Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables respectively.
A hit rate use, 147
Acoustic emission (AE), 1, 15–16, 41, 57, maximum loads, 150t–151t
61, 61f, 79, 113, 138 measurement process, 83–85, 84f
activity and half-cell potential, 66–67 monitoring in corrosion process, 62–70
amplitude use, 140–147 analysis, 65–66
application to discriminate creep effect array of sensors, 65f
AE events localization in concrete, corrosion loss for steel immersed in
117–118 seawater, 62f
AE parameters, 118–121 cyclic wet and dry test, 64f
AE source maps, 119f direction of stress, 69f
FPZ width calculation, 121–123 experiments, 63–65
load-CMOD curve correlation, 118–121, mechanical properties of hardened
120f concrete, 64t
applications, observations and results, mixture proportion of concrete, 64t
24–32 notch and mold, 64f
laboratory tests, 24–32 numerical analysis by FEM and BEM,
in situ monitoring, 33–37 67–68
b-value variation with load, 145f RC specimen testing, 63f
calculated fracture energy, 150t–151t SiGMA analysis and observation,
components and key characteristics, 99t 69–70
coordinates, 65t nominal strength, 150t–151t
cumulative AE energy, 150t–151t parameter and fractured lattice elements,
damage classification, 22–23 141t
damage detection and assessment in post process analysis, 19–21
concrete, 154–156 rate-process analysis, 1–2
emissions data, 152t–153t real-time AE analysis, 18–19
energy recorded load time diagram, 142f
distribution, 149f size-independent specific fracture
for specimens, 152t–153t energy, 154
release during fracture process, 139 strengths and limitations, 104–106
release vs. fracture energy variation, structural monitoring systems, 23–24
156f studies in concrete, 138–139
variation, 155f testing use, 147–148
equipment and wireless transmission Acoustic impedance matching,
system, 16–18 162–163, 172
experiments to relate AE energy ADC module. See Analogy to digital
and fracture energy, 148–154 converter module
finite element analysis, 139–140 AE. See Acoustic emission
288 Index
AF. See Average frequency visualization of cracks in concrete using
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), 19, 21, x-ray CT, 6–7
46, 47f, 99 deformation and fracture, 113
American Society for Testing and Standards embedded PZT for ultrasonic testing,
(ASTM), 83–84 162–164
Amplitude–frequency distribution, 88 experiments to relate AE energy and
Analogy to digital converter module fracture energy, 148–154
(ADC module), 17 finite element analysis, 139–140
Arrival-time function, 101 size-independent specific fracture
ASTM. See American Society for Testing energy, 154
and Standards structures, 113
Average frequency (AF), 22 Concrete beams, 115
Corrosion-induced cracks, 57
B Crack band model (CBM), 137
b-value analysis, 85–87, 145 Crack distribution, 41
applications in materials science Crack growth process, 44–46
and engineering, 87–88 Crack mouth opening displacement
methodology for application to concrete, (CMOD), 25–26, 115, 140
88–90 Crack propagation monitoring
reinforced concrete bridge girders application in RC beam
monitoring, 90–91 damage index evolution, 171f
BEM. See Boundary element method damage indicator results, 169–170
Bending creep tests, 115 loading and monitoring procedure, 168
Boundary element method (BEM), test setup, 167–168, 168f
63, 67f, 69f visual inspection, 169
damage indicator extraction from ultrasonic
C waves, 164–167
CBM. See Crack band model embedded PZT for ultrasonic testing of
CMOD. See Crack mouth opening concrete, 162–164
displacement future trends, 172–173
Computed tomography (CT), 5, 173 Creep, 114
Concrete, 137. See also Fracture mechanics damage mechanism assessment
AE amplitude use, 140–147 AE events localization in concrete, 123
AE energy release during fracture amplitude distributions, 128f
process, 139 Apparition Chronology of clusters, 128f
AE events localization, 117–118 correlation between creep displacement
during creep, 123 and AE parameters, 123–125, 125f
AE hit rate use, 147 correlation dendrogram of AE features,
AE studies, 138–139 126f
AE testing use, 147–148 damage localization, 124f
corrosion process in, 57–59 desiccation creep effects on AE activity,
action of corrosion cell, 58f 129–132
deterioration process, 58f multivariable data clustering of AE
creep behavior, 114–116 signals, 125–129
damage PAC clusters visualization, 127f
comparison with crack distribution, deformations, 114
5–9 Creep behavior of concrete
detection and assessment, 154–156 AE technique application, 117–123
quantitative damage evaluation, 8–9 concrete mixture proportions, 115t
Index 289
creep displacement of notched beams, FPZ. See Fracture process zone
116f Fractal scaling. See Gutenberg–Richter
creep limitations and fracture frequency–magnitude relation
measurements, 114–116 Fracture energy, 41
creep micro-mechanisms, 114 determination method, 44f
load-CMOD curves, 116f Fracture mechanics, 137. See also Acoustic
CT. See Computed tomography emission (AE); Concrete
Cumulative AE hits, 67, 67f size effect, 138
Fracture process zone (FPZ), 41, 44–46,
D 137
Damage AE testing use, 147–148
classification, 22–23 characterization, 41–44
indicator extraction from ultrasonic waves, crack growth process, 44–46
164–167 experimental investigation, 46–47
mechanics, 3 fictitious crack model, 42–44, 42f
Damage Estimation of Concrete by Acoustic piezoelectric transducers, 117
Emission Technique (DeCAT), 1–2 results of X-ray observation, 45f
acoustic emission rate-process analysis, 1–2 SiGMA analysis, measurement and results
application, 9–13 of, 47–51, 49f
damage estimation of concrete by, 11 AE source location and energy, 52f
database development, 3–5 crack modes at notch depths, 50f
Database development, 3–5 geometry of specimen and position of
Dead load (DL), 89–90 transducers, 48f
Desiccation creep effects on AE activity, mode II and mixed mode micro-craking,
129–132 51f
Deterioration process, 57–58, 58f stress and deformation in tension
Double couple sources, 94 relationship, 45f
width calculation by AE-based method,
E 121–123
EDT. See Event definition time
Effective crack model (ECM), 137 G
Elasto-dynamic Green’s functions, 84–85 Geiger’s method, 101
Electrochemical measurement, 72 Glaser/NIST point-contact sensor, 100f
Embedded piezoelectric transducers Great East Japan earthquake, 9
(Embedded PZT), 162–163 Gutenberg–Richter frequency–magnitude
cement-based composite PZT, 163f relation, 85
SMAG transducer, 164f Gutenberg–Richter law (GR law), 18–19
for ultrasonic testing of concrete, 162–164
Equivalent forces, 94 H
European Committee for Standardization Half-cell potential method, 59–60. See also
(EN), 83–84 Polarization resistance method
European norm (EN), 161 ASTM criteria, 60t
Event definition time (EDT), 69–70 polarization diagram, 59f
Heaviside function, 24
F Hybrid method, 96
Fictitious crack model (FCM), 42–44,
42f–43f, 137 I
Field programmable gate array (FPGA), 17 Improved b-value method (Ib-value
Finite element method (FEM), 63, 66f, 68f method), 88, 145–147
290 Index
In-plane shear. See Shear cracks Piezoelectric transducers (PZT), 98, 161.
Integral of Grassberger-Procaccia, 23 See also Embedded piezoelectric
transducers (Embedded PZT)
L sensors, 15–16
Lead zirconate titanate. See Piezoelectric Polarization resistance method, 60
transducers (PZT) criteria of corrosion rate, 60t
Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), polarization diagram, 59f
41, 82–83, 137 Post process analysis, 19–21
Potential inverse by BEM (PiBEM), 62,
M 72–74
Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), 20 estimation of potentials on rebar surface,
Micro-cracking, 114 61–62
Minimum b-value analysis, 90–91
Moment tensor inversion (MTI), 85, Q
92–104, 97t Quantitative methods. See Signal-based
fracture of small notched concrete beam, methods
98–104 Quartzite, 80–81
estimation of AE source locations,
100–104 R
P-wave arrival time picking, 99–100 RA value. See Rise angle value
methodology for application to concrete, Real-time AE analysis, 18–19
93–97 Rebar, 57
Multivariable data clustering of AE signals, Reinforced concrete beam (RC beam),
125–129 57, 162
AE monitoring, 147
N application
Non-destructive damage estimation, 11–13 damage index evolution, 171f
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE), 57 damage indicator results, 169–170
application of hybrid, 70–74 loading and monitoring procedure, 168
AE activity, 74 test setup, 167–168, 168f
comparison with visual observation, 74 visual inspection, 169
electrochemical measurement, 72 properties and mechanical properties of
experiments, 71 concrete, 167t
PiBEM analysis, 72–74 RC bridge girders monitoring, 90–91
for corrosion in rebar, 59–61, 59t Rise angle value (RA value), 22
AE method, 61 Root mean square deviation (RMSD),
half-cell potential method, 59–60 165–166
polarization resistance method, 60
Nondestructive testing (NDT), 84–85, 161 S
Nonlinear fracture mechanics (NLFM), 137 Sacred Mountain of Varallo, 33–35,
Nonlinear fracture models, 82–83 33f–34f, 36f
Salt damage in reinforced concrete, 57
O Scattering, 148–154
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 71 Seismology-based methods, 104–106
Overload (OL), 89–91 Self-similarity. See Gutenberg–Richter
frequency–magnitude relation
P SEM. See Size effect model
P-wave arrival time picking, 99–100 Shear cracks, 94
Parameter-based methods, 87–88 SHM. See Structural health monitoring
Index 291
SIF. See Stress intensity factor Structural monitoring systems for seismic
SiGMA. See Simplified Green’s functions risk evaluation, 23–24
for moment tensor analysis
Signal to noise ratio (SNR), 165 T
Signal-based methods, 83 Test by means of rigid platens with
Simplified Green’s functions for moment friction, 31
tensor analysis (SiGMA), 63, 70f, Test trucks, 90–91
92–93, 96–97. See also Fracture Thin film transistor (TFT), 17–18
process zone (FPZ) Three-point bend specimens (TPB), 140
analysis and observation, 69–70 Two-parameter model (TPM), 137
measurement and results, 47–51, 49f
AE source location and energy, 52f U
crack modes at notch depths, 50f Ultrasonic pulse velocity method
geometry of specimen and position (UPV method), 161
of transducers, 48f wave propagation in, 162f
mode II and mixed mode Ultrasonic testing (UT), 13
micro-craking, 51f Ultrasonic testing, embedded PZT for,
Size effect, 41 162–164
Size effect model (SEM), 137 Ultrasonic waves, damage indicator
Smart aggregates (SMAGs), 162 extraction from, 164–167
transducer, 164f
SNR. See Signal to noise ratio V
Stern-Geary equation, 60 Virtual reality modeling language (VRML),
Stochastic process, 1–2 96–97
Stress intensity factor (SIF), 137
Stress-wave phenomena, frequency W
scale of, 79f Water-to-cement ratio (W/C ratio), 115
Structural health monitoring (SHM),
89–90, 161