Understanding Natural Science Forces
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ankursingh082011Understanding Natural Science Forces
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Introduction:
Science means organised knowledge.
It is human nature to observe things and happenings around in
nature and then relate them.
The knowledge is organised so that it becomes well-connected
and logical — this is known as science.
Science is a systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena
and use this knowledge to predict, modify, and control
phenomena.
Natural Science:
Natural science can be broadly classified into three parts:
→ Physics, Chemistry, Biology
Physics:
Physics is the study of basic laws of nature and their
manifestations.
Principal Thrust in Physics:
Unification
Reduction
Fundamental Forces of Nature:
1. Gravitational Force
2. Electrostatic Force / Electromagnetic Force
3. Strong Nuclear Force
4. Weak Nuclear Force
Four Fundamental Forces of Nature
1. Electromagnetic Force
It acts on charged particles.
Can be attractive or repulsive.
Caused by stationary or moving charges (includes electric and
magnetic effects).
Range: Infinite.
Strength:
o About 10³⁶ times stronger than gravitational force.
o About 100 times weaker than the strong nuclear force.
2. Gravitational Force
It acts due to the mass of two bodies.
It is always attractive.
Operates between all objects in the universe.
Range: Infinite.
Strength:
o It is the weakest force.
o About 10⁻³⁸ times weaker than the strong nuclear force.
3. Strong Nuclear Force
Operates between nucleons (protons and neutrons) inside the nucleus.
Can be attractive or repulsive at very short ranges.
Range: Very short (~1 femtometre = 10−15m10^{-15} m).
Strength:
o It is the strongest force in nature.
4. Weak Nuclear Force
Operates within the nucleus on elementary particles like electrons and
neutrinos.
Responsible for radioactive beta (β) decay.
Range: Very short (~10−18m10^{-18} m), shorter than strong nuclear
force.
Strength: Weaker than both strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces.
Conservation Laws
The quantity in physics almost does not change. We say it is constant or
conserved.
In classical physics, we often deal with the following conservation laws:
1. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum
2. Law of Conservation of Energy
3. Law of Conservation of Mass
4. Law of Conservation of Charge
5. Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
⭐ Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum:
In the absence of an external force, the linear momentum of the system remains
unchanged.
Example:
When a gun is fired, the force on the bullet inside the gun barrel is equal and
opposite to the force on the gun.
⭐ Law of Conservation of Energy:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from one form into
another, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
Example:
The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is converted into radiation
(radiant energy).
⭐ Law of Conservation of Mass:
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in ordinary physical or chemical changes.
Example:
In chemical changes:
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
C + O₂ → CO₂
12 + 2×16 = 32 → 12 + 32 = 44
Mass is conserved: 44 = 44
⭐ Law of Conservation of Charge:
Charge can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be transferred from one
body to another.
Example:
When a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk cloth, the glass rod becomes
(+ve) and the silk cloth becomes (–ve).
⭐ Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum:
If the external torque acting on a system is zero, the angular momentum of the
system remains constant.
Formula:
Angular Momentum (L) = Moment of Inertia (I) × Angular Speed (ω)
Example:
Planets revolving around the sun in elliptical orbits maintain their orbital plane
and angular momentum in that plane.