Stastical Methods
Collecting and sorting data
A Venn diagram is a diagram that helps us visualize the logical relationship
between sets and their elements and helps us solve examples based on these sets.
A Venn diagram typically uses intersecting and non-intersecting circles (although
other closed figures like squares may be used) to denote the relationship between
sets.
Venn Diagram Example
Let us observe a Venn diagram example. Here is the Venn diagram that shows the
correlation between the following set of numbers.
One set contains even numbers from 1 to 25 and the other set contains the
numbers in the 5x table from 1 to 25.
The intersecting part shows that 10 and 20 are both even numbers and
also multiples of 5 between 1 to 25.
Example: Let us draw a Venn diagram to show categories of outdoor and indoor
for the following pets: Parrots, Hamsters, Cats, Rabbits, Fish, Goats, Tortoises,
Horses.
Step 1: Categorize all the items into sets (Here, its pets): Indoor pets: Cats,
Hamsters, and, Parrots. Outdoor pets: Horses, Tortoises, and Goats. Both
categories (outdoor and indoor): Rabbits and Fish.
Step 2: Draw a rectangle
and label it as per the
correlation between the
two sets. Here, let's label
the rectangle as Pets.
Step 3: Draw the circles
according to the number of
categories you have. There
are two categories in the
sample question: outdoor
pets and indoor pets. So, let
us draw two circles and
make sure the circles
overlap.
Step 4: Place all the pets in the relevant circles. If there are certain pets that
fit both the categories, then
place them at
the intersection of sets,
where the circles overlap.
Rabbits and fish can be kept as
indoor and outdoor pets, and
hence they are placed at the
intersection of both circles.
Step 5: If there is a pet that
doesn't fit either the indoor or
outdoor sets, then place it
within the rectangle but
outside the circles.
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Collecting and comparing information
The collection of observations and facts is known a data. These observations and
facts can be in the form of numbers, measurements, or statements. There are two
different kinds of data i.e. Qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data
is when the data is descriptive or categorical and quantitative data is when the
data is numerical information. Once we know the data collection methods, we aim
at representing the collected data in different forms of graphs such as a bar graph,
line graph, pie chart, stem and leaf plots, scatter plot, and so on.
A group of data represented with
The pie chart is a type of graph rectangular bars with lengths
in which a circle is divided into proportional to the values is a bar
Sectors where each sector graph.
represents a proportion of the
whole. The bars can either be vertically
or horizontally plotted.
The line graph represents the
data in a form of series that is
connected with a straight line.
Data shown in the form of
These series are called
pictures is a pictograph.
markers.
Pictorial symbols for words,
objects, or phrases can be
The frequency distribution table in
statistics showcases the data in
ascending order along with their
corresponding frequencies.
The frequency of the data is often
represented by f.
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