CHAPTER |5
Definite lntegra
n/2
IDefinition e.g.. 0
sin(x) dx =, sint dt =[*2 sin udu
10 10
Letf (r) be acontinuous function defined on a closed interval 10
[a, b] and Similarly. = - u ' =..
r=] r=l u=1
[fr) dx = F() +c, then
or
Jf) dx= F(b)- F(a) is called definite integral of i.e., the interchange of limits of a definite integral
f ) within limits a and b. The interval [a, b] is called range changes only its sign.
of integration. Every definite integral has a unique value. (Gi) f dx =[ f() dx +}" f)dz (a<e<b)
Example 1 *dx equals to Generally, this property is used when the integrand
has two or more rules in the integration interval.
0<x<2
Example 6 If f)=x:
3x-4, 2sr<3 then evaluatef d
Example 2 equals to Solution
dx
Solution ,-arn"(tan'1-0) =r/8 2o
Example 3 xe dx equals to 2
8 27 37
Solution =
-12 -6+8=
6
Example 4 sec' xdx equals to Example 7 Evaluate S-ldr.
z l4
Solution sec' x dx = [tan x} = tan /4 - tan 0 = 1I -X, when 0<x<1
Example 5
Jo
/2
sin" xdx eguals to
Solution :
N- |x-1, when 1sx<2
n/2
--4 -{-o)-(o"})
(iv) fx)dx=f(a- x)dr
IProperties of Definite Integration With the help of above property following integralscan
be obtained.
(i)
Here, x is a dummyvariable, it can be replaced by any (a) f(sin x) dx =
f(cos x) dx
other variable t, u,.....
(b» [*" f(tan x) dx = f(cot x) dx
CHAPTER Definite Integral 335
w)f(sin 2 )sin xdu = f(sin 2x) cos xdr This property is generally used when integrand is either
even or odd function ofx.
) og ddr = fIlog(1-x)] dr Example 11cos*x dx is equal to
-R/2
sin" x cos" x
dx = / 4 (a) (b) (c) (d)
sin" x+ cos" cos"x+ sin" x 2 6 3
(0
tan"
dr= ( cort
dx =n|4 Solution Here. I= 2 cos x dx (:: f-x) =fu) }
1+ tan" 0
1+ cot" x
n/2 /2
sin 2x)*/2
1+ tan" dx = -dx = Il4
1+ cot" x -[+cos2) d=x+
(h)
cosec"x
d= / 4 'sin (1 + x) dx is equal to
0 sec"x+cosec"x cOsec"x + sec" x Example 12 1+r'
(0 log(1+tan ) dr=log 2 (a) 1 (b) 2
8 (c) Zero (d) None of these
()log cot xd° = *log tan xdx =0 Solution Here, f (r) =
sin(1 + x?) and f(-x)= x' sin(1+ x')
1+² 1+x*
Example 8 log tan xdr equals to f (r) =-f ()
|=0
Solution l= log tan x dx ...(i)
)dr = 2 f()d, if f(2a -) =f)
2a
(vi)
1- log tan-a=/" log cot x dr ...(i) . if f(2a -x) = -f (x)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get It is generally used to make half the upper limit.
21=, (log tan x+ log cot x) du = log (tan xcot x) dx (vii) s() dr =nf f() d:
- log ldr = 0 » l=0 [if f(r+ T)= f() and ne N]
In particular
Example 9 equals to
(where, f (x) is a periodic function with period T)
Solution ..i)
J s) dx =nf f(n d [if f(x+T) = f(r)]
Example 13 sin' x dx is equal to
..(ii) Solution sinx dx =4 sin x dx [: sin°(T+ x) = sin x|
From Eqs. () and (i), we get
21=0 l=0
(/2 a sin x +b cos x
(vii)
i9d=ffta+b-nd
Example 1o sin r+ cOS x
du equals to
Application f(x) dx=
b-a
t/2 a sin +bcOs x
Ja f(x)+ f(a+b-x) 2
Solution d ...) dx
Sin + cos
2 a sin (T/2- ) +b cos (/2- x),.
Example 14 Evaluate Jare 1+an x
sin (/2-)+ cos (n/2- x) d Vcos x
/2 a coS +b sin a Solution dx ...()
Sin x+ cOS A
d ...(1)
a/6 1+tan x Vsin x+Jcos x
12 (a+b)\sin x +cos x) d Jcos(/2-x) dx
Sin x+ cOs x
Vsin(r/2 -x) + ycos (r/2- x)
T (:: here, a+h= n/2)
-(a+ b) du =(a +b) ’ l=a + b) 4
Vsin x dx
-
=J6 cos xt sin x ..(u)
21=ldt =(xlk=3
2f(du, if f(-x) = f()(even function) 6 6
. if f(-x) = -f()(odd function)
336 CHAPTER Definite Integral fn/2
sin
cos dr.
Example 18 Evaluate
d
s)dt= h() f(h()) -g) flg ()) gamma function formula,
(ix) dx) Solution Using
d rha) f )d = h' (*)f{h()}
In particular
d
(a is any constant independent
of x) 2r ( 2r()
d 3 121
or
22
97 5 3 1 315
Example 15 Evaluate
d
; dx.
22 2 2
log x
d
Solution
d
dt log x
dx=
Jog dt log d
Summation of Series by Integration
I an infinite series with the
31 2r 1(- 1)
For finding sum
of help of
log t is used
integration, following formula
3 log 2log
definite
n-1
IImportant Integrals lim
r=0
(i) Walli's formula
solve the questions on
dr-7-1)(n3)...2 The following method is used to
sin" xdx=|cos"r n(n - 2)..] summation of series.
(if nis an odd positive integer) ) After writing (r- Dh or rth term of the series, express
(n-1)(n -3)...1(T
n(n 2).2 it in the form Therefore, the given series
(if n is an even positive integer)
will take the form lim
Example 16 Evaluate sinx dx.
Jo
Solution l=
62·4
X
2 32
(Gi) Now, writing in place of lim , drin place
Example 17 Evaluate Jo[cos'x d. of and x in place of - we get the integral
64.2 48
Solution =
7-5-3 105 in place of above series.
sin" xcos" x d
r("r) (ii) The lower limit of this integral
(ü)
2r
m+n+2
2
= lim
:().
where, r=0 is taken CoITesponding of first term of the
where, T(n) is called Gamma function.
Or
series and upper limit
[(m-1)(m-3)...(2 or )] = lim
[(n-1)(n-3)..(2 or l)] n’oo
sin"x cos" x dx =
(m+ n)(m +n-2)...(2or 1)
where, r=n-1 is taken corresponding tothelasttert.
(if m and nboth are not simultaneously even positive
integers)
Example 19 Evaluate lim 1
and sin" xcos" xdx
Solution lim = lim S 1 1
[(m-)(m -3)...(1D]|(n)(n -3)...(1)]( 1+ rn
(m +n)(m +n-2)..(2) 2
(if m and n are both even positive integers) =[log(l +)h= log 2
CHAPTER Definite Integral 337
Erample 20 Find the value of If f () 20 and a<b,thenf()drs0,
lim
n
+
n
+ + 1|
1
n’0 (n+ 1) (n+2)² 4n cos x d=-1
t/2
1
Solution Here, 1, = (n+r)2 n [l+(rln)j' If f(x) s0 and a<b, then"f(x) dx s0,
Therefore, given series
e.g..cos xdr =-1
n/2
= lim 1 1
dx
n’[1+ (r/n)' n
Now, lower limit = lim = =0 where, denotes greatest integer of x.
n/2 T/2 T
log(sin x) dx = log(cos x)d=-log
2
2
upper limit = limn
=0
2a
:Given series =Jod: -Jf) da +|fa+x)d
I mportant Points where, (-] denotes fractional part of x.
If f(r)>0 and a>b. thenf) dr 20. e.g.,
5
2
/2
[Link] x dr =1