Introduction
CE 371
Water resources Engineering I
Tasmia Tazin
Lecturer (Grade I)
Ahsanunllah University of Science and Technology
Introduction
• Hydrology means the science of water.
• Deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the
earth and the earth’s atmosphere.
• concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall,
snow and ice on the land and water occurring below the earth’s
surface in the pores of the soil and rocks.
• classified as
Scientific hydrology—the study which is concerned chiefly with
academic aspects.
Engineering or Applied hydrology—a study concerned with
engineering applications. Estimnation of water resources, study of the
processes, study of the problems i.e. flood, drought.
Hydrologic
cycle
• Water occurs on the earth in all its
three states, viz. liquid, solid and
gaseous, and in
various degrees of motion
• The various aspects of water
related to the earth can be
explained in terms of a cycle
known as the hydrologic cycle.
Aspect of Hydrologic Cycle
• Each path of the hydrologic cycle involves one or more of the
following aspects:
(i) transportation of water,
(ii) temporary storage, and
(iii) change of state
For example,
(a) the process of rainfall has the change of state and
transportation
(b) the groundwater path has storage and transportation aspects.
Component of Hydrologic Cycle
The main components of the hydrologic cycle can be broadly classified
i) transportation ( flow) components
ii) storage components as below:
Catchment
Area
• The area of land draining into a
stream or a water course at a given
location is known as the catchment
area. It is also called drainage area
or drainage basin. In the USA, it is
known as watershed.
Water Budget Equation
• For a given problem area, say a catchment, in an interval of time ∆t, the
continuity equation for water in its various phases is written as
Mass inflow-Mass outflow=change in mass storage
• If the density of the inflow, outflow and storage volumes are the same
Vi – V0 = ∆S…………..1
Where,
Vi = inflow volume of water into the problem area during the time period,
V0 = outflow volume of water from the problem area during the time period,
∆S = change in the storage of the water volume over and under the given
area during the given period
Water Budget Equation
• In applying the continuity equation in Eqn 1 to the paths of the hydrologic cycle, a water budget
equation for given catchment for time interval ∆t is
P – R – G – E – T = ∆S ................2
Where, P = precipitation, R = surface runoff, G = net groundwater flow out of the catchment, E =
evaporation, T = transpiration and ∆S = change in storage
• Total Storage consists of three component,
S = Ss + Ssm + Sg
Where, Ss = surface water storage, Ssm = water in storage as soil moisture, and Sg = water in
storage as groundwater.
∆S = ∆Ss + ∆Ssm + ∆Sg
• In terms of rainfall–runoff relationship, Eqn 2 can be represented as
R=P–L
Where, L = losses = water not available to runoff due to infiltration (causing addition to
soil moisture and groundwater storage), evaporation, transpiration and surface storage.
World Water Balance
96.5% in the ocean
(1337.49 Mkm3)
Saline water (97.5%)
1% on the land (913.86
Total quantity of water Mkm3)
in the world=1386
Mkm3
2.5% (35 Mkm3)
10.6 Mkm3 in liquid state
Fresh water (2.5%) 24.4 Mkm3 in frozen state as
ice in polar and mountain
tops, glacier
Example 1.1: A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above datum at the beginning of
a certain month. In that month, the lake received an average inflow of 6.0 m3/s from surface runoff
sources. In the same period, the outflow from the lake had an average value of 6.5 m3/s. Further,
in that month, the lake received a rainfall of 145 mm and the evaporation from the lake surface
was estimated as 6.10 cm. Write the water-budget equation for the lake and calculate the water
surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month. The average lake-surface area can be taken
as 5000 ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or from the groundwater storage.
Solution:
Given,
At the beginning of the month, water surface elevation=103.200m
Inflow, I= 6 m3/s
Outflow, Q= 6 m3/s
Rainfall, P= 145mm
Evaporation, E= 6.10 cm
Lake surface area A= 5000 ha
Write water budget equation and calculate water surface elevation at the end of the month.
Solution:
• The water budget equation for the lake can be written as
Input volume-output volume=change in storage volume
(I∆𝑡 + 𝑃𝐴) − 𝑄∆𝑡 + 𝐸𝐴 = ∆𝑆
∆𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ = 30𝑋24𝑋60𝑋60 = 2.592𝑋106 𝑠 = 2.592 𝑀𝑠
I∆𝑡=6X2.592=15.552 Mm3
𝑄∆𝑡=6.5X2.592=16.848 Mm3
145𝑋5000𝑋104 3
𝑃𝐴=
1000𝑋106
=7.25 Mm
6.10𝑋500𝑋104 3
𝐸𝐴=
100𝑋106
=3.05 Mm
∆𝑆=15.552+ 7.25-16.848- 3.05=2.904 Mm3
∆𝑆 2.904𝑋106
∆𝑧 = = = 0.058 m
𝐴 5000𝑋100𝑋100
∴Water surface elevation at the end of the month=103.200+0.058=103.258 m above
the datum
Example 1.2: A small catchment of 150 ha area received a rainfall of 10.5 cm in 90 minutes due
to a storm. At the outlet of the catchment, the stream draining the catchment was dry before the
storm and experienced a runoff lasting for 10 hours with an average discharge of 1.5 m3/s. The
stream was again dry after the runoff event. (a) What is the amount of water which was not
available to runoff due to combined effect of infiltration, evaporation and transpiration? b) What is
the ratio of runoff to precipitation?
Solution: Given,
Catchment area, A= 150 ha
Rainfall, P=10.5 cm
Runoff R=1.5 m3/s for 10 hours
(a) Water budget equation for the catchment
R=P-L
10.5𝑋150𝑋100𝑋100
Precipitation, P= =157,500 m3
100
Runoff, R=1.5X10X60X60=54000 m3
Loss, L=P-R=157500-54000=103,500 m3
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 54000
(b) Runoff co-efficient= = =0.343
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 157,500
Example 1.3: A catchment area of 140 km2 received 120 cm of rainfall in a year. At the outlet of the
catchment, the flow in the stream draining the catchment was found to have an average rate of (i)
1.5 m3/s for the first 3 months, (ii) 2.0 m3/s for 6 months and (iii) 3.5 m3/s for the remaining 3
months. (a) What is the runoff coefficient of the catchment? (b) If the afforestation of the catchment
reduces the runoff coefficient to 0.35, what is the increase in the abstraction from precipitation due
to infiltration, evaporation and transpiration for the same annual rainfall of 120 cmbbbbbbbbbb?
Solution:
(a) Before afforestation (b) After afforestation
120𝑋140𝑋1000𝑋1000
Runoff=0.35X168=58.8 Mm3
P= =168 Mm3
100
New abstraction, L1=P-R=168-58.8=109.2 Mm3
Runoff, R=(1.5X3)+(2X6)+(3.5X3)=27Mm3. month
= 27X30X24X60X60=70.956X106 m3 =70.956 Mm3 Increase in abstraction=109.2-97.044=12.156
𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 70.956 Mm3
Runoff coefficient= = = 0.4224
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 168
Abstraction, L=P-R=168-70.956=97.044 Mm3