THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Prof. RICO PAULO G. TOLENTINO, LPT, MA, PhD, Dip
Research is a process of inquiry.
◆ Research reflects an innate human sense to inquire about the
things around us.
◆ In elementary, we are trained to think using the scientific method
as a means to verify the reality around us.
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Research is a process of inquiry.
◆ The scientific method is not only exclusive to scientific problems,
but to our problems as teachers as well. We know this as either
thinking inductively or deductively.
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Research is a process of inquiry.
◆ In research, we offer solutions to what we observe, if we see
something can be improved.
◆ Science is not perfect, but it is the best way we can understand the
world around us.
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Conceptualization
Phase
Dissemination
Designing Phase
Phase
Analysis Phase Empirical Phase
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Conceptualization Phase
◆ Researcher gets to intellectualize about a topic and present a
concrete topic/ problem
◆ Involves the following
⬦ Literature review (conflicts and gaps)
⬦ Formulating the Research Problem/ Questions
⬦ Hypothesis Formulation
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Literature Review
✘ The literature review serves to discuss the
developments in the field relevant to the development
of the present study. Scholarship builds itself on
continuous inquiry, and the literature review situates
the present study at the edge of this inquiry.
✘ For the Thesis paper, researchers are expected to
peruse 40-50 related studies that are dated 5-10 years
from the student’s date of writing. Any mention of a
critical paper (e.g., the dissertation of Lawrence
Kohlberg in 1972 that explored his Moral Development
theory) must be cited from a more recent paper.
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Literature Review
✘ For the Dissertation paper, researchers are expected
to peruse 90-100 related studies that are dated 5-10
years from the student’s date of writing. Any mention
of a critical paper (e.g., the dissertation of Lawrence
Kohlberg in 1972 that explored his Moral Development
theory) must be cited from a more recent paper.
✘ The organization of the literature review must give
precedence to the discussion of the study’s prominent
variables (i.e., Independent/ Dependent Variables) and
a Synthesis of concepts at the end.
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Statement of the
Problem
◆ The Statement of the Problem
enumerates the different problems
that will be solved in the present
study.
◆ Problems for quantitative research
must be organized from descriptive
to inferential level; from the
independent variable first before the
dependent variable, and the
analytical statistics tests at the last
part.
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Statement of the
Problem
◆ The Statement of the Problem
enumerates the different problems
that will be solved in the present study.
◆ Problems for quantitative research
must be organized from descriptive to
inferential level; from the independent
variable first before the dependent
variable, and the analytical statistics
tests at the last part.
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Statement of the
Problem
◆ Problems for qualitative research must be
organized from descriptive to discursive
level; by thematic analyses and into a
synthesis of insights toward a working
theory or ethnography.
◆ [Link] in mixed methods
researches must be organized as
demanded by their chosen mixed methods
inquiry. For instance, some sequential
designs need quantitative data insights
first before being informed by qualitative
data.
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Problem is about the variable/s
◆ Comparison ◆ Description
◆ Association ⬦ Process
◆ Contribution ⬦ Experiences
⬦ Impact ⬦ Narratives
⬦ Effect ⬦ Themes
⬦ Influence
⬦ Effectiveness
◆ Experimentation
⬦ (Manipulation)
A B
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Hypothesis of the Study
✘ The Hypothesis of the Study is a statement
regarding the present study, the veracity of
which is ascertained with statistical testing (e.g.,
t-tests, ANOVA, etc.)
✘ This component is only retained with
quantitative researches and mixed methods
researches as needed.
✘ Hypotheses are tested within the conventional
levels of p= .05. Testing with lower levels may
mean a significant effect size, but they are
reserved for literature review studies.
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Designing Phase
◆ Researcher plans the methods of the study to efficiently
investigate and solve the problem.
◆ Involves the following
⬦ Methods and Techniques of the Study
⬦ Data Gathering Procedure
⬦ Ethical Compliance
⬦ Instruments, Respondents, etc.
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Methods and Techniques of the Study
The Methods and Techniques component describes the main
research strategy utilized for the study.
Identify the pertinent strategy to be used, and justify its
presence in the present study.
Include sources in the literature that have used methods and
strategies similar to the present study as well.
Respondents of the Study
More than describing the respondents of the study, researchers must
also include inclusion and exclusion criteria for respondent participation.
Participant characteristics must also be reported as well,
including key demographic characteristics or study-related factors
(e.g., educational attainment, years of service). As such, demographic
information of the respondents must be revised to include actual
demographic distribution of the participants after conducting the study.
Instruments of the Study
. Instruments do not necessarily pertain to survey
questionnaires only. It includes any form of documentation
designed to gather data from among participants in a study.
This includes interview questions and experiment protocol.
Provide details about the instrument’s formal properties,
including number of items, components, scoring mechanisms,
interview protocols, etc.
Data Gathering Procedure
Researchers must disclose detailed procedures of their
research in this section. Contents in this section must be
organized chronologically
For experimental studies, experiment protocol and setup
must be clearly described in this section. Figures may be
included as necessary graphical illustrations.
Empirical Phase
◆ Researcher implements the methodology they have planned for
earlier, following ethical compliance
◆ Involves the following
⬦ Actual Data Gathering Procedure
⬦ Ethical Consideration
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Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
This section includes the tests with which quantitative data
will be analyzed.
While justifications for the selection of statistical tests are
desired, the inclusion of formulas are not necessary.
. This section must be organized according to the tests used to
determine the results for each Statement of the Problem.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical compliance is a crucial component for quality research
outputs. An ethics review encompasses both a technical review of
the study, and an ethical review of the study’s implications and
protocol.
Ethical considerations primarily include the implications of
human engagement in the study, especially if their participation in
the study puts them in harm to a certain extent.
Even when studies do not involve human participants, data
derived from these participants and their rights to it are protected and
ensured by the REC.
. In writing this section, the researcher must consider the ethical
implications of the present study.
After the REC has conducted its review, the researcher must
include the compliance code of the REC review in this section.
Analysis Phase
◆ Researcher formulate findings and interpretations based on
gathered data
◆ Involves the following
⬦ Data Analysis and Interpretation
⬦ Conclusions and Recommendations
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Data Case Analysis
. During the proposal stage, this section should clarify the
procedure for gathering data to create project needs and targets. .3.
During the final defense stage, this section should answer the
project needs and targets and how the present study addresses these.
Summary of Findings. The summary of findings must
directly answer the Statement of the Problem in individual
statements. Only utilize the general findings when
describing it in this section.
Conclusions. Provide a general conclusion that responds
to the Statement of the Problem. It must respond to each
problem as stated in Chapter 1.
Recommendations. Provide recommendations that
responds to the Conclusions as stated earlier. These
recommendations must be based from the data and
findings as discussed in the previous chapter.
Dissemination Phase
◆ Researcher presents and/or publishes the findings to the public
◆ Dissemination also involves publication that would inevitably
become a reviewed study for another problem, completing the
cycle of the research process.
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Research Conferences
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Know the Journal
Thank You
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