FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi

Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9

Important SLOs
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Periodic table
A table obtained by the systematic arrangement of elements into groups and periods is called
periodic table.
 It is based on periodic law.
Periodic law:
According to this law;
“Properties of elements are periodic functions (repeat in a periodic manner) of their atomic
number”
Importance of periodic table:
i. It is a useful tool for predicting and understanding the properties of element.
ii. It reduce study of properties of elements.
**Important info:
 At the end of 18th century there were only 23 elements.
 Now there are 118 elements in the modern periodic table.
 It consists of groups and periods.
 The term periodic table was given by Mendeleev, s.
 Modern periodic table arranged according to their atomic number. This arrangement
was given by H. Mosely.
Groups: The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups or family.
 According to IUPAC, there are 1-18 groups in periodic table.
 In traditional system, elements are divided into two groups.
i. Group ‘A’ elements (Normal elements).
ii. Group ‘B’ elements (Transition elements).
 The properties of elements remain same in the group.
 Elements in the same group have same number of valence electrons.
 In p-block elements number of valence electron equal to group number minus 10.
** Transition elements:
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
“d-block elements are called transition elements. Their valence electrons present in d-
subshell”.
Name of some groups:
Groups Name Charge
1 Alkali metals +1 ( Monovalent Cation)

2 Alkaline earth metals +2 ( Divalent Cations)

7A (17) Halogens -1 (Monovalent anion)

8A (18) Noble gases (Zero group or inert No charge

gases)

Periods:
The horizontal rows in the periodic table are known as periods.
 There are 7 periods in periodic table
 The properties of element vary (change) along the periods on the basis of periodic law.
Name of periods:
Period Number Name of period Number of elements
First Short 2

Second and Third Normal (short) 8

Four and Five Long 18

Six and seven Very Long 32

Blocks of element:
On the basis of completion of particular subshell, elements with similar subshell electronic
configuration is called block of elements.
There are four block of elements on the basis of subshells electronic configuration.
i. s-block element:
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Elements whose valence electrons are present in s-subshell are called s-block
elements.
Example: Group 1 and 2 elements are s-block elements.
ii. p-block element:
Elements whose valence electrons are present in p-subshell are called p-block
elements.
Example: Group 13 - 18 elements are p-block elements.
iii. d-block element:
Elements whose valence electrons are present in d-subshell are called d-block
elements.
Example: Group 3 - 12 elements are d-block elements.
iv. f- block element:
v. Elements whose valence electrons are present in f-subshell are called f-block
elements.
Example: Lanthanide and actinide series lie below the periodic table are f-block elements.
Identification of blocks:
The subshell which is in process (valance subshell) particularly represent the respective block
of that element.
Example:
Identification of block of Na
Na 11
1s22s22p63s1
Its valence subshell is “s” therefore it belong to s- block elements.
Assignment 1:
Identify the blocks of first 20 elements of periodic table.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs

Position of elements in periodic table:

Position of elements indicated by following ways
i. Group Number:
For s- block elements
It is determined from the valence shell electrons of an atom of element.
Number of valence shell electron= Group Number
Example:
11
𝑁𝑎23
1s22s22p63s1
Sodium atom has one electron in its valence shell (outer most shell). So it is present in
group one.
For p- block elements:
Group number = Valence shell electrons + 10
Example:
8
𝑂16
1s22s22p4
Group number = Valence shell electrons + 10
= 6 + 10
= 16
Oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its valence shell (outer most shell). So it is present in group
16.
ii. Period Number:
It is determine from the number of shells of an atom.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Number of shells = Period Number
Example:
i. 𝑵𝒂𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟑

1s22s22p63s1

Sodium atom has three shells. Therefore it lies in 3rd period.

ii. 𝑶𝟖𝟏𝟔
1s22s22p4
Oxygen atom has two shells. Therefore it lies in 2rd
period.
Assignment 2:
Identify the position of first 20 elements of periodic table.
Charge on an ion:
An ion is formed by the loss or gain of valence electrons of an atom.
 Group number provide the information about the charge of an ion.
*An atom lose or gain the valence shell electrons to become stable and want to get electronic
configuration of nearest noble gas.
Stable elements:
Those elements whose valence shell is complete having two or eight electrons are called
stable elements.
e.g. Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, etc.)
Cations: They have positive charge on them and formed by the loss of valence electrons.
 Elements having three or less than three valence electrons, they lose the electron.
 Group 1, 2 & 3 elements get +1, +2 & +3 respectively.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Anions: They have negative charge on them and formed by the gain of valence electrons.
 Elements having 5 or greater than 5 valence electrons, they gain the electron.
 Group 15(VA), 16(VI) and 17(VII) elements get -3,-2 & -1 respectively.
Formation of ions: Ions are formed by the loss or gain of valence electrons.
Practice Examples:
i. Formation of Na+ ion:
𝑵𝒂𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟑

1s22s22p63s1

Na+
1s22s22p6
Sodium atom belong to group number 1. It has one electron in its valence shell. It lose
its valence electron to become stable and form Na+ ion.
Na ----------- Na+ + 1e-
Formation of O-2 ion:
𝑶𝟖𝟏𝟔
1s22s22p4

O-2
1s22s22p6
Oxygen atom belong to group number 16(VIA). It has six electrons in its valence shell. It
gain two into its valence shell to become stable and form O-2 ion.
O + 2e- ----------- O-2
** Assignment No. 3:
Write formation of ions from 1-20 elements
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Periodicity:
“Repetition of properties of element in periodic manner is known as periodicity”
Shielding effect:
“Decrease in force of attraction between nucleus and valence shell electrons due to
intermediate shell electrons is called shielding effect”
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff):
“An atom feel less nucleus charge than its actual charge is called effective nuclear charge or
Zeff”
Trend of shielding effect:
In groups:
In groups shielding effect increases from top to bottom.
Because;
 Number of shell increases
 Number of electrons in inner shell increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electron decrease
 It makes Cation formation easy.
In period:
In periods shielding effect remain same from left to right.
Because;
 Number of shells remain same
 Number of electrons in inner shell remain same
 Nuclear attraction on valence electron remain same
** Which element has higher shielding effect and why? Be or Mg.
Atomic size (Atomic radius):
“Distance from nucleus to the outer most shell of an atom”
OR
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
“Half of the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms is called atomic
radius”
It is measured in Pico meter (pm). 1pm = 1x10-12m.

Trend of atomic radius:

In groups:
Atomic radius increase from top to bottom in groups.
Because;
 Number of shell increase
 Shielding effect increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electron decrease
In period:
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Atomic radius decrease from left to right in periods.
Because;
 Number of shells remain same
 Shielding effect remain same
 Nuclear charge increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electron increase
** Which element has higher atomic size and why? Be or Mg.
Ionization energy:
“Minimum amount of energy which is required to remove the valence electrons from an
isolated gaseous atom”
Na-------------------- Na+ + 1e- ∆H = + 496kj/mol
Unit: it is measured in kj/mol.
Second ionization energy:
“Minimum amount of energy which is required to remove the second electron from valence
shell of ionized gaseous atom”
Mg ----------------- Mg+ + 1e- ∆H = + 737.5kj/mol
Mg+ ---------------- Mg+2 + 1e- ∆H = + 1450kj/mol
Second ionization energy is greater than first ionization energy. Why?
Second ionization energy is greater than first ionization energy because when first electron is
removed from the valence shell of isolated gaseous atom then nuclear attraction on remaining
electrons become strong. So the removal of 2nd electron become difficult and more energy is
required to remove it.
Mg ----------------- Mg+ + 1e- ∆H = + 737.5kj/mol
Mg+ ---------------- Mg+2 + 1e- ∆H = + 1450kj/mol
Factors affecting ionization energy:
 Number of shells
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
 Size of atom
 Shielding effect
 Nuclear charge
 Nuclear force attraction
Trend of ionization energy:
In groups:
Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups.
Because;
 Number of shells increases
 Shielding effect increases
 Atomic size increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decrease
Therefore less energy is required to remove the valence electrons in groups.
In period:
Ionization energy increases from left to right in periods.
Because;
 Number of shells remain same
 Shielding effect remain same
 Atomic size decrease
 Nuclear charge increases
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons increase
Therefore more energy is required to remove the valence electrons in periods.
** Which element has higher ionization energy and why? Be or Mg.
Electron affinity:
“Minimum amount of energy which is released to add the electrons in the valence shell of an
isolated gaseous atom”

F + + 1e- -------------------- F- ∆H = -328kj/mol

 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Unit: it is measured in kj/mol.
Factors affecting electron affinity:
 Number of shells
 Size of atom
 Shielding effect
 Nuclear charge
 Nuclear force attraction.
Trend of electron affinity:
In groups:
Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom in groups.
Because;
 Number of shells increases
 Shielding effect increases
 Atomic size increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decrease
Therefore less energy is released to add the valence electrons in groups.
In period:
Electron affinity increases from left to right in periods.
Because;
 Number of shells remain same
 Shielding effect remain same
 Atomic size decrease
 Nuclear charge increases
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons increase
Therefore more energy is released to add the electrons in valence in periods.
Electronegativity:
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
“Ability of an atom to attract the shared pair electron toward (bonded electrons) itself is called
electronegativity”
 The fluorine atom has highest electronegativity, which is four.
 The scale of electronegativity was given by Linus Pauling.
General trend of electronegativity:
In group:
Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in groups.
In period:
Electronegativity increases from left to right in period.
Metallic character (Electropositivity or electropositive character):
Ability of the metal to lose the electrons and form positive ion is called metallic character.
 By Electropositivity we can determine that how an element can be easily lose the
electron and form positive ion.
Trend of Electropositivity:
In group:
Metallic character increases from top to bottom in groups.
Because,
 Number of shells increase
 Shielding effect increases
 Atomic size increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decrease
Therefore electron can easily be lose from valence shell and form cations.
In periods:
Metallic character decreases from left to right in periods.
Because,
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
 Number of shells remain same
 Shielding effect same
 Atomic size same
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons increase
Therefore electron cannot easily be lose from valence shell and form Cations.
** Which element has more metallic character and why? Na or Mg.
** Which element has less metallic character and why? Na or K.
Reactivity:
Capability of one element to react with other element to form new compound is called
reactivity.
Dependence:
It depends upon the ease of loss or gain of electrons.
Trend:
In groups:
It increase from top to bottom in groups.
Because,
 Number of shells remain increase
 Shielding effect increase
 Atomic size increase
 Nuclear attraction on valence electrons decrease
Therefore electron can easily be lose from valence shell and become more reactive.
In periods:
It vary (Change) from left to right in periods
 Elements on left side of a period are highly reactive due to strong tendency to lose the
electron and form positive ions.
 Elements on right side of a period are highly reactive due to strong tendency to gain the
electron and form negative ions.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Density:
Mass per unit volume is called density.
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Trend:
In groups:
Density of element increases from top to bottom in groups because increase in atomic mass is
more than increases size of atom.
In periods:
Density vary across the periods.
It increases from left to right and reach maximum up to middle and then start decrease.
Characteristic properties of alkali metals:
 They are very reactive metals.
 They are soft metals and have low density due to which can be easily cut with knife.
 They are excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
 They have low melting point.
 They react with water and form alkali’s and hydrogen gas.
Transition elements:
The elements present in d-block in the periodic table are called transition elements.
 They lie in groups from 3 to 12.
 These all are metals.
Properties of transition elements:
 They have high density due to their higher atomic masses.
 They have high melting points due to their strong metallic bonding.
 They show variable oxidation state due to their different electrons in d-subshell.
 They show colored compounds. E.g. copper compounds show blue or green color.
 They are used as catalyst in various industries.
E.g.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
i. Iron used in the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia.
ii. Pt is used as catalyst in contact process for synthesis of Sulphuric acid.
iii. Ni is used as catalyst for the manufacturing of ghee.
Lanthanides and actinides:
Lanthanides:
 These are known as rare earth elements.
 This series contain 14 elements.
 It is located at the bottom of periodic table.
 This include the elements with atomic number from 57 to 71.
Actinides:
 This series contain 14 elements.
 It is located below the lanthanide series at the bottom of periodic table.
 This include the elements with atomic number from 89 to 103.
Halogens:
Group 17(VIIA) elements are called halogens.
 The word halogen is derived from Greek word “halous” which mean salt and “Gen”
means former.
 Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2np5
 They need only one electron to become stable and get -1 charge.
 They all exist in diatomic form.
 Density of halogens increase down the group.
Name of Halogens Physical states Density(g/cm3)
Fluorine Gas 0.0017
Chlorine Gas 0.0032
Bromine Liquid 3.1028
Iodine solid 4.933

Name of Halogens:
Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2) and astatine (At)
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Reactivity of Halogens:
It is directly related to the ability of halogens to gain the electrons and formed halides.
** Their name in ion form end with ide. Change “ine” into “ide”.
The electronegativity of halogen is directly proportional to the reactivity and oxidizing power
of halogens.
As we move down the group electronegativity of halogens decrease, therefore there reactivity
and oxidizing power decrease.
F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
Displacement reaction of halogens:
The free halogen which has high oxidizing power can oxidize or displace the ion of halogen
which has low oxidizing power from their aqueous solution.
Example:
F2 + 2KCl -------- 2KF + Cl2
Cl2 + 2KF -------- No reaction
Do practice same like that.
Hydrogen halides and their thermal stability:
When halogens react with hydrogen they form hydrogen halides.
H2 + X2 --------- 2HX X= F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
The strength of bond between hydrogen halides depend upon the difference of
electronegativity. Greater the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms stronger
will be the bond and vice versa. The electronegativity difference of hydrogen halides decrease
down the group. So the thermal stability order of hydrogen halides is given below.
HF> HCl > HBr > HI
** Assignment No. 4:
Write at least 10 displacement reaction of halogen.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
Noble gases:
Group 18 (VIIA) elements are called noble gases.
 They are known as inert gases are zero group.
 They are stable elements because their outermost shell is complete and they do not lose
or gain the electrons. Therefore they are least reactive elements.
 Their valence electronic configuration is ns2np6 other than helium whose electronic
configuration is 1s2.
 They are colorless, odourless monoatomic gases.
 Their names are; Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and
Redon (Rn) and ogenesson (Og).
Applications:
i. They are used in lightening appliances.
ii. They are used in refrigeration system.
iii. They are used in in welding.
iv. They are used in filling gas exhaust line.
v. They are used as shielding gas in many industries.
** Assignment No. 4:
Write electronic configuration of noble gases..
Compare properties of metals and non-metals:
Metals Non- metals
i. They conduct heat. i. They do not conduct heat.
ii. They are good conductor of electricity ii. They are bad conductor of electricity due
due to free electrons. to no free electrons.

iii. They are malleable and ductile. iii. They are not malleable and ductile.
iv. They have high melting and boiling point iv. They have low melting and boiling point
due to strong metallic bonding. due to non-metallic bonding.
 FG Fazaia Public School Jinnah Camp Rawalpindi
Ch.4 Chemistry Class 9
Important SLOs
*** Note: Solve exercise from notes.

ASS.P. M. Hasnain
MS Chemistry (CUI)
03357032992