$ a o s qraph

e aplaical kóprexentation Ra Oiables o

a Set n e a r claebraic Eemoonw
Apresentinq a St Cale Sfgual dRo
p aepresatabn
in by
*Ihe Main a duautage Sigual Ro Graph
4e dvessl Tae
n Mason'n Gain mula
Can be Compded £oily
un cHon. q he Squem

xlemm Reloted to Stal ph

a variable t h e
aprencntinq
Nod Nocu is a bont
to Sum g ald
nodi vantab in u a l
Value a
Saa at Hhat noda.
n Cemina
waluu q
oill not £tett 4te
e Out eping Stpual
Aocde varialsle
E
R1

nevdie oda

= R B(-)
R-B
 Broarch
BsBronch i a livne wd to
a Cho
Cnnet
i alnoucded h0ith a tm
tuo noder and
arssous m a k
unhon avd on

hronnen Junton epreneuts qain q that

Band aund OrO marrk neprenentr diYethon 9.

o Sucdy

Tom RE, ED, De cie a Bsonth.

Tnput Nocde [Sour

A node hostua onl
Cut L 34 tuss
na Branh in
Coled inputnod
From y. o in Luputnoda
utput Neds [Sthk]:-
A nods hovfva
only ntomfua Brandh i Couled
Cutpt Nods
E s in
oudpud nods Stk nnd
Choin nocl A nods
nouina in oming and outg
Prrondn e J3 Kncon 03 coin nod
1,12, 7s,7,
Fornuod lath A inth jsom tthe iopu to oupd nods
is daltnecl a osorsd path
o -%- 7u-s 1
3-74-s
3

Ao- 2 13-1 2,

Feeclbatkloop
A pat L9ich srisinaden rom a porstuularr node
andlteminccig at e Some nodo, tsovel ling tihroug
ctlaat ne others nod with out saiuc Ay Ods
twta. iCalled.
adBactk Aocp
cor a -3-u-
Set Loop?- A Jeed back oop Constsia q only one nod
Called Sell loop. ie t3s at 73 th SeloopP

Path Cain he produt Brondh gainn le

a
dhoord path in Enoon aa path gain
orug throah
io
e Pah eain dor poth K o - 2 } - 4 - s
u Ca oe aluo
1 XtX t2 t,t4s
Coled tsarso path eoan
 Non touclhtng loops
Ithere t no noda Common tn beteoeen Hhe
te
ttoo k trae MOe toops Sudh loops a
Satd to be non touchfuq Joops
L

Tho non touchtng loops

/

loopain- The Produdt q au the gainn Hhe

randhes ominga loop in Colled lcop eain.

Hhere in one loop t h

Gain
-H = Gx (-4)
GH

M
MASON'S GAIN FORMULA:

unchon in
Bfock
Blocle diagram

To
lo Find the a n a ser Re duu h the
e
T have to Re duu
meHhod irnt
Reduthon aud éveng time oe
Sfep'a
Block by wins Bo many time Connumin
Conmumin
Ontte4ae
Block&o i
have t o
have onu
wehave

qraph appoaeh
Bd i StRual one
One rmala
emula
obtained the B4 wing
SFG un
ta
ke
Ae Can Calulate the Traner unchon
Mahon'a Gain Heomula

in 8tated
he Mason'a Cain termula

TCs) = 2
K

Where: K No9 Horarrd Path

Pe Gan q k"doroard
path
Saop)
A =
1-Eall in dividual Jeop eaiosuncldding
all possi ble
+Egein x gaio poduuct q
two non toudhing loop
Combinations
q
all pescble
- L g a i nx gain
x gain prcdut q
ltop+
CDubinationn q weee non touclaing
 Ak= Vallun q cibove A b Eliminah ng all

Joop geinr and amoctated produts

9Rh au toudhing to e k Jotuaoid pot
looP uot oun H h
Findaal u
Pe
MeHhods to obtain Siual ouo eraph:-
&nations
om he Stem
Steps: Separate nodi
Varstalole o a Separate ntdi
aa oprecent Coh
Hhe Vniabla
Vcniabl
ot vau q
bWe Hu Psoperty a l e b r a i c Sunq
a l b r a i c Jum q
nods in an
preBented oy a

ednodu to Simulake
au h e Stgnals Cuteri ng at

H Equations
c)Co-ewiuent q -lea Vantaole un a Eguocttons
w e to o e nepreseut ed as h e bonch oeins

joining a nodr in etgalto reph.

d Suo J npu-aud oudput Vaniables
Seporately to Complete Stgual louoaph.
Connrder Ha kenn Ëquo'oo 3
= U+3V2
U = 44 V, + 5V +2 V2

Vs =
SV2+ V
Vo = 6V
 t2 P
2s
2
V 3
, No

33
eadata
Fnom h e eiven Block diagrom

Steps
a) Name all 4he Summing point and 4ake oL Point

in 4he Block diagoam

b) epTereut e a h Sunming and Juke-Q Point

b a e p a a t e nods i n Stpuad e p h

c Con nect +em by Hhe brondhe anSead 9

Block, dndioting oue
oamrtunthtbns ass
e ein> a e
Comerponding Banches.
dy Show 4 iopuct nd oudput nodus eporrotely
ired o
Complet Stgral tRo raph.

S
olP
 S oP

Applicalion Mason' eain ormuula to il al

Netuoosk.
nhork
eneral roCadure oeuL Solve Culh

olloy

u ven
a Find out l u aplaa translem 4
nuhoork in S-domain.

dowo Ha Epuaton lrent

b9nite
Cureh and necla voagen.
Banclh

Simulate Each Equah'on by olnauoing Comependi

Sigualo Gaph
) Combine
all
Stpual o Groph q e to tal
Spral flo 9ap e nehoonk.

CLtHakon' Seuin dormula zto dtive trantranse

dunchen Q Givon mehoodr.
 the TF Jr he Ciuen uhwok
Find

- W-

Jo
V

Sol
V,LS
R
W- M-

CS) ts)) Sc
SL Vtt)

I,(S)= V - , LUs) -V,iS)]

R

VS) TT,0-IAs)
SC

V.S) S[7,5)

I,ts R
-V,) -V,t)

SL

/vo
-ge
 Vo
Une mason' ain mula to ind_Vo
V:

x
TS)=F Tk
A

Oe oave C onoa fath

TC TA
A

ScR CS

SL
s
R

A I-LL tLL t+[L143

L
TLS RRC

-sCtRes
-

RCS SC2P
 Tc) RRC

Sce P

SCRR + 2 R,+ S'cR,+SL

seRTR
o
LS
Ts Sc
RR+R.+
R,tscR.+ S&

wem
x Drao +he irepouding 9ua D oph en
Blouk dsagrom ond ind C
RIs

L
Cam

H
Ke have ' , Jeruoad path

T G.e

T t+ TiAl
Ts)

loops a toucing to eroovel Pa th S

A 1 &D

A 1-[LtL +[o

I+GL4, -- GGGst, -e,uGu

Tis)
flad R r ta aaph uoton bel0 uivq
Maron i omua

G 14
3

-H4
H
P atth
Sp: +wo er o a r d

nelividual oops
oith Joop
Tn ou Dur
Spa

Sp3 hon toutaing [Link] od otadme.

G2Gatt#

athe Cowbinahhs *
Step u au no

ota
g AOucn L0o q"3
 u
Step 5 Dtenduote
A - 1-,+tltti+L + LittLlgrt

GA a tDuh + k er ward Pot

A= 1-L3tlu
A-1-C1+

Sep
CLe) PA,+ P
A
GnCatLt+ GsqLGaal-Llr
H t Ugtu +TL2 tluft3+
=

I
GaH,teat2tist tCaHy + GtGg H t G24a
 C w ason') ptu Jenla

1 4 1

Sep1 u r ber 9 troorrd patt

umbr oop,
-HC.

- tH

u b
mon touctn pop

-
HaH G GGy 33 at
at in

2 on
o u i y LoP oop
9
umb
p

Det C r inate
plosrp
 Cy
A

t+GH+GGitatGa tGnGM,

Frnd C) y Maton'a Gainpr uule'

K-4,
C
7
1

H
Path
Stp Nunbe. q docasared
,G
-s
A s9s
 AANT1O
AMNI7ECOI PARIK

Sdp2
Wuube
q Loop
oop
AR
AY

H H, E3
e Gq H2 H,

Sp3 Nunb ho Mon Boudi oop

HH,G
H, G Gs G
=

No Combadhion e e Montoui y loopn

4-p

ps I -

t ltu3 t u t u s + 4 )

A- - 1

D.+P 4, + RA,
Cu) P.A +P
Res) A

Ca) Gsa+GsGLH,tE,SHLT
S29H
+ G H, +Gs H
-

Ra)
 mating netwo
ar Plots,

Eqokfon» qvm be
Dnaw t Stgal tton qraph tor tu S n MGF
ralu ram tnfon wg
md ob tai n u

CX - HiX- HaX H
3 C ' +G2>
-

HX2

H3

G.

H -Hy

H
toswar pah

73u 7As 7 , G s GuGs .

fecd oop ah

L s u Hy
3 s A4 -^s
-

Gis Hs
L - - Hi.
n to Polal on ISystcl n n m p e i i a ,

2 Gu Gs (-H)

Ea Gu Gs. t )
oo ontouny p
Tu CS bf nah'ony

G Cy H,Hy L3 a2 Gs H2Hs a
Lay G,H H, Ls. z y H, Hs.

L3 Ly
L3 Ly Cs Hs HLals s Hs H
Ly Ls HHa Ls La =
GuGs t H
T Combiwat b 4 3' nou toun

L2 LLs =
CuH, H,

L
3 Luls s Hs, H, t
we On
To eet 3 Poir

Ls

L3 -)2 s 74

LLs - 2 3
L
L2, L3
dul
A -I
t + +l, +Ls t t l
L2 + G +L u t L Ls t ul, t 3 Lst 4ls

La Ly Ls+Ls t s
L A | - Ls.
- 0

PA tP B, + A,+P, A,

(CGur)xi + G,GsGGr(lt Hi) + GGGar (l+ H.)

H4 +Cu uis H
I+GaHtGuHut Gsht4,t HtuGuGs
GHa HFGuHtaHy +rHH, +«H
t G H,H taEr HAr+
 H

o
Ca

T.f Cls)
Rs)
T(
A

13

.3

- GC H

Cu H

7hu Hu.

, Gahu H, H

A
 T. F
A

H , +GH u +2,4u
G u H, H 4,4u H,

T.F
R
T.(s Pu AL
3 P,

1a

Pu , o.

P hehu

-CmH
 -Cag

- [O3
o

[Link],A, +
4, + A du
A

TF Giaz t t gyahttF+shu .

t +h + uHa +
huhe H, -q sht7+*
AT

03LL
03lL
for sFG awow
H
t a , find

H 3

P ,u a

u 4

u-H]

HgH

Lu
 - L4

I- D 4

. 7.F
A,P

T.F

VoC w
For a g'v elechtcal ciruit , ind
vi(
MGP
w-

V) TG

w.

(s R, 7,t s -7,
CIS (s
Va C9)
SL SC
V.C
PL
P
 - D 1

T.F XC
s
uls)
S

T.F
S

SFG bor e Aim

Ond olot au Over all Tf wA MGf
- H

-HXg

Hs

As
H2

-H
P, 2, u
 7, 7 u 1

P
P R2 u

P , G u Gr|

- nH 2

-H3

CauHy

- Hs

H,H H, H3

Cu H Hy

s h5 H, H-

M Ms
Guu - H H
 5 H H, Hs
A

,
3

D
+

+H3
T.F P,

7.

6raw Cov seedtiny SfG fr u w

aown u u fopw
bloc diaqsom
obtan Overall MGF

C(

-H

1 1

H2
 1

D - 6.

7. F P,A +P A2
A

T.F G -

S
E

11
 A

f AB

P AB8
, 1
L

A
g,
AB

u A

- o

T.f ,P,D , D3 +PuDy

A B AB AB
- B+A A B
 Nw evm. m [Link]
Find RATF for 4u
P
MMr

Vo
C

PL
W-
SL Vts)
V$s)

v,c9-1) s
R
I , 9) -V No 1SL

V
se

-Ysc

N f No

Vo
Ye T, Yse v, Ye S

-Ys
 T

, -,

L , V, I, - SRc

A - o
V , I , V, -
SRc
SL

L L

TE

T.

T.
s,c , C ,1 f.
Obtaun Hu one juntcn Vj t netwnk Ahewn d J

V,

VC
vS
.
3,t v, LS) v,19) seV)V, ui

1.15) VS)- vS) YeVs) VeV.5)

TG)+1,)
V, L) 15) ,s) )

V(9)-v) 1)

VotS)
 P V-1V sc
V I V, Vo VePr [e

oop , .
y VJ1, =R-S)» -Rsc

sc Ve) sCR

Scr

A -I-C tlt ]+L4

t ScR + +I 3 SCR+S c2p L+
SCR
SCR

AL 1 -L 4SCR

E
P , +EAL + P M

(tSCe) + I
ScR ce
2gCR +CLC2RL 4 |
SCR

TF Sc2R2 f2 stR+1
S c p2 +2 S(RtI
 obain ov
O vec
roou

elehrcal csuit Suaon n

feEu

wm- M
Vo

B o nN o d )

N
2 J2
M

Sv
M
VL

J , R
J V2P,I, -2E

T-, VO S+ V-
2f R.
Vo Ta o

Y v,
-Ye