11 Analysis of Indeterminate
Beams and Frames
Contents
11.1 Continuity
11.2 Loading
11.3 Simplifications in Frame Analysis
11.4 Methods for Elastic Analysis
11.5 Idealization of the Structure
Contents
11.6 Preliminary Design and Guidelines for
Proportioning Members
11.7 Approximate Analysis
11.8 ACI Moment Coefficients
11.9 Limit Analysis
11.10 Conclusion
11.1 Continuity
• The individual members that compose a steel or timber structure are
fabricated or cut separately and joined together by rivets, bolts,
welds, or nails. Unless the joints are specially designed for rigidity,
they are too flexible to transfer moments of significant magnitude
from one member to another.
• In contrast, in reinforced concrete structures, as much of the concrete
as is practical is placed in one single operation. Reinforcing steel is
not terminated at the ends of a member but is extended through the
joints into adjacent members. At construction joints, special care is
taken to bond the new concrete to the old by carefully cleaning the
latter, by extending the reinforcement through the joint, and by other
means.
11.1 Continuity
• As a result, reinforced concrete structures usually represent
monolithic, or continuous, units.
• A load applied at one location causes deformation and stress at all
other locations.
• Even in precast concrete construction, which resembles steel
construction in that individual members are brought to the job site
and joined in the field, connections are often designed to provide for
the transfer of moment as well as shear and axial load, producing at
least partial continuity.
11.1 Continuity
11.1 Continuity
11.1 Continuity
11.1 Continuity
• Bending moments and
shears of continuous beams
and frames
• Adjacent span
• Alternate span
11.1 Continuity
• In statically determinate structures, such as simple-span beams, the
deflected shape and the moments and shears depend only on the type
and magnitude of the loads and the dimensions of the member.
• In contrast, inspection of the statically indeterminate structures in
Fig. 11.1 shows that the deflection curve of any member depends not
only on the loads but also on the joint rotations, whose magnitudes
in turn depend on the distortion of adjacent, rigidly connected
members.
• The determination of these internal forces in continuously reinforced
concrete structures is usually based on elastic analysis of the
structure at factored loads with specific methods.
11.2 Loading
• The individual members of a structural frame must be designed for
the worst combination of loads that can reasonably be expected to
occur during its useful life.
• Internal moments, shears, and thrusts are brought about by the
combined effect of dead and live loads, plus other loads, such as
wind and earthquake, as discussed in Section 1.7.
• In addition, the various combinations of factored loads specified in
Table 1.2 must be used to determine the load cases that govern
member design.
11.2 Loading
• a. Placement of Loads
• Thus, the loading of Fig. 11.2 b, in addition to giving maximum span
moments in the loaded spans, gives minimum span moments in the
unloaded spans.
11.2 Loading
• a. Placement of Loads
• In each column, the largest moments occur at the top or bottom.
These moments are further augmented if additional loads are placed
as shown in Fig. 11.2 d.
11.2 Loading
• Bending moments and
shears of continuous beams
and frames
11.2 Loading
• Could you have a brief
discussion that to calculate
the maximum possible
moments and shears at all
critical points of a
continuous beam?
11.2 Loading
• Could you have a brief discussion that to calculate the maximum
possible moments and shears at all critical points of a continuous
beam?
q q q
1）
Vmax
Mmax
11.2 Loading
• Could you have a brief discussion that to calculate the maximum
possible moments and shears at all critical points of a continuous
beam?
11.2 Loading
• Could you have a brief discussion that to calculate the maximum
possible moments and shears at all critical points of a continuous
beam?
11.2 Loading
• b. Load Combinations
• factored load combinations might include
• (1) dead plus live load;
• (2) three possible combinations that include dead, live, and wind
load;
• (3) two combinations that include dead load, live load, and
earthquake load, with some of the combinations including snow,
rain, and roof live load.
11.2 Loading
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
• ACI Code [Link] and 6.4 allow the following assumptions for floor
and roof members under gravity load:
• 1. To calculate moments and shears in columns, beams, and slabs,
the structural model may be limited to the members in the level
being considered and the columns above and below that level; the
far ends of columns built integrally with the structure may be
considered fixed.
• 2. The maximum positive moment near midspan occurs with the
factored live load on the span and on alternate spans, and the
maximum negative moment at a support occurs with the factored
live load on adjacent spans only.
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
Subframe loading as required by ACI Code 6.4: Loading
for ( a ) maximum positive moments in the exterior
spans, the minimum positive moment in the center span,
and the maximum negative moments at the interior faces
of the exterior columns;
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
( b ) maximum positive moment in the center span
and minimum positive moments in the exterior spans;
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
( c ) maximum negative moment at both
faces of the interior columns;
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
( d ) envelope moment diagram;
( e ) envelope shear diagram. (DL and LL
represent factored dead and
live loads, respectively.)
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
• In regard to columns, the ACI Code indicates
• 1. The factored axial load and factored moment occurring
simultaneously for each applicable factored load combination shall
be considered (ACI Code [Link]).
• 2. For frames or continuous construction, consideration shall be
given to the effect of floor and roof load patterns on the transfer of
moment to exterior and interior columns and of eccentric loading
due to other causes (ACI Code [Link]).
11.3 Simplifications in Frame
Analysis
• In regard to columns, the ACI Code indicates
• 3. In computing moments in columns due to gravity loading, the far
ends of columns built integrally with the structure may be
considered fixed (ACI Code [Link]).
• 4. Floor or roof level moments shall be resisted by distributing the
moment between columns immediately above and below the given
floor in proportion to the relative column stiffnesses considering
conditions of restraint (ACI Code 6.5.5 and [Link]).
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