruiting its own army, which came to be known as the sepoy(from sipahi or soldier) army.
That sepoy army was trained and disciplined according to European military standards and was commanded by
European officers in the battlefield. During the early stage of British rule, three separate armies had been organised
in three Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras. Army had a great contribution in the establishment and
expansion of British rule in India. Indian soldiers were given less salaries and allowances than English soldiers. In
1857, the Indians constituted about 86 percent of thetotal strength of the Company’s army. However, the officers of
the army were exclusively British. For example, in 1856, only three Indians in the army received a salary of 300 rupees
per month. The highest rank an Indian could ever reach was that of a subedar.

In 1857, the strength of the army in

After the revolt of 1857, the important changes were made in the Indian army servicesin 1858. They
increased British troops and reduced Indian troops. Also, only English were appointed in artillery.
Police
When the East India Company took over the diwani in 1765, the Mughal police system was under the control of
faujdars, who were in charge of their ‘sarkars’ or rural districts. The kotwals were in charge of towns, while thevillage
watchmen were paid and controlled by the Zamindars.
The police system was created by LordCornwallis. He relieved the Zamindars from police functions and established
a regular police force in 1791. Cornwallis established a system of circles or ‘thanas’ each headed by a ‘daroga’. The
authority of the daroga extended to village watchmen who performed the police duties in the villages. The
hereditary village police became ‘chowkidars’. In the big cities, the old office of kotwal was, however, continued,
and a daroga was appointed to each of the wards of a city. The daroga system was extended to Madras in 1802.
Before the post of district superintendent of police was created, all the thanas were underthe general supervision of
the district judge. In 1808, a Superintendent of Police was appointedfor each division. Later, the district collector was
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entrusted with the task of controlling the police force in the districts. The main task of the police was to handle
crime and to prevent conspiracy against the British rule.

Judicial system
In 1772, the Dual Government was abolished and the Company took over the direct responsibility for the
collection of revenue as well as the administration of justice. Consequently a Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat
were established. By theRegulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was set up in Calcutta. This court consisted
of a chief justice and three puisne judgeswho were appointed by the Crown. Thiscourt decided civil, criminal,
ecclesiastical and admiralty cases. On the model of the Supreme Court of Calcutta, a Supreme Court was
established in Madras in 1801 and in Bombay in 1823. In 1832, William Bentinck started jury system in Bengal. A
Indian Law Commission was established to compile the laws. A rule of law was established for the whole empire.
According to the Indian High Courts Act, 1861, three High Courts were set up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in
place of the old Supreme Courts.

Sir Elijah Impey was the first

Chief Justice of the Supreme

Sir Thiruvarur Muthusamy

of the Madras High Court.

The Subsidiary Alliance

Lord Wellesley introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states under the control of the
British. It was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in
India. The princely state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British came to be referred as ‘the paramount
power’. It was the duty of the British to safeguard the state from external aggression and to help its ruler in
maintaining internal peace.

Main Features of Subsidiary Alliance

• An Indian ruler entering into this alliance with the British had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept
British Forces.
• A British Resident would stay in his capital.
• Towards the maintenance charges of the army, he should make annual payments or cede some
territory permanently to the Company.
• All the non-English European officials should be turned out of his state.
• The native ruler should deal with foreign states only through the English Company.
• The British would undertake to defend the state from internal trouble as well as external attack.

Merits for the British

• The British Company maintained a large army at the expense of the Indian rulers.
• All Frenchmen in the service of native rulers were dismissed, and the danger of French revival was completely
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eliminated.
• The British Company began to control the foreign policy of the Princely States.
• Wellesley’s diplomacy made the British the paramount power in India. He transformed the British Empire in India
into the British empire of India.

Defects of the Princely states

The Subsidiary Alliances made the Indian rulers weak, oppressive and irresponsible. Protected by British arms, they
neglected their duty towards their subjects and even exploited them.

The first Indian state to accept the

Doctrine of Lapse
Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief architects of the British Empire in India. He was an imperialist. He adopted
a new policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to extend British Empire. He made use of this precedent and declared
in 1848 that if the native rulersadopted children without the prior permission of the Company, only the personal
properties of the rulers would go to the adopted sons and the kingdoms would go to the British paramount
power. This principle was calledthe Doctrine of Lapse. It was bitterly opposed by the Indians and it was one of the
root causes for the great revolt of 1857.

By applying the Doctrine of Lapse policy,

Dalhousie annexed Satara in 1848,

in 1854.

Factors for the success of the British

• Greater naval power.
• Development of textile.
• Scientific division of labour.
• Economic prosperity and skilful diplomacy of the British.
• Feelings of insecurity among the Indian merchants.
• The inequality and ignorance of the Indian kings.

Conclusion
The Battle of Plassey was the foundation of British dominion in India. The company’s administration
was not for the interests of people. It was imperialistic, expansionist and exploitative. It brought
more Indian territories under British domain through subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
This policy led to a South Indian rebellion (1800-01), Vellore Rebellion (1806) and the Great
Rebellion (1857).
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Recap
• Siraj-ud-daula ascended the throne of Bengal.
• On 9th February 1757, Treaty of Alinagar was signed.
• The Carnatic wars which spanned from 1746 to 1763.
• Tipu agreed to pay 3.6 crore of rupees to the English as war indemnity.
• Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799.
• Cornwallis established a system of circles or ‘thanas’ each was headed by a ‘daroga’.
• Sir Elija Impey was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Fort William in Bengal.
• Lord Wellesley introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states under the control of the
British
• Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief architects of the British Empire in India.

GLOSSARY

Confederacy a league or alliance

Ecclesiastical relating to the Christian Church or its clergy

Entrust assign the responsibility

Hostility opposition

Negotiation discussion aimed at reaching an agreement

Paramount supreme

Predominant the most powerful

Choose the correctanswer

1. The ruler of Bengal in 1757 was .
a) Shuja-ud-daulah
b) Siraj – ud – daulah
c) Mir Qasim
d) Tipu Sultan

2. The Battle of Plassey was fought in .

a) 1757
b) 1764
c) 1765
d) 1775

3. Which among the following treaty was signed after Battle of Buxar?
a) Treaty of Allahabad
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b) Treaty of Carnatic
c) Treaty of Alinagar
d) Treaty of Paris

4. The Treaty of Pondichery brought the Carnatic war to an end .

a) First
b) b) Second
c) Third
d) None
5. When did Hyder Ali crown on the throneof Mysore?
a) 1756
b) 1761
c) 1763
d) 1764

6. Treaty of Mangalore was signed between .

a) The French and Tipu Sultan
b) Hyder Ali and Zamorin of Calicut
c) The British and Tipu Sultan
d) Tipu Sultan and Marathas

7. Who was the British Governor Generalduring Third Anglo-Mysore War?

a) Robert Clive
b) b) Warren Hastings
c) Lord Cornwallis
d) Lord Wellesley

8. Who signed the Treaty of Bassein with theBritish?

a) Bajirao II
b) Daulat Rao Scindia
c) Sambhaji Bhonsle
d) Sayyaji Rao Gaekwad

9. Who was the last Peshwa of Marathaempire?

a) Balaji Vishwanath
b) b) Baji Rao II
c) Balaji Baji Rao
d) Baji Rao

10. Who was the first Indian state to join thesubsidiary Alliance?
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a) Awadh
b) b) Hyderabad
c) Udaipur
d) Gwalior

Fill in the blanks

1. The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in
.
2. The commander in Chief ofSirajuddaulah was .
3. The main cause for the Second Carnaticwar was .
4. adopted the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British Empire in India.
5. Tipu Sultan was finally defeated at the hands of .
6. After the death of Tipu Sultan Mysorewas handed over to .
7. In 1800, established acollege at Fort William in Calcutta.

Match the following

Treaty of The First Anglo

1.
Aix-La-Chapelle Mysore War

2. Treaty of Salbai The First Carnatic War

3. Treaty of Paris The Third Carnatic War

Treaty of The First Maratha

4.
Srirangapatnam War
The Third Anglo
5. Treaty of Madras
Mysore War

State true or false

1. After the death of Alivardi Khan, Siraj-ud-daulah ascended the throne of Bengal.
2. Hector Munro, led the British forces in the battle of Plassey.
3. The outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe was led to Second Carnatic War in India.
4. Sir Elijah Impey was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Fort William in Bengal.
5. The Police system was created by LordCornwallis.

Which one of the following iscorrectly matched?

a) Battle of Adayar – 1748
b) Battle of Ambur – 1754
c) Battle of Wandiwash – 1760
d) Battle of Arcot – 1749
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Answer the following in oneor two sentences

1. Write a short note on Black Hole Tragedy.
2. What were the benefits derived by theEnglish after the Battle of Plassey?
3. Mention the causes for the Battle ofBuxar.
4. What were the causes for the FirstMysore War?
5. Bring out the results of the Third Maratha War.
6. Name the states signed into SubsidiaryAlliance.

Answer the following in detail

1. Write an essay on second Carnatic war.
2. Give an account of the Fourth Anglo Mysore war.
3. Describe the policy adopted by Lord Dalhousie to expand the British empire in India.
4. How did Lord Wellesley expand the British power in India?

REFERENCE
1. Bipan Chandra - History of Modern India,
Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2018.
2. [Link] - An Advance History of India
Macmillan and Co., Limited London 1953.

3. Vincent . A. Smith - The Oxford History of India- From the Earliest Times to the end of 1911
– 1919 – Oxford At The Clarendon press.

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