SORSOGON COLLEGE OF

CRIMINOLOGY, INC.
3928 Rizal St., Piot, Sorsogon City
1st Semester S.Y. 2020-2021

Charact
er
Formati
Leade on 2
rship,
Decis
ion-
Maki
ng,
Mana
MODULE1
geme
nt and
Admi
nistra
Instructor:
Mobile Number:
F/INSP TOMAS D DIO (Ret)
0946-063-6774
Facebook Name/Account:
tion
Tomas Dio
Gmail Account: diotomas29@[Link]
 Lesson 1

TOPICS

1. Definition of Leadership
2. Definition of Leader
3. Theories of Leadership
4. Leadership Principles

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Define leadership and leader.
2. Understand and describe the theories of leadership.
3. Apply the leadership principles.

PRE-TEST

When you hear or read the word “Leadership”

what enters to your mind?
Give at least six (6) words which define or LEADERSHIP
describe leadership. Use semantic web.

DISCUSSION

What is Leadership?

 It is a group dynamic, and leadership involves the exercise of influence.

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  It is the process of influencing organizational members to use their energies willingly and
appropriately to facilitate the achievement of the police department’s goal.

Who is a Leader?

 Generally given the authority to influence individually and group behavior.

 Someone who can see how things can be improved and who rallies people to move toward
that better vision.

A leader can work toward making their vision a reality while putting people first. Just being
able to motivate people isn’t enough — leaders need to be empathetic and connect with
people to be successful. Leaders don’t have to come from the same background or follow the
same path. Leaders. Future leaders will actually be more diverse, which brings a variety of
perspectives.

Theories of Leadership

Leadership theory studies the qualities of good leaders. Psychologists analyze and develop leadership theory,
and researchers try to discover the common qualities or behavioral patterns of excellent leaders. Some of the
leadership aspects they consider include:

 Personality traits
 Actions
 Environment
 Situation
 Decision-making process
 How input is received
 How relationships are maintained

The leadership theories are:

The Great Man Theory

The great man theory of leadership states that excellent leaders are born, not developed. A popular concept in
the 19th century, this theory states that leadership is an inherent quality. This type of leader often possesses
the natural attributes of intelligence, courage, confidence, intuition and charm, among others.

The Trait Theory

The trait theory of leadership states that certain natural qualities tend to create good leaders. Having certain
qualities does not necessarily mean someone has strong leadership skills, however. Some leaders may be
excellent listeners or communicators, but not every listener or communicator makes an excellent leader.

The Behavioral Theory

The behavioral theory of leadership focuses on how a person’s environment, not natural abilities, forms him or
her into a leader. One of the key concepts of behavioural theory is conditioning. Conditioning states that a
person will be more likely to act or lead in a certain style as a result of environmental responses to behaviour.

The Contingency Theory

The contingency theory of leadership supposes that a leader’s effectiveness is contingent on whether or not their
leadership style suits a particular situation. According to this theory, an individual can be an effective leader in one
circumstance and an ineffective leader in another one.

The Transactional Theory or Management Theory

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The transactional theory of leadership, also called the management theory, studies leadership as a system of
rewards and penalties. It views effective leadership as results-focused and hierarchical. Transactional leaders
prioritize order and structure over creativity.

The Transformational Theory or Relationship Theory

The transformational theory of leadership, also called the relationship theory, studies effective leadership as
the result of a positive relationship between leaders and team members. Transformational leaders motivate
and inspire through their enthusiasm and passion. They are a model for their teams, and they hold themselves
to the same standard they expect of others.

The Situational Theory

The situational theory of leadership does not relate to a certain type of leader or claim that any one style is
best. Instead, situational theory argues that the best kind of leader is one who is able to adapt her style based
on the situation. They may respond to a situation by commanding, coaching, persuading, participating,
delegating or however they think is necessary. Situational leaders are defined by their flexibility.

Leadership Principles

 Be technically and tactically proficient

 Know yourself and seek self-improvement
 Keep your men informed
 Set example
 Ensure that the task is understood, supervised, and accomplished
 Train your men as a team.
 Make sound and timely decisions
 Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates
 Employ your command in accordance with its capabilities
 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions

ACTIVITY

1. In your own words, what is leadership?

Who is a leader?
2. Explain the theories of leadership and
give a situational example.
3. If you are the Chief of Police (COP), how
do you will apply the leadership principles
in your command?

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 Lesson 2

TOPICS

1. Ethics in Leadership
2. Types of Leadership
3. Leadership Styles

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Comprehend and apply the ethics in leadership

2. Distinguish the types and styles of leadership.

PRE-TEST

Give your own interpretation on the picture given.

DISCUSSION

Ethics in Leadership

1. Justice

An ethical leader is always fair and just. They have no favorites, and treat everyone equally. Under an ethical
leader, no employee has any reason to fear biased treatment on the basis of gender, ethnicity, nationality, or
any other factor.

2. Respect Others

One of the most important traits of ethical leadership is the respect that is given to followers. An ethical leader
shows respect all members of the team by listening to them attentively, valuing their contributions, being
compassionate, and being generous while considering opposing viewpoints.

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3. Honesty

It goes without saying that anyone who is ethical will also be honest and loyal. Honesty is particularly important
to be an effective ethical leader, because followers trust honest and dependable leaders. Ethical leaders
convey facts transparently, no matter how unpopular they may be.

4. Humane

Being humane is one of the most revealing traits of a leader who is ethical and moral. Ethical leaders place
importance in being kind, and act in a manner that is always beneficial to the team.

5. Focus on Teambuilding

Ethical leaders foster a sense of community and team spirit within the organization. When an ethical leader
strives to achieve goals, it is not just personal goals that they’re concerned about. They make genuine efforts
to achieve goals that benefit the entire organization – not just themselves.

6. Value Driven Decision-Making

In ethical leadership, all decisions are first checked to ensure that they are in accordance with the overall
organizational values. Only those decisions that meet this criterion are implemented.

7. Encourages Initiative

Under an ethical leader, employees thrive and flourish. Employees are rewarded for coming up with innovative
ideas, and are encouraged to do what it takes to improve the way things are done. Employees are praised for
taking the first step rather than waiting for somebody else to do it for them.

8. Leadership by Example

Ethical leadership is not just about talking the talk, this type of leader also walks the walk. The high
expectations that an ethical leader has of employees are also applicable on the individual level. Leaders
expect others to do the right thing by leading from example.

9. Values Awareness

An ethical leader will regularly discuss the high values and expectations that they place on themselves, other
employees, and the organization. By regularly communicating and discussing values, they ensure that there is
consistent understanding across the organization.

10. No Tolerance for Ethical Violations

An ethical leader expects employees to do the right thing at all times, not just when it is convenient for them.
Don’t expect a leader of such high values to overlook or tolerate ethical violations.

Types of Leadership

At first glance, we may think that some leadership styles are better than others. The truth is that each
leadership style has its place in a leader's toolkit. The wise leader knows to flex from one style to another as
the situation demands.

Leadership styles are on a continuum, ranging from autocratic at one end, to laissez-faire at the other, with a
variety of styles in between.

1. Autocratic Leadership- the superior assumes full responsibility for all action and seeks
obedience from the group in the following out of orders. He determines all policy, and
considers decision-making to be one-man operation he being the man.

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 2. Democratic Leadership- the supervisor draws ideas and suggestions from his group by
means of discussion and consultation; the staff is encouraged to take part in making
decisions on policy, methods and goals. A leader who is group oriented and promotes the
active participation of subordinates in planning and executing tasks.
3. Free-rein Leadership- the supervisor is more or less an information booth. He plays
down his role in the group’s activities; he is on hand mainly to provide materials and
information, together with a minimum control. A leader who takes a “hands-off” passive
approach in dealing with subordinates.

Styles of Leadership

Why you should identify your leadership style?

Considering your thoughts about and practices of leadership can help you identify your areas of strength and
weakness and take action to become a better leader. Try to think about what qualities you possess and what
qualities you could develop. Ask yourself what leadership theory you agree with or would like to follow. By
evaluating your own skills, you can understand how to better lead your group.

Leadership style is the way a leader approaches managing team members. Leadership styles were formally
developed as a result of studies on leadership theory, and each style includes distinct qualities.
Common leadership styles include:

 Coach: Recognizes strengths and weaknesses, helps people set goals and provides a lot of feedback.
 Visionary: Manages through inspiration and confidence.
 Servant: Focuses on helping team members feel fulfilled.
 Autocratic or authoritarian: Makes decisions with little or no input from others.
 Laissez-faire or hands-off: Delegates tasks and provides little supervision.
 Democratic: Considers the opinions of others before making a decision.
 Pacesetter: Sets high standards and focuses on performance.
 Bureaucratic: Follows a strict hierarchy and expects team members to follow procedure.

1. Autocratic Style
The phrase most illustrative of an autocratic leadership style is "Do as I say." Generally, an autocratic leader
believes that he or she is the smartest person at the table and knows more than others. They make all the
decisions with little input from team members.

2. Authoritative Style
The phrase most indicative of this style of leadership (also known as "visionary") is "Follow me." The
authoritative leadership style is the mark of confident leaders who map the way and set expectations, while
engaging and energizing followers along the way.

3. Pacesetting Style
"Do as I do!" is the phrase most indicative of leaders who utilize the pacesetting style. This style describes a
very driven leader who sets the pace as in racing. Pacesetters set the bar high and push their team members
to run hard and fast to the finish line.

4. Democratic Style
Democratic leaders are more likely to ask "What do you think?" They share information with employees about
anything that affects their work responsibilities. They also seek employees' opinions before approving a final
decision.

5. Coaching Style

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When you having a coaching leadership style, you tend to have a "Consider this" approach. A leader who
coaches views people as a reservoir of talent to be developed. The leader who uses a coach approach seeks
to unlock people's potential.

6. Affiliative Style
A phrase often used to describe this type of leadership is "People come first." Of all the leadership styles, the
affiliative leadership approach is one where the leader gets up close and personal with people. A leader
practicing this style pays attention to and supports the emotional needs of team members. The leader strives to
open up a pipeline that connects him or her to the team.

7. Laissez-Faire Style
The laissez-faire leadership style is at the opposite end of the autocratic style. Of all the leadership styles, this
one involves the least amount of oversight. You could say that the autocratic style leader stands as firm as a
rock on issues, while the laissez-faire leader lets people swim with the current.

There is no best method of leadership; there are certain factors that should be considered in
choosing the most effective type of leadership. Thus, a group which is aggressive and hostile
may need, a firm-hand, autocratic type of leadership.

How to Choose Leadership Styles?

Knowing which of the leadership styles works best for you is part of being a good leader. Developing a
signature style with the ability to stretch into other styles as the situation warrants may help enhance your
leadership effectiveness.

1. Know yourself.
Start by raising your awareness of your dominant leadership style. You can do this by asking trusted
colleagues to describe the strengths of your leadership style. You can also take a leadership style assessment.

2. Understand the different styles.

Get familiar with the repertoire of leadership styles that can work best for a given situation. What new skills do
you need to develop?

3. Practice makes a leader.

Be genuine with any approach you use. Moving from a dominant leadership style to a different one may be
challenging at first. Practice the new behaviours until they become natural. In other words, don't use a different
leadership style as a "point-and-click" approach. People can smell a fake leadership style a mile away—
authenticity rules.

4. Develop your leadership agility.

Traditional leadership styles are still relevant in today's workplace, but they may need to be combined with new
approaches in line with how leadership is defined for the 21st century.

Search and read article about leadership. Give

ACTIVITY your reaction by using the guide questions below:
1. Are the ethics properly observed? How do
you say so?
2. What are the leadership types and styles
applied? Is it effective? Why?
3. What are the insights have you learned
from it that will help you to become a 8
good leader in the future?
 Lesson 3

TOPICS

1. Leadership Traits
2. Characteristics and Qualities of a Leader
3. Role of Leaders

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Apply leadership traits.
2. Describe the characteristics and qualities of a leader.
3. Recognize the role of leaders.

PRE-TEST

Give your reaction on the picture given.

DISCUSSION

Leadership Traits

In essence, supervisor and leader are responsible for the output of others; that work is
accomplished mainly through efforts of the people supervised; that as supervisor, we must WIN
and RESPECT the liking of our people if we hope to get them to work WILLINGLY.
Winning the respect and liking of the people supervised depends chiefly upon the
CHARACTER of the supervisor himself and the LEADERSHIP exercised. Appointment to a
supervisor position does not in itself guarantee that a man will automatically become accepted
as a leader, BECAUSE LEADERSHIP MUST BE EARNED.

1. Loyalty- one of the most essential factors of leadership.

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  Many experienced administrators and supervisors say that “they would rather have a loyal
man who is not such excellent officer than a disloyal man who is an excellent policeman
otherwise.”
2. Positive Thinking- real leaders will always be positive thinkers. They think in terms of
how things can be done, not why they can’t. They maintain an Open Mind to changes, new
ideas, training opportunities. They look to the future with confidence and this confidence is
catching.
3. Genuine interest and liking for people - this can be found to a supervisor who is mild
mannered, humble and friendly. He made you feel important too, by his warm welcome,
his close attention to your words, his interest in what you were doing, his question asking
for your opinions. They are approachable. They take time to see and hear their
subordinates.
4. Initiative- an evidence of open and alert mind. The man with initiative continually looks
for better ways to do things. He doesn’t wait for the other fellow to do them.
5. Decisiveness- a good decisions can be arrived at with an understanding of what is
important and unimportant in a particular situation that is in question, what is reasonable
and in consideration of the best interest of the organization.
6. Tact and courtesy-real leaders are habitually tactful and courteous. Whether on the
street or office, supervisors can be gentlemen.
7. Sincerity and integrity- it is the greatest force in the world. It shines in the eye and
lends strength to the voice, so that when two people meeting for the first time may judge
each other fairly. One can get along with another man who is sincere no matter whether
he is right or wrong, because you know where he stands.
8. Unobtrusive aggressiveness- leaders must have the drive and will-power to do things.
They also must have a hunger to be somebody, a will to get ahead.
9. Humbleness (without weakness)- real leaders realize that others can do things just as
well or better than they; that others are as intelligent, or more intelligent than they.
[Link] self-confidence- good supervisors have a quiet confidence, not an arrogant, or
cocky confidence, based on a thorough knowledge of the job and belief in their own ability.
Confidence begets confidence. The mousy, hesitant supervisor who lacks confidence in
himself cannot inspire confidence in his people.
[Link] ability- a great part of the supervisor’s job consists of instructing his men in
one way or another. Even the giving of orders, is a form of instruction. Every supervisor
should learn and practice the art of public speaking, the techniques of conference
leadership, and the principles of on-the-job instruction.
[Link] responsibility- the real leader is business-like, but he looks things in a friendly
fashion. A ready smile, a friendly approach, will open doors like a magic.

Characteristics and Qualities of a Leader

“Leadership is influence” - Maxwell

There are many different kinds of leaders, therefore there are no ‘set’ qualities that have to be present in all
leaders. Rather an effective leader draws from a range of personal qualities to help them deal with different
circumstances and challenges.
Part of growing strong as a leader is through expanding our personal qualities. When we are not strong in a
particular quality it is also wise to seek the contributions of others who are strong in that quality. This asks for
a complementary team. The well-organized person can help to complement the creative person, and the
person with the sense of humor can complement the serious-minded person.

 Courage: Does not hide from challenging or scary situations; speaks up for what is right even if there is
opposition.
 Creativity: Thinks of many different ways to solve challenges.
 Loyalty: Stays true to friends and family or team members through difficult times.
 Honesty: Speaks truthfully; acts sincerely; takes responsibility for own feelings and actions.
 Self-regulation: Controls emotions and sticks to decisions; is disciplined.
 Forgiveness: Accepts shortcomings of others without anger; gives people a second chance.
 Compassion: Thinks of how others are feeling.
 Intelligence: Learns quickly and thinks of good solutions; has a love of learning.
 Determination: Focuses on goals and works hard to achieve them.
 Enthusiasm: Has lots of energy and excitement for life.
 Humor: Sees the lighter side of life and helps people laugh.
 Fairness: Treats people fairly and advocates for their rights; doesn’t let personal feelings bias
decisions.
 Generosity: Gives freely of time and possessions; demonstrates kindness.
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 Role of Leaders

Most leaders aren’t ready when they step into a leadership role, so if you are feeling out of sorts, don’t worry
just yet. Everything takes time. Instead of worrying that you will never get up to speed, focus your energy on
improving.

Here are the 10 roles every leader must fill (even the new ones) that are most important to the success of
the team and organization as a whole.

1. Coach. As a leader you have a responsibility and need to develop others to succeed in their roles and
prepare for future roles.
2. Facilitator. You need to make things easier for others. While we might think of this most often in a
meeting or group situation, there are many times when you will serve as facilitator to help processes flow
better and boost productivity.
3. Strategist. This role isn’t just for the highest-level leaders in an organization. All leaders must think
strategically, keep the big picture in mind, and plot what directions and approaches the team should use
to reach the desired results.
4. Visionary. Related to strategy, leaders must have a picture of where they are heading and why that
destination matters to the organization, their team and themselves.
5. Change agent. With strategy and vision comes the ever-present need for change. As a leader, you must
guide and champion the changes that you envision and the ones that have been entrusted to you from
up the ladder.
6. Decision-maker. You want others to engage and offer their feedback. However, as a leader, you will
need to be decisive and make the hard choices. You can’t be afraid to make a decision, even when you
are working with less-than-perfect information or you must make one that will be unpopular.
7. Influencer. Call it mediation or negation or even arbitration, but this role is really about influence. As a
leader, you must constantly be influencing others in a positive way.
8. Team player. You can’t always take the lead. You need to be a teammate, too, and that means
understanding when to step out of your leadership role and let others take the lead.
9. Delegator. You can’t do it all. The best leaders delegate both willingly and strategically to ensure
everything is done and to train their employees to take on bigger roles in the organization.
10. Listener. Leaders often think they need to be doing all the talking, but that is a mistake. In fact, the best
leaders talk less, and ask, listen, and observe more. Make sure you really listen to the people you lead.

Now ask yourself:

 Which roles am I most confident filling?

 Which roles do I need to fill more often or more comfortably?
 What steps will I take to become stronger at filling those roles?

There are 10 must-have attributes that managers (and followers) must possess in order to become
highly effective leaders within their organizations.

1. Active Listening
To become an active listener, one must first understand the attributes of active listening:
a. Seek to understand before seeking to be understood.
b. Be non-judgmental.
c. Give your undivided attention to the speaker.
d. Use silence effectively.

2. Education
Education is an element of leadership development that is ongoing, regardless of one’s skill as a leader. The
list of training development options includes college degrees and certificates, virtual and on-site workshops
and seminars, and self-education, among others—educational development opportunities are limitless.

3. Attention to Detail
Having a broad conceptual knowledge of the agency is, of course, important, but a strong leader is also aware
of the details, such as knowing which personnel are best at what types of assignments. Law enforcement
executives need to master this skill in order to build crucial relationships within the agency and community; to
enhance the performance of the agency; and to build legitimacy and, thus, buy-in from the officers and the
community.
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 4. Directions
Directions provided to a subordinate are only as good as the method and manner in which they were given. An
outstanding leader gives clear and consistent instructions. To do this, the leader has to understand the
audience for his or her directives and needs to ensure that the message is received correctly. Often, it is
effective to put directions in email or other written form, allowing the opportunity to review the document in roll-
call or small settings, checking for understanding and answering questions to ensure the tasks are completed
with minimal errors. This manner may seem redundant but people interpret information differently. Removing
distractions and providing the information in the best possible environment will help the police executive ensure
that the communications are received and understood. Remember, an excellent leader has to communicate
effectively in order to be understood.

5. Evolution
The ability to evolve and adapt can turn a good leader into a high achieving leader with a loyal following. Once
commanders feel secure in the way they have always conducted their business of directing, controlling,
budgeting, inspiring, motivating, and so forth, it’s a sign that it might be time to reinvent (or update) their
leadership style.

6. Resourcefulness
Being resourceful, clever, and innovative is particularly important when it comes to solving complex or tedious
projects. Resourcefulness is certainly necessary when managing and leading any group of personnel within a
law enforcement agency—if commanders cannot creatively lead their team to accomplish objectives despite
potential obstacles, how can they mentor and guide the troops looking to them for skill development?
Developing the followers’ skills requires that leaders recognize followers’ full potential by maximizing their
performance skill sets and encouraging them to think outside of the box.

7. Service
Service is something all law enforcement officers know they professionally provide to the communities in which
they serve. This community service is necessary from the most visible form of government representation—but
there must be internal service to complete the concept. Managers must also serve the followers that serve on
the front lines and who will become the future leaders of the agency. Commanders should ask their staff what
the staff’s needs are and what would make lives better in the performance of the staff’s duties. The bosses
may be surprised about some of the responses they’ll receive when taking this approach because the replies
will mostly be manageable requests. Serving the followers lets them know the managers truly care, and it
provides much more incentive for productivity and morale to increase across the board.

8. Humor
Humor is perceived and delivered differently by everyone, and some people are naturally wittier than others.
This social skill can work wonders with trust and morale if executed in a timely and appropriate manner. A Bell
Leadership Institute study found that

9. Integrity
The strong morals and honesty demonstrated by a leader with integrity will reinforce the agency’s mission
statement and the community’s expectations of professional policing. Without integrity, there is little hope for
trust and legitimacy to be perceived by the officers or the community.

10. People
People are the foundation on which leadership is built—good leaders cultivate good followers. People need to
be praised in public for a job well done, and they appreciate when leaders see beyond their uniform to
individuals with personal interests and concerns. Also, people need to be coached in order to become better
and more comfortable in their positions, and, at times, they need to be motivated to continue pursuing
outstanding performance and congratulated on reaching successful goals.

ACTIVITY

1. What are the leadership traits? Give a

situational example.
2. What are the characteristics or qualities of
a good leader?
3. What are the roles of leader?
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 Lesson 4

POLICE LEADERSHIP

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

Understand and apply police leadership.

Police Leadership

Authoritative leadership is strictly rules-based with a preference for order and a sometimes military-like
approach. In such organizations, the leader exerts full control over the team and subordinates are expected to
simply follow and obey, not to offer feedback or contribute ideas. Most military and police forces have
“historically followed a very authoritative model,” said former U.S. Marine Lt. Col. Ryan Sheehy, an adjunct
professor in University of San Diego’s online master’s degree in Law Enforcement and Public Safety
Leadership.

The PNP Leadership Requirement

There is a decline or a growing failure of leadership. The PNP younger officers are
expecting and searching for an assertive leadership. A servant leadership that will not only
ensure the attainment of the mission but will also look into the morale and welfare of the
subordinates. There is lack of Credible Leadership by Example. Leaders should be the first to do
what they say. Leaders are perceived to be too comfortable and well off to care for the
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conditions of inadequacies of the filed. The junior officers are clamouring for equal sharing of the
hardship and misery in the organization. The leadership that is required is a leadership that is
willing to sacrifice and forego with the amenities and perks of headquarters and be able to push
resources to the field where it is most needed.

Attitude Change on How the PNP Personnel Relate with the Citizenry

In dealing with the citizenry, some of our policemen are perceived to be “tamad”,
“abusado”, “bastos” and “ayaw padisiplina”. Often times, these policemen’s appearance, body
language and even manner of speaking project an overbearing, aloof and apathetic character.
These traits are looked at as being “brusko”. There is an urgent need to inculcate in our
policemen that they should change the manner they deal with and “handle” the citizenry. We
should exert more efforts to be more citizen friendly, courteous, provide prompt action that is
responsive to the request, deliver results expected and set the example of what a true protector
and servant of the community is for all to emulate.

How can effective police leadership be shown or indicated?

This can be achieved by:

1. The skill to direct and show the way
2. The ability to win cooperation
3. The ability to win loyalty
4. The courage to carry on until the task is accomplished

Five Sources of Power and Authority in Social Relation

A leader has the authority to lead; he or she has been granted this authority and has the
power to exercise this authority in performing the duties of the chief of police. Here “authority”
refers to the legitimate right to lead and influence people, while “power” refers to the capacity or
ability to lead.
1. Reward Power- power stemming from the ability to give people something of value in
exchange of their loyalty and willingness to cooperate.
2. Coercive Power- power stemming from the ability to take away or threaten to take away
something of value to the individual for failing to comply or cooperate.
3. Legitimate Power- power stemming from the relief that the person exercising the power
is doing so lawfully and rightfully, generally in connection with his or her position of
accepted authority.
4. Referent Power- power stemming from a person’s identity or psychological attachment
to an individual, group or value of importance to that individual.
5. Expert Power- stemming from the expertise of the person.

Search and read article about police leadership.

ACTIVITY
Give a short reaction.

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