THE ASIAN BULLETIN OF GREEN MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Vol 3, Issue 1(2023)

THE ASIAN BULLETIN OF GREEN MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULAR

ECONOMY
ISSN (online): 2959-0035
[Link] 10.62019/abgmce.v3i1.48 ISSN (Print): 2959-0027

Educational Marginalization in Rural Pakistan: Sociocultural

Economic Determinants for Policy Implications
Fouzia Sadaf, Farhan Ahmad Faiz*, Shahid Nadeem, Naseeb Ullah
Chronicle Abstract
Article history In the socioeconomic context of the Koh-e-Suleman Tamun Qaisrani
Received: Dec 15, 2023
Received in the revised format: January
region of District Dera Ghazi Khan, the research examined the critical
2nd, 2024 issue of early school departure and its multifaceted implications for
Accepted: January 10, 2024 the community and broader economic progress. Addressing a core
Available online: January 15, 2024
aspect of human capital formation and societal development, the
study scrutinized the impact of educational discontinuation on a
Fouzia Sadaf is currently affiliated
with Institute of Social and Cultural
country's overall advancement, emphasizing the linkage between
Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore early school dropout and a low literacy rate with manifold
Pakistan. concomitant social challenges. Using a methodological approach
Email: [Link]@[Link] encompassing convenient sampling techniques, data was elicited
from 250 respondents via questionnaires. The research's analytical
Farhan Ahmad Faiz is currently
focus unearthed a clear correlation between parental income and
affiliated with School of Sociology,
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad literacy levels with students' dropout ratios and early school leaving
Pakistan. tendencies. Key determinants were identified, including familial
Email: farhanfaiz@[Link] socioeconomic background, peer relationships, cultural phenomena
such as early marriages, and logistical barriers like school distance.
Shahid Nadeem is currently The findings divulged that lower parental income and literacy
affiliated with Department of
contribute to higher dropout rates and augmented probabilities of
Sociology, Government College
University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. premature educational withdrawal. The study thus expounded a
Email: buzdar318@[Link] sociological critique of these systemic failures, accentuating the
state's onus to ameliorate these issues. Recommendations were
Naseeb Ullah is currently affiliated proffered, accenting the government's obligation to furnish
with Department of Sociology, elementary school amenities and institute financial aid measures for
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Pakistan economically disadvantaged students, thereby cultivating an
Email: naseebbaloch6789@[Link] environment conducive to the amelioration of this profound social
malaise.
*Corresponding Author
Keywords: Early School leaving, Institutions, Poverty, peer groups, school distance.
© 2023 Asian Academy of Business and social science research Ltd Pakistan. All rights reserved

INTRODUCTION
According to Devkota, Eklund, and Wagle (2020), the dropout ratio of the
deprived group is 8% which is 7% higher than the indigenous group. The socio -
economic status, such as poverty, unemployment, and landholding are less than
native people. The other factors are the education and occupation of parents,
and their homes at hills distant from school have higher rates of school dropout.
The parents prefer their sons to teach therefore the female dropout ratio is higher.
Early marriages of females are one of the reasons to drop out of their children
from school. Family background, unemployment, poverty, student engagement
and performance of students are playing a triggering role in school dropout but
the effects of labor market cannot be ignored. The influence of the labor market
in the context of human capital theory, where leaving and staying in school is a
rational choice. The student focus opportunity cost and benefit of education. The
labor market influences early school dropout in the unemployment context and

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Effect Of Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior Sadaf, F, et Al., (2023)
low wages. The role of educational policies and educational institutions are also
responsible for student’s early dropout in school (De White et al, 2013). The early
school leaving ratio in Pakistan is very high, but it is crucial to tackle this issue through
the implementation of proper policies. The research findings have revealed that the
girls are leaving school significantly in high ratio as compared to boys due to parents’
poverty and their lack of interest in female education. Parents are often interested to
teach their sons as compared to their daughters. The poor economic condition has
often compelled the parents to withdraw their girls from school and engage them in
domestic responsibilities. The findings further revealed that 19% leave school due to
safety concern. There are numerous other factors of girls early leaving schools such as
school distance, lack of schools in the area, poor infrastructure, social exclusion and
religious factors (Khan, Azhar and Shah, 2011).
The European Commission and euro-state (2010) defined early school leaving as
“an individual aged 18 to 24 has attained at lower secondary education and is
no longer in education and training”. Early schooling affects individuals, and
societies in various ways. The policymakers through evidence-based policy
making (EPBM) must focus to reduce the dropout ratio in the region. The
European Commission's target was to remove 10 percent of the dropout ratio in
2020, a really challenging task to achieve.
Unequal distribution of educational opportunities, and territorial distribution is one
lenses to see schools leaving in Italy. Comparing southern to northern Italy, there
is unemployment, lack of social care, and unequal distribution of resources
revealing inequity between both regions. The school dropout ratio in the northern
area is 11.6% while it increased to 19.2 per cent in the southern part. The
stratification of the population in Italy is immense. The higher-income population
lived in the Northern area while low-income people belong to the southern areas.
Such stratification among regions increased the school dropout ratio in Italy
(Cachia et al., 2010). School failure is a comprehensive concept and various
people defined this term in a different way. It may be failing to the provision of
services, learning, or upgrading a student in the next class. Finally, students drop
out of school and the demand for skilled labor in the market is unachieved. The
reason for school leaving is family, individual, and the poor school system
(Psacharopoulos, 2007).
Early school dropout generates critical social and economic issues which the
developing world is facing. They are facing massive crime, injustice, segregation,
ethnic conflict poverty, juvenile delinquency, high mortality, and unbelievable
human rights violations. All these matters are associated with low literacy
rates, high dropout ratios in schools. The increasing crime among youth
pulling these societies into a more devastating and overwhelming situation. I
think a low literacy rate is among the root factors of such shocking challenges.
Before discussing any social or economic issue, we should understand the cause
of the problem. The causes also create effects. Then we should measure the
magnitude of the incident. The main objective of our research was early school
leaving. We should find the possible root of this issue and we should measure its
effect on society. When we do not understand the nature of the problem then it
is difficult for us to answer or solve these problems. This research used a standard
method to explore the significant problem and conclude through
relevant outcomes. We explore in detail the causes associated with this problem.
The countries whose youth are not participating in educational activities their
The Asian Bulletin Of Green Management and Circular Economy 3(1), 188-196
economic condition and social condition are badly affected. In developing
nations, the youth are more engaged in criminal activities compared to countries
having higher literacy rates. The civic engagement of youth is the backbone of
the country. It is due to some problems that this shocking
phenomenon is occurring. It is the responsibility of the state to overcome these
challenges. This research will benefit not only the economy of a country and
create social stability for the country and humanity at large. The multidimensional
factors for early school leaving are, personal, social, peer group pressure, lack of
institutional support, poverty, individual problems, family issues, cultural factors,
and lack of students' interest in school are the factors of leaving school. Bademci
et al (2020) in a study collected data from Italy, Turkey, Malta, Bulgaria, and
Romania through an online survey of 796 secondary school teachers, and 900
students. The respondents responded that government, families, and sch ools
should take rational actions to prevent early school leaving.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Zeb, et al. (2021) conducted research in the area of District Peshawar using
convenient sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaire and
interviews from 400 household. The study results revealed that there are multifaceted
reasons of early school leaving. In the case of boys’ 60% percent respondents’
response that due to poverty children leave schools. On the other hand, 45% girls
leave school due to financial crisis. It is a global issue and modern world is facing this
crisis due to socio-economic, parent’s education, illiterate community and gender
discrimination.
Asif, Hayat, and Khan (2021) found that academic failure, low marks, financial
issues, students' mental illness, and personal challenges become factors in school
dropout. The data is collected through a questionnaire survey from each student.
The logistic regression method was used for statistical analysis. The findings from
students clearly depict that socio-economic issues, demographic, institutional
peer group relationships, and the extra work at home became the reason for
early school leaving. From the parental side, the lack of interest, unemployment,
and educational expenses are the factors of student dropout.
Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Vieira, and Vidal (2019) documented that early school
leaving is an international issue and its impact is not limited to countries, but it
also affects the community. It is not due to educational training, but the transition
of young people in the labor market. The research analysed a total of 122
variables including academic and non-, that are linked with early school leaving.
The academic variables include school, teachers, and classmates. The non -
academic variables are family, individuals, and friendship. The research
concluded that early school dropout is a complex issue that is not easy to address
alone but is addressed through coordination.
Lavrijsen, & Nicaise (2015) showed that poverty and social equality have strongly
associated with high school leaving. The poor parents with low education face
class stratification and their children soon leave school and work with their
parents. Youth unemployment has been strongly linked with a high dropout ratio.
The role of the educational system is not neglected the poor policies are also
factors of early school leaving. Song, Benin, & Glick (2012) conducted a
longitudinal study of a total population of 21,420 using clustered sampling
technique to study “the effects of family structure and family transitions on

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Effect Of Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior Sadaf, F, et Al., (2023)
adolescent high school dropout”. The researcher examined single parents
(mother, Father) and step (mother, father) distinctly. The study findings show that
nontraditional families have a higher rate of dropout as compared to
biological parents' families. Single mothers’ children are attending more school
compared to single fathers’ children. The results of stepfamilies are the same as
single families. Divorce parents, and children's schools are badly affected.
The limitation of the data of the research study missed important dynamics e,g,
the nature of the family, and family structure.
Markussen, Frøseth., & Sandberg (2011). Conducted research in Norway with a
sample of 9,7400209 students. The data was collected through surveys and
publicly registered students. The findings identified three major variables that
cause early school leaving. i)- social background of students is measured through
parents’ education. The results showed that lower educated parents’ children
early school leaving is higher than high educated parents. The non-western and
immigrants had a higher ratio of early school leaving (ii)- Students' performance
or engagement also causes early leaving. Students whose performance average
aggregate is good are low dropouts as compared to the students of less
engagement and absence from school. The weak students leave school earlier.
(iii) The gender difference was also noted among boys having a higher
probability of not completing upper secondary education. (iv)- Parents’
engagement in work is also identified as low early leaving than the parents who
are not engaged in work.
According to the definition of early school leaving is the young people that have
dropped out before completing compulsory education or those who have
completed primary school and not gained upper secondary education or those
who completed their vocational or pre-vocational school, and their education is
not equal to upper secondary school’. The findings of early school leaving are
low income. Family conflict was also observed as a key factor. A lot of students
leave school to enter the labor market and do part-time activities. The rate of
unemployment also linked to early school leaving (Gyonos, 2011). Oreopoulos
and Salvanes (2011) argued that schooling is a financial investment where in
return we receive wealth and happiness.
Early school leaving drew the attention of policymakers and researchers during the
last decade. The school dropout ratio is higher among ethnic minorities and low-
income families in the Netherlands. The males of ethnic minorities have a higher risk
of school leaving and according to cognitive skills, such students are less intelligent
and perform less in class than other students. The other factor of early school leaving
is family. The low-income family do not provide school materials for their children and
low-educated parents are also less interested in educating their children. A large
number of ethnic minority students from urbanized areas have also a high ratio of early
dropout. The researchers suggest that these factors are reduced through the
involvement of parents and school reforms (Traag & Van der, 2008).
Education plays a central role in social stability. The case studies of seven
selected countries (Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Chile, Ukraine, Mexico, and Egypt)
noted that the findings of the cost of early school leaving are social, government,
and private. The research revealed that a higher educational level is associated
with high tax paying, higher participation in the labor market, good health, and
improvement in family conditions with a good lifestyle. Higher poverty and lower
poverty are also linked with school participation and school leaving. The social
The Asian Bulletin Of Green Management and Circular Economy 3(1), 188-196
cost of such countries is good where the participation of the public in school is
higher. The researcher found that in early school leaving areas the crime ratio
was also high (Belfield, 2008: Psacharopoulos, 2007). Various factors contribute to
early school leaving e.g., family support, caregiving environment, academic
difficulties, and student behavior, but teacher aggression and peer group relationship
are also identified as school leaving factors. Those students’ group who faced teacher
aggression soon leave school as a reaction. The non-aggressive youth association also
leaves school due to the same group membership. Such multiple factors developed
before adolescence then they contribute to dropout (Farmer et al, 2003). The
application of urban transformation is to the provision of healthy qualities, and
the renewal of social, economic, environmental, and technology of damaged
areas (Keles,2003). As schools voluntarily accept students but sometimes schools
involuntarily discharge students due to their test scores or achievement of good
results. Then the schools reduce the membership of low-grade students. The other
factors that cause students to drop out are the availability of low
resources that cannot fulfill the students’ needs. (Rumberger and Thomas, 2000)

Research Methodology
All the methods that researcher use during research are entitled as research methods.
The researcher planned it in a systematic and scientific way. The demand of good
research is to follow scientific approach and carefully design research methodology.
According to Singh (2006) research simply answers those questions which have not
been answered. Research is a human effort and a process of exploration. Research
methodology are planned skills, process of data collection and interpretation of data.
Research effectively solves problems in a scientific way. The present study was
designed to investigate the factors of early school leaving in the selected region of
Koh-e-Suleman. The current study is quantitative in nature. Watson (2015) argued that
the quantitative research is essentially deductive in nature measurement are made
and conclusion are drawn. Different statistical method is used for outcome however
the reliability and validity are necessary for the purpose of research. The research
instruments are designed for reliability and validity. During research random error
occurred in quantitative research.
It is difficult to study the whole population, so we select subset of population for our
study. The entire population is very expensive and cannot be afford for study. So,
sampling is crucial for research. Researcher choose different sampling techniques for
the purpose of study. The sampling size should be systematic and relevant for valid
inferences (Acharya et al., 2013). Tehsil Koh-e- Suleman of District Dera Ghazi Khan
are comprised of different union councils and Tamundar. Our target population is
Tamun Qaisrani bordered with KPK and Baluchistan. In Tamun Qaisrani the early school
leaving ratio is very high as compared to other Tamuns. A sample of 250 people were
selected in Tamun Qaisrani for the purpose of study. The convenience sampling
techniques were used for data collection. For the purpose of the research, we used
convenience sample as it is goal oriented. The data of 250 people were collected
through questionnaire and later the data were analyzed through chi-square test.
The respondent’s responses clearly revealed that parents’ literacy rate play a vital role
in children education. The illiterate parents’ children leave earlier schools. Foley,
Gallipoli & Green. (2014) also investigated the impact of parents’ education and
socio-economic condition of parents are correlated with high school dropout ratio.

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Effect Of Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior Sadaf, F, et Al., (2023)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1.
Percentage distribution of the respondents with respect to their education
Categories Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 189 75.6
Matric 27 10.8
Graduate 16 6.4
Postgraduate 18 7.2
Total 250 100.0

The unskilled parents have high dropout ratio as compare to the educated and skilled
parents.
Table 2.
Percentage distribution of the respondent with respect to monthly income
Categories Frequency Percentage
5000-15000 132 52.8
16000-30000 62 24.8
31000-50000 49 19.6
Above-50000 07 2.8
Total 250 100.0

The percentage distribution of the respondents’ exposed that the majority of parents
income is very low. With this income they are unable to afford educational stationery.
They indulge their children in earning. Latif, Choudhary & Hammayun, (2015)
examined that financially week students leave school earlier their parents unable to
afford the high institutional costs. The disinterested parents and poor students do not
attentive to attend school soon they leave school. The poor parents force their sons
to earn money in labour market. The researcher found that poor family background
and uneducated parents dropout ratio are high in schools. The researcher also found
that poor parents’ children are unhealthy and their parents have lack of awareness
about teaching their children.
Battin-Pearson, et al identified five theories of school dropout and each hypothesize
have influences in school failure. i) Academic Mediation Theory explain the poor
academic achievement is a major factor of early school leaving. Several studies data
clearly depict that student performance have impact on early school leaving. ii)
General Deviance elucidate that anti-social bahaviour, personal deviancy and family
socialization is closely associated with high dropout ratio in schools. iii) Deviant
Affiliation Theory accept the influence of peer groups; deviant friends are the factors
of early school leaving. iv) Poor Family Socialization Theory explain the role of family
background in school dropout. The uneducated parents’ children leave school early
as compare to educated parents. The family socialization and education have direct
influence on students’ academic achievement. v) Structural Strain Theory discuss the
structural factors like gender discrimination and ethnicity are mediating factors of
school dropout.

The research revealed that early school leaving is very high in the selected region due
to many problems. Lack of awareness, poverty, unemployment, peer groups,
relationship, poor performance of students and schools the migration of tribal people
are the chief reasons of early school leaving in Tamun Qaisrani. In overall Pakistan the
The Asian Bulletin Of Green Management and Circular Economy 3(1), 188-196
school dropout ratio is very high and less attention is paid on this serious issue. Majority
of students are not enrolled or leave school in early age.
Table 3.
A Breakdown, by Percentage, of the Responses to Certain Questions on Early School Leaving
Strongly Strongly
Agree Uncertain Disagre Percentage
Opinion Agree Disagree
e
% % % % % %
Do your children leave school for
school distance 65 26.0 137 54.8 23 9.2 14 5.6 11 4.4 250 100
Do your daughter leave school for79 31.6 98 39.2 13 5.2 43 17.2 17 6.8 250 100
insecurity
Do your children leave school for88 35.2 92 36.8 37 14.8 22 8.8 9 3.6 250 100
financial issue
Do your children leave school with their64 25.6 88 35.2 42 12.5 29 11.6 27 10.8 250 100
friends
Do you leave schools for home tasks 83 33.2 89 40.6 26 7.5 29 12.5 23 4.4 250 100
Do your children leave schools for
69 27.6 100 40.0 39 15.6 28 11.2 14 5.6 250 100
poor performance
Do your children leave school for early
marriage 57 22.8 117 46.8 43 17.2 09 3.6 9.6 13.1 250 100

The rural areas are facing massive educational crisis due to these issues. The
government of Pakistan is not taking any initiative in Koh-e-Suleman region where the
literacy rate is alarmingly low. Our research will contribute national and international
level the terrifying situation of Koh-e Suleman. In future researches must be conducted
in the other parts Tamun of Koh-e- Suleman to raise awareness and to know the more
about educational system.
CONCLUSION
The exhaustive inquiry into the phenomenon of early school leaving in the Koh-e-
Suleman Tamun Qaisrani region paints an alarming portrait of educational barriers
deeply entrenched within structural, economic, and sociocultural fabrics. The study’s
data meticulously elucidates the integral role that parental literacy and financial
status play in shaping educational outcomes. With a staggering 75.6% of the
respondents being illiterate and 52.8% falling into the lowest income bracket, the
research lays bare the pronounced correlation between these factors and the high
school dropout ratio. Five prominent theories delineated by Battin-Pearson et al.
further delineate the complex nexus of factors underlying school dropout. This includes
the mediatory influence of academic performance, general and personal deviance,
deviant affiliations, family socialization deficits, and structural strains such as gender
and ethnic biases. The study’s respondent breakdown vis-à-vis various reasons for
early school leaving, from school distance to financial challenges, early marriage,
peer influence, and poor performance, underlines a multidimensional crisis. It
necessitates comprehensive, targeted interventions that acknowledge the
intersecting influences at play. Consequently, this research not only sheds light on a
localized educational calamity in Tamun Qaisrani but also echoes the broader crisis
in rural areas across Pakistan. The state's negligence in addressing this grave issue in
regions like Koh-e-Suleman, where literacy rates are alarmingly low, calls for urgent,
concerted actions. These must include substantial policy reforms, investment in
educational infrastructure, targeted literacy programs for parents, and financial
support mechanisms for impoverished students.

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Effect Of Green Organizational Citizenship Behavior Sadaf, F, et Al., (2023)
The study’s limitations, such as time and budget constraints and the area's complexity,
further underscore the need for expansive future research. Such endeavors must be
dedicated to unearthing the multifarious causes of school dropout and the specific
migratory factors contributing to early school leaving in the Koh-e-Suleman region.
The collective findings constitute a critical call to action, not only for local and
national policymakers but also for international stakeholders, to rectify a situation that
threatens the very fabric of societal progress and human capital development in the
region and beyond.

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative
Commons Attribution (CC- BY) license ([Link]

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