Sources of Modern Indian History

1. Archival Material consists of public, private and foreign repositories

2. Public Archives of GoI, state govt.s, presidencies, judicial records
3. Private archives papers and docs of indiv.s and notable families
4. Foreign repositories Indian office records in London, Record Office (Lahore), etc
5. Biographies and Memoirs Accounts of travelers, traders, missionaries and civil
servants during the 18 th-19th centuries as well as memoirs written by Indian leaders
during independence movement
6. Newspapers and Journals- both India and abroad
7. Others Oral tradition, creative literature, painting
Major Approaches to History of Modern India
1. Colonial approach: Infld. By colonial ideology of domination. Focus on criticism of
indigenous society and praising W culture. E.g. James Mill, Vincent Smith, etc
2. Nationalist Approach: as a response to and in confrontation with the colonial
approach.
a. Pre-indep: focus on ancient and medieval period
b. Post-indep.: focus on modern India
e.g.: RC Majumdar, Tara Chand
3. Marxist Approach: focus on primary contradiction between the interests of the
colonial masters and the native subjects; notices inner contradictions between the
different contradictions with the Indian society. E.g.: RP Dutta, AR Desai
4. Subaltern Approach: Role of the common masses; Ranajit Guha
5. Communalist Approach: Muslims and Hindu are fundamentally hostile groups with
antagonistic interests
6. Cambridge School: Indian nationalism as a product of conflicts among the Indian
nationalists themselves for getting benefits from colonial rulers. Indian nationalist
leaders inspired by the greed of power and material benefits
7. Liberal and Neo-liberal interpretations: economic exploitation of the colonies was
not beneficial to the Brits as it delayed the development of the ‘new’ industries in
Britain
8. Feminist Historiography
Advent of the Europeans in India
1. The Portuguese in India
a. The quest for and Discovery of a Sea Route of a Sea Route in India
i. Roman decline in 7th  Arab domination in Egypt+ Persia  Direct
contact between Europeans and Indians    access to spices, silk,
precious stones  high demand
ii. Why?
- Renaissance eco progress  demand for oriental goods Aid (N
Euro) + Ships (Genoese)+ Christianity ag. Islam (Portuguese)Quest
-
1453: Constantinople fell to Ottoman Turks

Indian goods ----- Arab intermediaries ---European mkts

Arab state monopoly (high revenue)- 2 routes: Red Sea and land route

 Quest by Europeans for new trading route
iii. 1487: Bartholomew Dias (Portuguese)—rounded Cape of Good Hope
iv. 1497—Treaty of Tordesillas  divided non-Christian world (Portuguese-
E; Spain- W)
v. 1497: Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498 (11 months)
b. From Trading to Ruling
i. Vasco da Gama
- Friendly ruler SAMUTHIRI (Zamorin)
- Broke tacit understanding of not trying to monopolise trade
between other foreign traders
- Made huge profits in Europe
ii. Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Est factory at Calicut (1500)  attacked locals 
- Seized Arab ships, killed crew, confiscated
- Cargo+ burned the ships
- Bombarded Calicut
- Ade treaties with local rulers of Calicut+ Cannore
iii. Vasco da Gama returns 1501
- Zamorin declines excl. of Arabs- rupture between Zamorin and VdG
- Factories in: Calicut, Cannanore, Cochin fortified
iv. Francisco de Almeida
- Appointed governor of India in 1505 by king
- Objective:
 Seize Aden, Ormuz, Malacca
 Consolidate in India
 Fortify Anjadiva, Cochin, Cannanore, Kilwa
- Problem:
 Opposition from Zamorin
 Threat from Egypt (supported by Venice)
- 1507: P. v. (GJ navy+ Egypt navy) P. lost+ Almeida son killed
- 1508: same P won Blue Water Policy (Cartaze System)
v. Alfonso de Alburquerque
- Real founder of P power in East
- Estd P stronghold- Ormuz, Malabar, Malacca, E Afr (off Red Sea)
- Ship:
 Permit System
 Control ship building centres
 No wood in Gulf
- 1510: Acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur:
 Encourage P men to wed Indian women
 1st Indian territory with European power after Alexander
 Abolished sati; persecuted Muslims
 Intro.d new crops: tobacco, cashewnut, better cocnut
vi. Nino de Cunha
- Shifted HQ Cochin to Goa
- Increase influence in Bengal by settling [Link] nationals (Hoogly= HQ)
Bahadur Shah (GJ) v. Humayun
(p- portugese)
 
Asks [Link] help+ gives Bassein island+ base in Diu

Humayun gone bitter relns between P and BS

P killed BS
c. Favourable Conditions for P:
i. They had cannons
ii. Arabs- no orgn/ unity
iii. CHN- Decree of CHN emperor ltd. the reach of CHN ships
iv. India: N India-divided polity; Deccan- breaking Bahmani kingdom; no navy
d. Portuguese State
i. Comprised:
- W: 60 miles of Goa coast, 4 ports: Mumbai, Daman+ Diu, parts of GJ
- S: forts and trading posts- Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin, Calicut
- E: San Thome (Chennai), Nagapatnam (Andhra)
- Towards end of 16th  settlement at Hoogly
ii. Diplomatic relations
- with many major kingdoms.
- Treaties with Deccan sultans in 1570 regularly renewed
- Role in successive battles for BoP between Vijayanagar and Deccan
sultans, Deccanis and Mughals and Mughals and Marathas
iii. Admin:
- Head= viceroy (term= 3 years) with his secretary (later, council)
- 2nd= Vedor da Fazenda (resp for rev+ cargoes+ dispatching fleets)
- Factors: controlled fortresses from Africa to CHN
iv. Religious Policy
- Intolerant towards Muslims. Initially, tolerant towards Hindus (later
intolerant after Inquisition of Goa)
- Good impression in Akbar’s court. Akbar asked for 2 priests 1st
mission= Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate; 2 nd mission; 3rd=
Jerome Xavier and Emanuel Pinheiro
- Jahangir initially neglected them but later extended them favours
v. Loss of Favour with the Mughals
- 1608: Captain Hawkins reached Surat and brought King James I letter
to Jahangir requesting to do business in India. Despite Portuguese
resistance, Hawkins reached Mughal court and got appointed as
mansabadar of 400 at ₹30k salary.
- 1611: Portuguese were angry. Mughals+ Portug truce happened
Potug stopped English ships from entering Surat. A baffled Hawkins
left Mughal court.
- 1612: English ship defeated Portuguese
- 1613: Portug. captured Mughal ship, imprisoned Muslims, plundered
cargoes. Jahangir ordered Muqarrab Khan to get compensation
- During Shah Jahan, Portuguese lost all favours: Capture of Hooghly:
 Context: Based on 1579 imperial Farman, P settled on Hooghly
bank near Satgaon in Bengal. Over the years, the trade
 migrated from Satgaon to Hooghly. They monopolised manuf.
of salt, built custom house, etc.
 They began slave trade- they captured 2 slave girls of Mumtaz
Mahal. 1623: Mughal siege and capture of Hooghly P fled.
e. Decline of Portuguese by the 18 th century
i. Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persia and N India; The rise of
the Marathas as immed. neighbours- captured Salsette+ Bassein in 1739
ii. Rel. policies: activities of Jesuits+ antagonism to Muslims pol. fears
iii. Dishonest trade practices: sea piracy
iv. Discovery of Brazil
v. Union of Spain+ Portugal in 1580-1: dragged P into wars with England+
Holland affected P’s monopoly on India
vi. Others also came to know of the secret route to India
vii. Loss of importance of Goa, after the fall of Vijayanagar Empire.
f. Significance of Portuguese
i. Began European era and marked emergence of naval power
ii. Followed only their own rules
iii. Military innovation: body armour, matchlock men, guns/ cannons in
ships; system of drilling groups of infantries on the Spanish model to
counter Dutch pressure; heavy multi-decked ships, use of castled prow+
stern to repel/ launch boarding parties; great organisation.
iv. Influence on Art and Culture
2. The Dutch
a. 1596: Cornelis de Houtman= 1 st Dutchman reached Sumatra+ Bantam
b. 1602: many trading companies merged into East India Co. of the Netherlands-
empowered to carry on war, conclude treaties, possess territories and fortify.
c. Dutch Settlements:
i. 1605: 1st factory at Masulipatnam
ii. Captured Nagapatam near Madras from P and made it their stronghold
iii. Factories on Coromandel coast, in GJ, UP, Bengal, BR
iv. 1609: factory in Pulicat, N of Madras
v. Oth factories: Surat, Bimplipatam, Karaikal, Chinsura, Baranagar,
Kasimbazar, Balasore, Patna, Cochin.
vi. Indigo manuf in Yamuna valley and C India, textile+ silk from Bengal, GJ,
Coromandel, saltpeter from BR, and opium and rice from Ganga valley.
d. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry:
i. Climax of enmity reached at Amboyna (in Indonesia- which Dutch
captured from P in 1605).
ii. 1667: compromise- Dutch got Indonesia and English got India
3. The English
a. Charter of Queen Elizabeth I
i. Why?
 New sense of enterprise in Brits: Francis Drakes voyage (1580) +
English victory over Spanish Armada (1588)
 Example of Portuguese
ii. 1599: “Merchant Adventurers” formed a co.- monopoly for 15 years
iii. 1609: charter extended excl rt.s indefinitely
b. Progress of the English Company
i. Foothold in W+ S
- 1609: Hawkins comes to Jahangir court
- 1611: Hawkins left (as failed to est. Surat factory due to P resistance)
- 1611: English started trading with Masulipatnam on SE India
- 1612: Captain Thomas Best defeated P in the sea off Surat- impressed
Jahangir permitted English to est. factory at Surat under T. Aldworth
- 1615: Sir Thomas Roe as ambassador of James I to Jahangir (till 1619)-
he was unsuccessful in getting a commercial treaty but got permission
to set up factory at Agra, Ahmedabad, Broach
- 1616: Factory at Masulipatnam
- Initially unsuccessful as: contend with Portuguese and Dutch
- What changed?
 Anglo-Portuguese tacit peace-
o 1662: Portugal King gifted King Charles II (England) as
dowry on marrying Catherine.
o 1668: Bombay was given to EIC on 10 pounds/year
o 1687: Bombay made W presidency HQ (from Surat)
 Anglo-Dutch compromise: mentioned earlier
 1632: Golden Farman by Sultan of Golconda
 1639: Masulipatnam council member, Francis Day (British
merchant) got permission from Chandragiri ruler to make
fortified factory- later St. George (replaced Masulipatnam)
ii. Foothold in Bengal
- 1651: Shah Shuja (subedar of Bengal)- ₹3000/- in lieu of all duties
- 1651: Hooghly factory (and others- Kasimbazar, Patna, Rajmahal)
- Prob: despite the Farman, local officers used to create trouble. Thus,
Co. wanted to have a fortified settlement at Hooghly to have their
forces stationed.
- 1682: William Hedges asks Shaista Khan to redress the grievance-
nothing happened—diff between Mughals and Co. grew
1686: Mughals sacked Hooghly
English retaliated captured Thana fort, raided Hijli in E Midnapore,
stormed Balasore fortification
- 1690: Job Charnock: signed treaty with Mughal to return to Sutan+
continue trade at ₹3000/ year with Bengal
- 1696: Bardhaman zamindar rebelled English got pretext to fortify
- 1698: English got zamindari of Sutanuti, Gobindapur, Kalikata
(Kalighat) for ₹1200 from their owners
- 1700: Fort William as seat of E Presidency with Charles Eyre= Pres.
iii. 1715: Farrukhsiyar’s Farmans (Magna Carta of the Company)
John Surman got 3 Farmans, giving many privileges in Bengal, GJ, Hyd.:
- Bengal: IM, EX exempted from addnal custom duties for ₹3000/ yr;
Can issue dastaks for transporting such goods; can rent more lands
around Calcutta;
- Hyd.: Co. retained existing privilege of freedom from duties in trade+
had to pay prevailing rent only for Madras
 - Surat: exempted from all duties for ₹10,000/ year
- Bombay: coins of Co. minted at Bombay to have currency throughout
Mughal empire
iv. Merging of 2 English Companies:
- 1688 English revolution Whigs influence enhanced opposed EIC
monopoly new company under Sir William Norris (ambassador to
Azb.) company failed 1708: the 2 companies merged under the
title ‘United Co. of merchants of England Trading to the East Indies’
4. The French
a. Foundation of French Centres in India
i. 1664- Colbert (famous minister of Louis XIV) founded Compagnie des
Indes Orientales- granted 50-year monopoly on French trade in Indian+
Pacific Oceans+ concession in perpetuity for Madagascar+ any other
territory it cld conquer. No success in Madagascar
ii. 1667: Francois Caron came and set up factory at Surat.
iii. 1669: Mercara, a Persian accompanying Caron, founded another French
factory in Masulipatnam (after getting patent from Sultan)
iv. 1673: French got permission from Shaista Khan – est. Chandernagore
v. 1673: Sher Khan Lodi (gov.r of Valikondapuram under Bijapur Sultan)
granted Francois Martin site to settle in Pondicherry (1674)
vi. Other imp trading centres at: Mahe, Karaikal, Balasore, Qasim Bazar
b. Early setbacks to French:
i. French-Dutch war- Dutch captured Pondicherry in 1693. 1697: Treaty
of Ryswick restored Pondi to French but held on to it for 2 more years.
ii. Pondi again prospered but then War of Spanish Succession had
to abandon Surat, Masulipatnam, Bantam
c. Reorganisation of the French Company:
i. 1720: reorgd as ‘Perpetual Co. of the Indies’ – strengthened
ii. 1720-1742: able governors Lenoir and Dumas
iii. Backed by French possession of Mauritius and Reunion
ANGLO-FRENCH WARS- STORY-LIKE
5. The Danes: Danish EIC est in 1616 and in 1620- factory at Tranquebar near Tanjore.
Principle settlement= Serampore near Calcutta.
1845: Danish factories sold to British govt.
Better known for missionary activities than for commerce
Why the English Succeeded Against Other European Powers
a. Structure and Nature of the Trading Companies
b. Naval Superiority
c. Industrial Revolution
d. Military Skill and Discipline
e. Stable Government
f. Lesser zeal for religion
g. Use of Debt Market
India on the Eve of British Conquest
1. Challenges before the Mughals
a. External Challenges:
 i. Nadir Shah attacked India in 1739 (Md. Shah's reign), conquered Lahore,
defeated Mughals at Karnal, looted DL and gained strategically imp terr.
W of Indus incl. Kabul
ii. Ahmad Shah Abdali/ Durrani: successor of Nadir; looted multiple times
1748-67;
- 1751-2: Mughals ceded PB
- 1757: Abdali captured DL- left Afghan caretaker to watch over Mughal
emperor; Rohilla chief Najib-ud-Daula made ‘Mir Bakshi’ and supreme
agent of Abdali.
- 1758: Daula expelled by Maratha Raghunath Rao- captured PB also
- 1759: Abdali returns
- 1761: 3rd Battle of Panipat
- 1767: last Abdali invasion
b. Internal Challenge- Weak Rulers After Azb:
Bahadur Shah I 1709-12 Pacifist policy with Marathas, Rajputs, Jats; released Shahu
Jahandar Shah 1712-13 With help of Zulfikar Khan; intro.d izara system; abolished Jaziya
Farrukhsiyar 1713-19 With help of Sayyid bros.; rel. tolerance; abolish jaziya+ pilgrim. Tax; Farmans to
Brits; 1st Mughal king to be killed by nobles
Rafi-ud-Darajat 1719
Rafi-ud-Daula 1719
Md. Shah 1719-48 Aka Rangeela; killed Sayyid bros with help of Nizan-ul-Mulk; estab.t of the indep
states- Hyd., Bengal, Awadh, PB; Bo Karnal- Nadir Shah defeated Mughals
Ahmad Shah 1748-54 Left to Udham Bai (Queen Mother) aka Qibla-i-Alam- helped by Javid Khan
Alamgir II 1754-58 Battle of Plassey; Ahmad Shah Abdali
Shah Jahan III 1758-59
Shah Alam II 1759-‘06 3rd Bo Panipat; Battle of Buxar; pensioner of EIC
Akbar II 1806-37 Gave title to RRM Roy in 1835- Mughal coins stopped
BS Zafar 1837-57
2. Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire: Shifting allegiance of zamindar; Jagirdari crisis;
Rise of regional aspirations; economic and administrative problems
3. Survey of Regional Kingdoms
a. Hyderabad: Kilch Khan/ Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah- disgusted with Md Shah for
appointing Mubariz Khan as full-fledged viceroy of Deccan, decided to fight MK
and defeated him in Bo Shakr-Kheda (1724). Became viceroy in 1725.
b. Awadh: Saadat Khan/ Burhan-ul-Mulk
c. Bengal- Murshid Quli Khan Shuja-ud-din Sarfaraz Khan Alivardi Khan
d. Rajputs: 1708- BS-I v Ajit Singh+ Jai Singh II+ Durgadas Rathore; the alliance
broke and Mughals cld save face
e. Mysore: Wodeyars; lot of contest finally, Haider Ali Tipu Sultan
f. Kerala: Martanda Varma (Westernisation of army)
g. Jats: revolted by agri settlers around DL, Mathura, Agra ag. Azb’s policies
Churaman and Badan Singh est Jat state of Bharatpur. Zenith under Suraj Mal
h. Sikhs: Ranjit Singh
i. Marathas
j. Rohilakhand and Farukhabad
4. Socio-Economic Conditions
a. Agriculture:
 i. Stagnant and tech-backward
ii. Peasants paid rev to state, zamindar, jagirdars, revenue-farmers
iii. Major crops: rice wheat sugar, pepper, spices, cotton, etc
b. Trade and Industry: Trade flourished
i. EXPORT: cotton textiles, raw silk, silk fabrics, hardware, indigo, saltpeter,
opium, rice, wheat, sugar, pepper, spices, precious stones and drugs
ii. IMPORT: Gold, musk, woolen cloth, Cu, Fe, Pb, paper, porcelain, pearls,
dates, fried fruits, coffee, tea, ivory, rosewater, etc.
c. Education:
i. Elementary education- pathshalas and maktabs
ii. Higher education: Chatuspathis or Tols (Hindus) and Madrasahs (Muslims)
iii. Ab. of sc., tech. and geography
d. Society: Varnas, sub-castes- Hindus; castes, race, tribe, status- Muslims
e. Art, Arch, Culture:
Asaf-ud-Daula Lucknow Bada Imambara
Sawai Jai Singh Jaipur Pink city + 5 [Link] (DL, Jaipur, Mathura, Benaras, Ujjain)
Painting schools: Kangra, Rajputana; Urdu language and poetry; regional languages devped;

EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH POWER IN INDIA

1. Cause of British Success in India

a. Superior Arms, military and Strategy
b. Better military discipline and regular salary
c. Civil discipline and fair selection system
d. Brilliant leadership and support of 2 nd line leaders
e. Strong Financial Backup
f. Nationalist Pride
2. British Conquest of Bengal
i. Bengal on the eve of British Conquest
i. EX: saltpeter, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton textile, handicraft
ii. 60% Brit IM from Asia from Bengal
iii. EIC Factories at: Balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna, Dacca
iv. 1690s: foundn of Calcutta by EIC
v. EIC worth= 50k pound and they paid only 3k₹ (350 pounds)
vi. 1700: Murshid Quli Khan became Dewan
vii. 1727-39: Shuja-ud-din succeeds him
viii. 1739-40: Incapable Sarfaraz Khan
ix. 1740: Alivardi Khan kills Sarfaraz and becomes ruler (by paying large sum
to Mughal emperor) till 1756. He stopped tributes to Mughals. Bengal
prospered- highly stable unlike rest of India. He was going to expel EIC
but died before that.
x. 1756- Siraj-ud-Daulah
ii. Challenges before Siraj
i. Rival cousin Nawab of Purnea, Shaukat Jung, Hostile aunt Ghasiti Begum,
rebellious commander Mir Jafar, alarmed Hindu subject popn; opposing
 court members- Jagat Seth, Omichand, Rai Ballabh, Rai Durlabh; ever-
growing EIC
ii. What he did? Defeated Shaukat, divested Begum of her treasures,
dismissed Mir Jafar.
iii. Battle of Plassey
i. Prelude to the Battle
- Co. officials misuse trade privileges
- EIC fortified Calcutta without Nawab’s permission
- Co. gave political asylum to political fugitive Krishna Das
- Alleged ‘Black-hole tragedy’
ii. The Battle
iii. Significance:
- Mir Jafar becomes nawab- dependent on Clive- resident posted
- English get lot of money+ zamindari of 24 Parganas (+grant of land for
maintaining army) + sovereignty of Brits on Calcutta was recognised
- Laid the foundation of Brit empire and est. mil. Supremacy of English
- French were ousted
iv. Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760
i. Irritated Mir Jafar did not pay English and conspires with Dutch at
Chinsura but Dutch were defeated by English in 1759 English annoyed
ii. Mir Jafar’s son died successorship fight between:
- Mir Kasim (MJ’s son-in-law)
- Vansittart (son of Miran i.e. grandson of MJ)- Governor of Calcutta
iii. Mir Kasim and Co. sign treaty in 1760:
- MK to cede Burdwan, Midnapore, Chittagong to Co.
- Co. to get half share of chuman trade in Sylhet
- MK to give 5L to finance Co.’s war efforts in S India
- MK’s enemies/ friends were Co.s enemies/ friends
- Tenants of nawab’s territories not to settle in Co. lands, vice versa
iv. Vansittart agreed to support MK and MJ resigned in favour of MK
v. MK proved to be very able: shifted capital from Murshidabad to Munger
in Bihar (to distance from Co.’s Calcutta), reorganised bureaucracy with
his own men, remodeled army.
v. Battle of Buxar
i. Prelude to the Battle
- Co.-backed deputy governor of Bihar, Ram Narayan refused to submit
revenue accounts to nawab
- Misuse of dastak- private trade by Co. officials; selling to Indian
merchants for commission  unfair+ unequal mkt MK abolished
duties  Co.-MK tussle over transit duty  war in 1763  EIC gained
Katwah, Murshidabad, Giri, Sooty, Munger  MK fled to Awadh 
conferderacy with Nawab of Awadh Shuja-ud-Daulah and Shah Alam II
ii. The Battle in 1764: Brits won  MJ again made ruler and he agreed to
give Midnapore, Burdwan and Chittagong to maintain army.
English were allowed duty free trade except 2% trade on salt
After MJ, his minor son Najim-ud-Daulah become ruler but real power
with Co-appointed naib-subedar
 vi. Treaty of Allahabad: Clive concluded 2 treaties in 1765- one Awadh, one Mughal
i. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah:
- Surrendered Allahabad, Kara to Shah Alam II
- Pay 50L to co. as war indemnity
- Give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Benaras, full possession of his estate
Clive did not annex Awadh as it was to become a friend state serving as
Buffer between Co. and Marathas+ Afghans
ii. Shah Alam II
- Reside at Allahabad
- Issue farman to grant diwani of Bengal, BR, OD to EIC in lieu of 26L/yr
- 53L to the Co. for nizamat functions (mil., def., police, jud.).
This made Mughal emperor rubber stamp and gave EIC legitimacy
vii. Dual Government in Bengal 1765-72
Dual System of Government 1765-72
Company Nawab
Diwani Nizamat Responsible for peace/ order but
Meaning Collecting rev. Police+ jud. fns dep for funds/ forces from co.
Source Mughal Emperor’s From Bengal subedar
farmans
Ex. by Diwan Co. nominated depy subedar
3. Mysore’s Resistance to the Company
Wodeyars/ Mysore Dynasty
i. 1565 Battle of Talikota  deadly blow to Vijayanagara  small kingdoms
ii. 1612: Wodeyars emerged in Mysore.
iii. Chikka Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734-66) reduced to puppet by 2 bros-
Nanaraj (sarvadhikari) and Devaraj (Dulwai) Haider Ali rose ranks under
them As Mysore become eco.y+ pol.y weak due to repeated incursions
of Marathas+ Nizams, Haider Ali eventually became de facto ruler in 1761
iv. Haider Ali’s steps taken:
- Mobile Marathas  HA created swift cavalry
- Cannons of French-trained Nizami army HA’s soln= effective
artillery+ arms from West/ manufactured from know-how of West
set up arms factory at Dindigul (TN) and intro.d Wn training for army
- Captured Dod Ballapur, Sera, Bednur, Hoskote in 1761-3 and Poligars
of S had to submit to him
v. Marathas, defeated at Panipat, defeated Mysore in 1764, 1766, 1771- HA
to pay up  1772 Madhavrao died  HA raided Marathas 1774-6
recovered lost terr.+ gain new areas
vi. EIC concerns:
- Mysore’s proximity with the French
- Tipu’s control over the rich trade of Malabar
- potential threat to EIC’s control over Madras
a. First Anglo-Mysore War 1767-69
i. Background
- Brits confident after Bengal conquest
- 1766- EIC treaty with Hyd Nizam EIC to protect Nizam from HA in
lieu of N Circars region
 - HA- terr disputes with Nawab of Arcot and differences with Marathas
ii. War:
Nizam+ Marathas+ EIC vs. HA
HA paid Marathas and promised Nizam share of conquered territories
Then, HA+ Nizam vs. Nawab of Arcot
 war contd inconclusive for 1.5 year HA suddenly appeared before
gated of Madras chaos English concluded a humiliating treaty
iii. Treaty of Madras 1769—prisoner exch+ mutual restitution of conquests+
EIC to help HA if other power attacks
b. Second Anglo-Mysore War 1780-84
i. Background
- Marathas attacked HA EIC did not come to help HA accused EIC
of non-observance of To Madras
- French help in getting saltpeter, guns and lead; through Mahe, a Fr
possession on Malabar coast, some Fr war material was brought to
Mysore. Also, this is the time when Am. Indep War is on.
- EIC tried to capture Mahe which HA though to be under his protection
ii. War:
HA+ Marathas+ Nizam vs. EIC. Later, Marathas and Nizam went away. HA
kept fighting- lost, won..., died of cancer.
Tipu succeded  1 yr of inconclusive war To Mangalore (1784) mutual
restitution of terr.
c. Third Anglo-Mysore War: 1790-2
i. Background: Tipu v. Travancore over Cochin
ii. War: Tipu vs. Travancore+ EIC (Cornwallis)+ Marathas+ Nizam  Tipu lost
iii. Treaty of Seringapatnam 1792- half of Mysore terr. to victors+ 3cr war
indemnity (½ immed. + other ½ in installments- Tipu’s sons as hostages)
d. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (Apr-May 1799)
i. Background:
- Wodeyar king died; Tipu refused enthrone his minor- became sultan
- Tipu fulfilled terms of treaty and got sons released
- Tipu got closer to Fr.--> Wellesley got concerned EIC charge-sheet
ag. Tipu of conspiring against EIC Tipu’s answer didn’t satisfy Co.
ii. War: Tipu vs. EIC+ Marathas+ Nizam  Tipu lost
e. Mysore after Tipu
i. EIC offered Soonda+ Harponelly to Marathas declined
ii. Nizam got Gooty+ Gurramkonda
iii. New Mysore state under old Wodeyar dynasty;s minor Krishnaraja III-
accepted subsidiary alliance
iv. 1831: Bentinck took control of Mysore on grounds of mi- governance
v. 1881: Ripon restored the kingdom to its ruler
4. Anglo-Marathas Struggle for Supremacy
Rise of the Marathas: known+ Bajirao I started a confederacy of prominent Maratha
chiefs to manage power+ appease kshatriyas. Each prominent family under a chief
was assigned a sphere of influence which he was supposed to conquer+ rule but in
the name of Shahu. They were:
i. Gaekwad of Baroda
 ii. Bhonsle of Nagpur
iii. Holkars of Indore
iv. Sindhias of Gwalior
v. Peshwa of Poona
This system worked well only till the 3 rd Panipat
a. First Anglo-Maratha War 1775-82
i. Background
- Narayanrao, brother of Madhavrao succeded him but Ragunathrao
(his uncle) assassinated Narayan Rao and became next peshwa.
Gangabai, widow of Narayan Rao gave birth to Sawai-Madhavrao
after Narayanrao’s death and was legally the next peshwa.
- 12 Maratha chiefs (Barabhai), led by Nana Phadnavis tried to make
the infant next peshwa
- Treaties of Surat between Raghunath Rao and English at Bombay in
1775 Raghunath cede Salsette and Bassein to English+ portion of
rev from Surat+ Bharuch, in return for 2500 soldiers
- 1176British Calcutta Council condemned the trety and senf Col.
Upton to annul it and sign Treaty of Purandhar 1776 promised
Raghu a pension.
- 1777: Nana Ph. violated treaty (gave Fr a port) EIC sent force
ii. War:
- Maratha’s scorched earth policy- burning farmland+ poisoning wells
- English lost Treaty of Wadgaon 1779 EIC Bombay govt to
relinquish all terr. acquired since 1775.
- 1779: Warren Hastings rejected Treaty of Wadgaon and sent force-
captured Ahm and Bassein (1779) and Gwalior (1780)
- 1781: EIC defeated Sindhia at Sipri
- 1782: Treaty of Salbai- guaranteed peace for 20 years- terms:
 Salsette to remain with EIC
 Marathas got terr.s conquered since To Purandhar incl Bassein
 In GJ Fateh Singh Gaekwad to retain terr he had before+ serve
as Peshwas as before
 EIC- not further support Raghunathrao (pension from Peshwa)
 EIC- trade privileges as before
 Peshwa not to support other European power
 Peshwa+ EIC --undertake that their allies to be at peace with
each other
 Mutual guarantor of observance of treaty= Mahadji Sindhia
b. Second Anglo-Maratha War
i. Background: Madhavrao Narayan suicide incapable Bajirao II becomes
Peshwa (Nana as CM- died in 1800) English interfered
ii. War:
Peshwa killed brother of Jaswantrao Holkar  Holkar defeated Peshwa+
Sindhia at Hadapsar Vinayakrao becomes Peshwa Bajirao II fled and
signed treaty with EIC in 1802
Treaty of Bassein 1802- Peshwa to:
- Get >=6000 troops of native infantry from Co.+ artillery