ABHYAAS ACADEMY BELTHANGADY

MATRICES
Concept 3.1
Definition : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (or functions)
The numbers (or functions) are called the elements or the entries of the matrix.
The horizontal lines of elements are said to constitute rows of the matrix and the vertical lines of elements are said
to constitute columns of the matrix.
1 2 3
1 −1 0
Example: = 0 −1 5 =
5 3 −2
2 6 7
Order of matrix: A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order × or simply ×
matrix (read as m by n matrix)
In general × matrix has the following rectangular array.
…
= = …
×
… ×
1≤ ≤ , 1≤ ≤ , ∈
The element is an element in the row and coloum and is known as the ( , ) element of A. The number
of elements in an × matrix will be equal to mn.

Concept 3.2 :
Equality of Matrices: Two matrices = = are said to be equal if
(i) They are of same order (ii) = ∀ ,

Concept 3.3 :
Addition of Matrices: Let A and B be two matrices each of order × . Then the sum matrix + is defined
only if matrices A and B are of same order.
Thus, if = = then + = + for all
× ×

Properties of addition of Matrices:

If A, B and C are 3 matrices of same order and 0 is null matrix of same order as that of A.
Then (1) + = + [Commutative Law]
(ii) ( + ) + = + ( + ) [Associative law]
(iii) + 0 = = 0 + [Identity Law]
(iv) + (− ) = (− ) + = 0 [Inverse Law]
(v) + = + ⇒ = [left Cancellation Law]
(vi) + = + ⇒ B = C [right Cancellation Law]
Negative of a Matrix : The negative of a matrix A is denoted by − . We define − = (−1)

Concept 3.4 :
Multiplication of a Matrix by a scalar: If = is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix
×
which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k
Properties: If = = be two matrices of the same order say × and k and l are scalars, then
(i) ( + ) = + (ii) ( + ) = +

Concept 3.5 :
Multiplication of Matrices: If A and B are two matrices, then the product AB exists if number of columns of A is
equal to the number of rows of B. i.e. if = be an × matrix and = be an × matrix. Then
the product AB is of order × matrix.
n
= =[ ] , where = a b ij jk
j 1

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices :

(1) The Associative Law: For any three matrices A, B and C , ( ) = ( ), whenever both sides of the
equality are defined.
(2) The Distributive Law: For any three matrices A, B and C
(1) ( + ) = + (ii) ( + ) = +
whenever both sides of equality are defined
(3) For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of same order such that = =
(4) If = 0, then it is not necessary that either A or B is 0 or both are 0
(5) ≠ (Matrix multiplication is non commutative)

Concept 3.6:
0 ′′
0
i) If = ℎ =
0 0 ′′
0 0 ′′ 0 0
ii) If = 0 0 ℎ = 0 ′′ 0
0 0 0 0 ′′
0 ′′ 0 if n is even and ′′ = 0 ′′ if n is odd
iii) If = ℎ =
0 0 ′′ ′′ 0
0 0 0 0 ′′ ′′ 0 0
iv) If = 0 0 ℎ = 0 ′′ 0 if n is odd and = 0 ′′ 0 if n is even
0 0 ′′ 0 0 0 0 ′′

Concept 3.7 :
[Powers of A using Mathematical Induction]
1 1 1
i) If = ℎ = ∀ ∈
0 1 0 1
1 2 1 1
ii) If = ℎ = ∀ ∈
0 1 0 1
1 0
iii) If = ℎ = − ( − 1) ∀ ∈
1 1
3 −4 1+2 −4
iv) If = ℎ = ∀ ∈
1 −1 1−2
0 1
v) If = ℎ ( + ) = + where I is the identity matrix of order 2 and ∈
0 0
Concept 3.8 :
1 1
i) If = ℎ =2 , ∈
1 1
1 1
ii) If = ℎ =0 ∀ ∈ with ≥2
−1 −1
−1 −1
iii) If = ℎ =0 ∀ ∈ with ≥2
1 1
−1 1
iv) If = ℎ = (−2) , ∈
1 −1
1 −1
v) If = ℎ =2 , ∈
−1 1
1 1 1
vi) If = 1 1 1 ℎ =3 , ∈
1 1 1

Concept 3.9 :
cos sin cos sin
If = ℎ = ∈
− sin cos − sin cos

Concept 3.10
Transpose of a Matrix :
If = be an × matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called
the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by ′

Properties of Transpose of the Matrix: For any matrices A and B of suitable order, we have
i) ( ) = ii) ( ) = ′ iii) ( + ) = + ′ iv) ( ) = ′ ′
Where k is a constant

Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix = is said to be symmetric if = . = ∀ ,

Skew Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix = is said to be skew symmetric matrix if ′ = − that is
= − for all possible value of i and j. In particular, =− ⇒ 2 =0 ⇒ =0

Results:
1) For any square matrix A with real number entries, + ′ is symmetric matrix and − ′ is a skew
symmetric matrix.
2) = ( + ) + ( − ) i.e every square matrix can be expressed of symmetric matrix and skew
symmetric matrix.
Concept 3.11
i) Let A and B be two matrices such that the product AB is defined. If denotes a row operation,
then ( ) = ( ) ∙
Here ( ) denotes the matrix obtained by applying the row operation on AB.
( ) denotes the matrix obtained by applying the same row operation on A.
ii) Let A and B be two matrices such that the product AB is defined. If denotes a column operation then,
( ) = ∙ ( )
Here ( ) denotes the matrix obtained by applying the column operation on AB.
 (B) denotes the matrix obtained by applying the same column operation on B.
Concept 3.12
Invertible Matrices:
If A is a square matrix of order m and if there exists an other square matrix B of order m, such that
= = , then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted by
Results:
(i) Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists is unique.
(ii) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then ( ) =
(iii) ( ) =
Note: = =