11 Analysis of Indeterminate
Beams and Frames
Contents
11.1 Continuity
11.2 Loading
11.3 Simplifications in Frame Analysis
11.4 Methods for Elastic Analysis
11.5 Idealization of the Structure
Contents
11.6 Preliminary Design and Guidelines for
Proportioning Members
11.7 Approximate Analysis
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.9 Limit Analysis
11.10 Conclusion
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
• ACI Code 6.5 includes expressions that may be used for the approximate
calculation of maximum moments and shears in continuous beams and one-way
slabs.
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
• Continued:
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
• The ACI moment coefficients were derived by elastic analysis, considering alternative
placement of live load to yield maximum negative or positive moments at the critical
sections, as was described in Section 11.2. They are applicable within the following
limitations:
• 1. Members are prismatic.
• 2. Loads are uniformly distributed.
• 3. The unfactored live load does not exceed 3 times the unfactored dead load.
• 4. There are two or more spans.
• 5. The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
• The ACI moment coefficients were derived by elastic analysis, considering alternative
placement of live load to yield maximum negative or positive moments at the critical
sections, as was described in Section 11.2. They are applicable within the following
limitations:
• 1. Members are prismatic.
• 2. Loads are uniformly distributed.
• 3. The unfactored live load does not exceed 3 times the unfactored dead load.
• 4. There are two or more spans.
• 5. The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
• Columns must be designed to resist the factored axial load and factored moment for each
applicable factored load combination.
• For gravity load, this usually involves axial load from factored dead and live loads on all
floors above and on the roof plus the maximum moment from factored loads on a single
adjacent span of the floor or roof under consideration.
• As a simplification, in computing moments resulting from gravity loads, the far ends of
the columns may be considered fixed, according to ACI Code [Link]. The moment found
at a column-beam joint for a given loading is assigned to the column above and the
column below in proportion to the relative column stiffness and conditions of restraint,
according to ACI Code 6.5.5.
11.9 Limit Analysis
Elastic
analysis Inelastic
redistribution
11.9 Limit Analysis
• Factored loads are used in the elastic analysis to find moments in a
continuous beam, after which the critical beam sections are designed
with the knowledge that the steel would be well into the yield range and
the concrete stress distribution very nonlinear before final collapse.
• It is known that a continuous beam or frame（a indeterminate member）
normally will not fail when the nominal moment capacity of just one
critical section is reached.
11.9 Limit Analysis
• A plastic hinge will form at that section, permitting large rotation to
occur at essentially constant resisting moment and thus transferring load
to other locations along the span where the limiting resistance has not
yet been reached.
• As loading is further increased, additional plastic hinges may form at
other locations along the span and eventually result in collapse of the
structure, but only after a significant redistribution of moments has
occurred. The ratio of negative to positive moments found from elastic
analysis is no longer correct, for example, and the true ratio after
redistribution depends upon the flexural strengths actually provided at
the hinging sections.
11.9 Limit Analysis
• A plastic hinge will form at that section, permitting large rotation to
occur at essentially constant resisting moment and thus transferring load
to other locations along the span where the limiting resistance has not
yet been reached.
11.9 Limit Analysis
• As loading is further increased, additional plastic
hinges may form at other locations along the span and
eventually result in collapse of the structure, but only
after a significant redistribution of moments has
occurred. The ratio of negative to positive moments
found from elastic analysis is no longer correct, for
example, and the true ratio after redistribution depends
upon the flexural strengths actually provided at the
hinging sections.
11.9 Limit Analysis
• Recognition of redistribution of moments can be important because it
permits a more realistic appraisal of the actual load-carrying capacity of a
structure, thus leading to improved economy. In addition, it permits the
designer to modify, within limits, the moment diagrams for which
members are to be designed. Certain sections can be deliberately
underreinforced if moment resistance at adjacent critical sections is
increased correspondingly. Adjustment of design moments in this way
enables the designer to reduce the congestion of reinforcement that often
occurs in high-moment areas, such as at the beam-column joints.
11.9 Limit Analysis
11.9 Limit Analysis
11.9 Limit Analysis
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