Course: Physics for Laboratory Sciences
Lecture-7 outline
•Heat capacity
•Specific heat
•Thermal Expansion
•Latent Heat
•Thermal conductivity
Most Tanzila Parvin
Asst. Professor
Department of Biomedical Engineering &
Medical Physics
BUHS
1
Heat capacity
• the amount of heat required to change the temperature of an object
or body by one degree.
• Denoted by C.
• Unit: J/K (Joules/Kelvin) in SI system
• Mathematically it can be written as:
• C = dQ/dT
Specific heat
• It is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material
• It is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree.
• Denoted by c.
• Unit: kJ/kg oC, kJ/kg K, Btu/lb oF.
• The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C.
• Mathematically it can be expressed as
c = dQ / m dT
• where
– c = specific heat
– dQ = heat supplied
– m = unit mass
– dT = temperature change
Problem
• Given the mass of the substance is 12 grams. 3 joules of
heat energy is required to raise it temperature by 6 °C.
Find the specific heat capacity of the substance?
• What is the heat in Joules required to raise the
temperature of 25 grams of water from 0 °C to 100 °C?
What is the heat in calories? specific heat of water =
4.18 J/g·°C
• It takes 487.5 J to heat 25 grams of copper from 25 °C to
75 °C. What is the specific heat in Joules/g·°C?
Thermal expansion:
• It is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a
change in temperature.
• When a substance is heated; its particles begin moving more and
thus usually maintain a greater average separation.
• Coefficient of thermal expansion:
• The coefficient of thermal expansion describes how the size of an
object changes with a change in temperature.
• Specifically, it measures the fractional change in size per degree
change in temperature at a constant pressure.
• It is denoted by .
• Unit → per Kelvin (/K), per degree centigrade (/ 0C), per degree
Fahrenheit (/0F) etc.
Types of coefficients of thermal expansion
• Linear thermal expansion
• Area thermal expansion
• Volumetric thermal expansion
Linear thermal expansion
• It is the fractional change in length per degree of
temperature change. Assuming negligible effect
of pressure, we may write:
• L =(L2 – L1)/L1(T2-T1)
= dL / LdT
where
L → a particular length measurement and
dL/dT → is the rate of change of that linear dimension per unit
change in temperature.
Area thermal expansion
• It is the fractional change in area per degree of
temperature change. Assuming negligible effect of
pressure, we may write:
• A = (A2-A1)/A1 (T2-T1)
= dA / AdT
where
A → a particular area of measurement and
dA/dT → is the rate of change of that area per unit change in
temperature.
Volumetric thermal expansion
• It is the fractional change in volume per degree of
temperature change. Assuming negligible effect of
pressure, we may write:
• V = (V2-V1)/V1 (T2-T1)
= dV / VdT
where
V → volume of the material and
dV/dT → is the rate of change of that volume per unit change in
temperature.
Problem
• A metal bar changes in length by 1.00 meter with a 150
degree Celsius change in temperature. It’s coefficient of
linear expansion is 25 x 10-6 per degree Celsius. What
is the metal bar’s original length?
• Two cylinder metal rods of 1 meter in length, one
aluminium and one iron, are heated from 20 0C to 80 0C.
Given the coefficient of thermal expansion for aluminium
and iron is 23.1 x 10-6 K-1 and 11.8 x 10-6 K-1
respectively. What is the difference in length of the two
metal rods after heating in mm?
Absolute zero temperature
• It is a lowest possible temperature at which the atoms of
a substance transmit no thermal energy - they are
completely at rest. → have no intermolecular vibration
• At absolute zero temperature a thermodynamic system
has the lowest energy.
• This is equal to 0K, or -273.15 °C, or -459.69 °F.
• Absolute zero can never be reached, but there is no limit
to how close we can get to it.
Process of heat transfer
• Heat energy can be transferred from one body to another in following different
ways:
Conduction → energy transfer in a solid
Convection → energy transfer in a fluid ( liquid & gas)
Radiation → does not need a material to travel through
→ can transfer in vacuum
Process of heat transfer contd.
• Conduction:
• Energy is transferred when two objects are in direct contact (by
touching).
• Molecules of the hotter object bump into molecules of the colder
object and cause them to speed up, warming the colder object.
• Convection: Energy is transferred from one body to a cooler one
due to fluid motion.
• So there will be a convection current.
• Radiation: No medium (matter of any type) is necessary for heat
transfer through radiation. All objects, at any temperature, radiate
electromagnetic radiation (light of visible and invisible wavelengths).
– OR, The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of the emission
or absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
Thermal conductivity
• It is the property of a material to conduct heat
• i.e. a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
• It is denoted by n, λ , k.
• Unit: In SI units, joule per second meter kelvin (J/(s.m.K))
– OR, watts per meter kelvin (W/(m·K)).
• Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink
applications and
• materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal
insulation.
• Thermal conductivity of materials is temperature dependent.
Thermal conductivity
k = Qx/At(T2 – T1)
Latent heat
• heat energy → added to or removed from an object → temperature
changed;
– If heat is given to a substance, we say the substance becomes hotter.
– Conversely, if heat is taken away we say the substance becomes colder.
• Heat can also cause a change in the state of a substance without changing
its temperature. This is called LATENT HEAT.
• → The temperature remains the same because energy is required
for an object to change phases.
• Definition: Latent heat is energy released or absorbed, by a body
or a thermodynamic system when the body changes its physical
state completely at constant temperature.
Latent Heat of Fusion changes solid to liquid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization changes liquid to vapor.
Latent Heat of Condensation changes vapor to liquid,
Latent Heat of Solidification changes liquid to solid.
Latent Heat of Sublimation changes solid to vapor.
Latent heat contd.
• Example: latent heat of vaporization → boiling water
• we know that we must continue to add heat energy to
the water before all of the liquid water turns to steam.
• The latent heat of vaporization for water is 22.6 x 10 5
J/kg.
• This means that 22.6 x 105 J of heat energy must be
added to turn one kilogram of water from liquid to gas
completely at 100 degrees Celsius.
• Excess Heat→ need for motion (kinetic energy) of
water vapors
Phase Transitions
• When matter changes from one state to
another it is called a phase transition.
Examples include:
Phase Transitions
• Gas to solid phase transitions are known as "deposition."→ Water vapor to
ice, Physical vapor to film
• Gas to liquid phase transitions are known as "condensation.“
• Liquid to gas phase transitions are known as "vaporization.“
• Liquid to solid phase transitions are known as "freezing.“
• Solid to liquid phase transitions are known as "melting.“
• Solid to gas phase transitions are known as "sublimation." →
Naphthalene(C10H8)
• The measurement of the conditions at which the transition occurs is
called Phase Transition Point.
Note:
• Freezing temperature = melting temperature;
• evaporation temperature = condensation temperature;
• sublimation temperature = deposition temperature