Periodic Table Overview for Class 11
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ankursingh082011Periodic Table Overview for Class 11
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ankursingh082011Chapter 3: Classification of Elements and
Periodicity in Properties (Class 11
Chemistry)
🔹 Short Introduction
This chapter focuses on how elements are organized based on their properties to form the Periodic
Table. The classification helps in predicting the properties of elements and their compounds. It traces
the evolution from Dobereiner’s triads to the Modern Periodic Law.
🔹 Key Points
1. Need for Classification – Due to increasing number of elements.
2. Early Attempts:
o Dobereiner’s Triads
o Newlands’ Law of Octaves
o Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
3. Modern Periodic Law – Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
numbers.
4. Modern Periodic Table – Based on atomic number, 18 groups and 7 periods.
5. Periodic Trends:
o Atomic radius
o Ionic radius
o Ionization enthalpy
o Electron gain enthalpy
o Electronegativity
6. Valency and Oxidation States – Periodicity based on electronic configuration.
7. Anomalous properties of second-period elements.
🔹 Key Definitions
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.
Modern Periodic Law Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
Atomic Radius Distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell.
Ionization Enthalpy Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.
Electron Gain Enthalpy Energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom.
Electronegativity Tendency of an atom to attract shared electrons.
🔹 Relevance in Daily Life
Periodic trends help in material selection for batteries, semiconductors, catalysts.
Metals like Sodium and Calcium are used in medicines and food processing based on their
properties.
Halogens are used in disinfectants due to high reactivity.
Noble gases used in lighting and welding, owing to their inert nature.
1. Why is Mendeleev’s periodic table better than Newlands’ Law of Octaves?
Ans: Mendeleev’s table left gaps for undiscovered elements and predicted their properties.
Newlands’ law worked only till calcium and did not leave space for new elements.
2. Why are noble gases placed in Group 18?
Ans: Noble gases are chemically inert and have a stable octet configuration. They do not react easily,
so they are placed in a separate group.
3. What is the reason for the periodicity of elements?
Ans: Periodicity is due to the repetition of similar electronic configurations in the outer shells of
elements at regular intervals.
4. Which has higher ionization enthalpy: N or O? Why?
Ans: Nitrogen has higher ionization enthalpy than oxygen due to its half-filled stable p-orbital
configuration.
5. Define atomic radius and explain its trend.
Ans: Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron.
Across a period: decreases due to increased nuclear charge.
Down a group: increases due to added shells.
6. Why is fluorine more electronegative than chlorine?
Ans: Fluorine is smaller in size and has a higher nuclear charge, thus it attracts bonding electrons
more strongly.