Senior UEC Maths: Integration Guide
Uploaded by
TeddySenior UEC Maths: Integration Guide
Uploaded by
TeddyCommon questions
Powered by AIFirst, factor the quadratic denominator into \((x-3)(x-5)\). Then express \( \frac{x}{(x-3)(x-5)} \) as \( \frac{A}{x-3} + \frac{B}{x-5} \). Solving for \( A \) and \( B \) using system of equations arising from equalizing \( x = A(x-5) + B(x-3) \), evaluate the partial fraction coefficients. Finally, integrate each term separately, obtaining \( A\ln|x-3| + B\ln|x-5| + c \).
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that if \( F \) is an antiderivative of \( f \) on an interval \([a, b]\), then \( \int_a^b f(x) \, dx = F(b) - F(a) \). This theorem establishes a connection between differentiation and integration, showing that integration can be used to compute the total accumulation of a quantity represented by a function, while differentiation can be used to determine the rate of change of a function .
Given \( g'(x) = 3x \), integrate to find \( g(x) = \frac{3x^2}{2} + c \). Use the point \( (0, -6) \) to solve for \( c \): \( -6 = \frac{3(0)^2}{2} + c \), so \( c = -6 \). Thus, the equation of the curve is \( g(x) = \frac{3x^2}{2} - 6 \).
To integrate a rational function using partial fractions, first express the function as a sum of simpler fractions. For \( \int \frac{1}{x^2 - 9} \, dx \), factor the denominator as \((x-3)(x+3)\). Then, write it as \( \frac{A}{x-3} + \frac{B}{x+3} \). Solve for \( A \) and \( B \) by setting the expression to \( 1 = A(x+3) + B(x-3) \) and comparing coefficients. Integration can then be applied to each term separately, resulting in logarithmic functions .
The integral of \( \sin(2x) \) is calculated as \( -\frac{1}{2}\cos(2x) + c \). This result is derived by recognizing the need for a substitution of \( u = 2x \) leading to \( du = 2dx \), and then adjusting the integral \( \int \sin u \, \frac{du}{2} \) using the standard formula \( \int \sin u \, du = -\cos u \).
The indefinite integral of a polynomial function \( ax^n \) is given by \( \frac{ax^{n+1}}{n+1} + c \) where \( n \neq -1 \). If \( n = -1 \), the integration result does not take this form because it leads to a division by zero, which is undefined. Instead, for \( n = -1 \), the integral becomes \( \ln|x| + c \).
Integration by parts can be applied using the formula \( \int u \, dv = uv - \int v \, du \). The choice of \( u \) and \( dv \) is crucial: \( u \) should typically be a function that becomes simpler when differentiated (e.g., polynomial), and \( dv \) should be easily integrable. The aim is to simplify the resulting integral \( \int v \, du \).
The volume of a solid of revolution using the disk method is given by \( V = \pi \int_a^b [f(x)]^2 \, dx \). For the function \( y = x^2 \) revolved about the x-axis from \( x = 0 \) to \( x = 3 \), the volume is \( \pi \int_0^3 (x^2)^2 \, dx = \pi \int_0^3 x^4 \, dx = \pi \left[ \frac{x^5}{5} \right]_0^3 = \frac{243\pi}{5} \).
Find the area by calculating the definite integral \( \int_1^3 (x^2 - 1) \, dx \). This integral represents the area between the curve and the x-axis from \( x = 1 \) to \( x = 3 \). Calculate it as \( \left[ \frac{x^3}{3} - x \right]_1^3 = \left(\frac{27}{3} - 3\right) - \left(\frac{1}{3} - 1\right) = 6 - \frac{2}{3} = \frac{16}{3} \) square units .
The integral \( \int \tan^2 x \, dx \) can be solved by using the identity \( \tan^2 x = \sec^2 x - 1 \). Therefore, \( \int \tan^2 x \, dx = \int (\sec^2 x - 1) \, dx = \int \sec^2 x \, dx - \int 1 \, dx = \tan x - x + c \).