Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings

What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?  Antonio Luna

- House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438. Issues about the Proclamation of [Link] Rizal as
National Hero
- It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established
on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto. 1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler

- It requires the curricula of private and public 2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero
schools, colleges and universities courses to include, because of his cowardice to fight the colonizers
works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his through revolution.
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero.
- It was made effective on August 16, 1956.
 First Philippine Commission was formed by
As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law; the United States President headed by the
American Governor-General William
“Whereas, today more than other period f or history, Howard c. Taft.
there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of
 Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our national
freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived
hero was only their strategy to hinder our
and died.”
nationalistic feelings.
“Whereas, all educational institutions are under the
Philippines: Spanish Period
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the
State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral  Emergence of political unrest in Spanish
character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and Politics
to teach the duties of citizenship.”
1. It started during the reign of King
- The law requires all schools, colleges, universities , Ferdinand VII
private or public to include in their curricula courses
on the life and works of Rizal. It also states that all 2. Spanish political instability resulted
schools are required to have an adequate number of to frequent shifts of colonial policies
copies of the copies of the original and and unfixed terms of government
unexpurgated editions of El Filibusterismo and Noli officials in the Philippines.
Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies  Representation in the Spanish Cortes
of Rizal.  Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino
- The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame  Corrupt Spanish Official
of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino,  Inequality
particularly the youth. We are forgetting what our  Racial Discrimination Land ownership and
patriots have done and given to fight for our Feudalism
freedom.
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
Factors in Determining of a Person
 Doctor – complete his medical course in
 Just Spain and was conferred the degree of
 Patient Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
 Courageous Central de Madrid.
 Bearer of Wisdom  Jose – chosen by his mother who was a
 Respectful devotee of the Christian St. Joseph.
 Nationalist  Protacio – form Gervacio P which come
from a Christian calendar, in consideration
Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero of the day of his birth.
 Rizal – from the word ―Ricial in Spanish
 Filipino citizen
means a field where a wheat, cut while still
 Patriot/nationalist
green, sprouts again.
 Has already been dead
 Mercado – adopted by Domingo Lamco
 Patient
which Spanish term means market.
Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero  Alonzo – old name surname of his mother.
 Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora
 Marcelo H. del Pilar from the surname of her godmother based
 Emilio Jacinto on the culture by that time.
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
-He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June
19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna.

- He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the

Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three
days after birth.

- His Godfather named Father Pedro Casanas, a close

friend of Rizal family.

- Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor

general of the Philippines when Rizal was born.

Rizal’s Father

Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

 Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. -

Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College
of San Jose in Manila.
 Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-
owned hacienda.
 A hardly and independent-minded man,
who talked less and worked more, and was
strong in body and valiant in spirit.
 Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of
80.
 Rizal affectionately called him ―a model
father‖.
The Siblings of Jose Rizal
Rizal’s Mother
Saturnina (1850-1913)
Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)
 Oldest of the Rizal children
 Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.  Nicknamed Neneng
 Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a  Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan,
well known college for girls in the city. Batangas.
 A remarkable woman, possessing refined
culture, literary talent, business ability, and Paciano
the fortitude of Spartan.
 Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.

 He was the second father to Rizal.
 Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of
 Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli
85.
Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopong Tasio.
Information about his parents  Rizal regarded him as the ―most noble of
Filipinos‖.
 Rizal always called her sisters Doña or
 He became a combat general in the
Señora (married) and Señorita (single).
Philippine Revolution.
 Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso
 Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor at
Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after age of 79, he had two children by his
which they settled down in Calamba. mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a
 The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, girl.
which was adopted in 1713 by Domingo
Lamco (paternal great-great grandfather of Narcisa (1852-1939)
Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese.
 Petname Sisa
 Rizal‘s family acquired a second surname –
 She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew
Rizal – which was given by a Spanish Alcalde
of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher
Mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who
of Morong.
was a family friend.
Olympia (1855-1887)

 Petname Ypia
 She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator in Manila.
   The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was
his happy days in the family garden when
Lucia (1857-1979) he was three.
 she was married to Mariano Herbosa of  Another childhood memory was the daily
Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related,
Casanas. his mother gathered all the children at the
house to pray the Angelus.
Maria (1859-1945)  Another memory of Rizal during infancy was
the nocturnal walk in the town, especially
 Biang was her petname
when there was a moon.
 She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of
 The death of Concha was his first sorrow.
Biñan, Laguna.
 At age of three he began to take part in the
Concepcion (1862-1865) family prayers.
 At 5, he was able to read haltingly the
 Concha was her pet-name
Spanish family bible, and make sketches
 She died at age of three because of with this pencil and to mould in clay and
sickness. wax on objects which attracted his fancy.
 Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life.  “The Story of the Moth” – made the
Josefa (1865-1945) profoundest impression of Rizal.
 “Sa Aking Mga Kababata”- the first poem
 Panggoy was her pet-name written in the native language at age of 8,
 An old maid, died at age of 80. he also wrote his first dramatic work
(Tagalog comedy).
Trinidad (1868-1951)
Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood
 Trining was her pet-name
 An old maid, died at age of 83. 1. Hereditary influence

Soledad (1870-1929) 2. Environmental influence

 Choleng was her pet-name 3. Aid of the Divine Providence

 She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of
Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of
Calamba.
Rizal.
Rizal’s Home (Physical)
Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical
 It is one of the distinguished stone houses exercises.
in Calamba during the Spanish times.
Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of
 It was a two-storey building, rectangular in
good books.
shape, built of adobe stones and hard-
woods and roofed with red tiles. Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for
 During the day, it hummed with the noises scholarship and intellectual honesty.
of children at play and the songs of the
birds in the garden; by night, it echoed with Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
the dulcet notes of family prayers.  The first teacher of Rizal was his mother,
 The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, who was remarkable woman of good
town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. character and fine culture.
 The Rizal family had a simple, contented  Maestro Celestino – first private tutor.
and happy life  Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor.
Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna  Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his
father, that instructed in Spanish and Latin.
 Calamba was a hacienda town which He died five months later.
belonged to Dominican Order, which also  June 1869 - Rizal left Calamba to study in
owned all the lands around. Biñan, accompanied by Paciano.
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My  Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s
Town) – a poem about Rizal‘s beloved town first teacher in Biñan.
written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15  Pedro – his classmate that challenged him
years old and was student in the Ateneo de to fight.
Manila.  Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an
wrestling match. Bee2a

  Juancho – an old painter who was the  Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his
father-in-law of the school teacher; freely intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal
gave Rizal lesson in drawing and painting. was reluctantly admitted to Ateneo.
 December 17, 1870 – he left Biñan after one  He registered Rizal as his surname since
year and a half of schooling. Mercado was suspected by the Spanish
 Arturo Campos – a French friend of Rizal‘s authorities.
father who took care of him on board.  Rizal was first board in a house outside in
Caraballo Street. This was owned by a
Martyrdom of GomBurZA
spinster named Titay who owed the family
 January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino the amount of 300 pesos.
soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal Jesuits System of Education
under the leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid (he
was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of  It trained the character of the students by
the abolition of their usual privileges). rigid discipline and religious instructions.
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto  Students were divided into two groups:
Zamora – were executed at sunrise of o Roman Empire – consisting of
February 17, 1872, by the order of internos (boarders); red banner.
Governor-General Izquierdo. o Carthaginian Empire – composed
 The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 of the externos (non-boarders);
truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of blue banner.
Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed
Intelligence distribution:
people.
 Rizal dedicated his second novel El o Emperor – 1st
Filibusterismo to GomBurZa. o Tribune – 2nd - Decurion
o 3rd - Centurion – 4th
Injustice to Rizal’s Mother
o Stand – 5th
 June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly
The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of
arrested on a malicious charge that she and
―hemp-fabric trousers‖ and ―striped cotton coat‖.
her brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the
The coat material was called ravadillo.
latter‘s perfidious wife.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – Calamba‘s
gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña
Teodora. First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873)
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic  Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in
Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Ateneo who he described as ―tall thin man,
Calamba to Santa Cruz, Laguna (50km.). with a body slightly bend forward, a harried
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired,
provincial prison, where she languished for smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that
two years. was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an
 Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan arc whose fell toward the chin‖.
– the most famous lawyers of Manila that  A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for
defend Doña Teodora. being brightest pupil in the whole class.
Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila  To improve his Spanish, he took private
lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon
 Ateneo Municipal, a college under the recesses. He paid three pesos for those
supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. extra Spanish lessons.
 Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly  At the end of the school year in March,
name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in 1873, he returned to Calamba for summer
Manila which was established by the city vacation.
government 1817.  When the summer vacation ended, Rizal
 June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by returned to Manila for his second year term
Paciano on his way to Manila. in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside
 Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His
registrar, who refused to admit Rizal in landlady was an old widow name Doña
Ateneo for two reasons: a) he was late for Pepay.
registration b) he was sickly and undersized 
for his age. 
  Father Jose Villaclara – advised Rizal to stop
communicating with the muse and pay
Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)
more attention to more practical studies.
 At the end of the school year, Rizal received  Rizal studies painting under the famous
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture
medal. under Romualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino
 The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander sculptor.
Dumas) – the first favourite novel of Rizal  Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on
which made a deep impression on him. a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
 Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal  Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal‘s
persuaded his father to buy him this set of sculptural talent, requested him to carve for
historical work that was a great aid in his him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus.
studies.
Poems in Ateneo
 Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-
traveller who visited the Philippines 1859-  It was Doña Teodora who was first
1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines. discovered the poetic genius of her son, and
He was impressed in this book because; 1) it also she who first encourage him to write
Jagor’s keen observation of the defects of poems. However, it was Father Sanchez
Spanish colonization, and, 2) his prophecy who inspired Rizal to take full of his God-
that someday Spain would lose the given gift in poetry.
Philippines and that America would come to  Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First
succeed her as colonizer. Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal probably wrote
during days in Ateneo which was dedicated
Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874-1876)
to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote
 Rizal's grades remained excellent in all he was 14 years old.
subjects but he won only one medal – Latin.
1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez)
 At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s
returned to Calamba for the vacation. He 1. Felicitacion
himself was not impressed by his scholastic
2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de
work.
Magallanes 3. Y Es Español:Elcano el
 June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of
Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo
the Ateneo.
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great 4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo
educator and scholar, one of Rizal‘s
professors who inspired him to study harder 5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief
and to write poetry. Rizal described this ode.
Jesuit professor as ―model of uprightness, 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories
earnestness, and love for the advancement of war)
of his pupils‖.
 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects 1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of
and on five medals at the end of the school My Town) – honour for his hometown
term. Calamba.

Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) 2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena

Education (Intimate Alliance Between
 Rizal‘s studies continued to fair well. As a Religion and Good Education) – shows the
matter-of-fact, he excelled in all subjects. importance of religion and education.
The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he
was truly the pride of the Jesuits. 3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
 March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, (Through Education the Country Receives
Rizal who was 15 years old, received from Light) – education plays in the progress and
his Alma Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of welfare of a nation.
Arts, with highest honour.
4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de
 Marian Congeragtion – a religious society
Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and
wherein Rizal was an active member and
the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the
later became the secretary.
Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of
guidance of Father Sanchez. Granada.
 5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices and artists held a literary contest in the year
en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the 1879. He also served as the President of the
Catholic Monarchs into Granada) – Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
victorious entry of King Ferdinand and  While at UST, he fell in love with three
Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada. women. During his first year, he fell in love
with a woman simply called “Miss L”, a
6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The
woman with a fair, seductive and attractive
Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace.
eyes. The romance died
 a natural death because of two reasons: (1)
the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak was
1877 still fresh in his memory a and, (2) Rizal‘s
1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of father did not like the family of Miss L.
Columbus) – poem praises Columbus. 2.  During his sophomore year, he courted
Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal
relates how King John II of Spain missed bearing. Rizal sent her love notes in invisible
fame and riches by his failure to finance the ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped
projected expedition of Columbus to the visiting her.
New World.  During his junior year, Rizal had romance
with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac.
3. Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha Leonor was a pretty girl and a students of La
(Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and Leonor
legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus. were engaged, he used the sign name
“Taimis” to cover their relationship from
4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los
their parents.
Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the
 Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his
Students) – farewell to his classmates in
grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3
Ateneo.
very good, 8 good, and 2 fair (physics and
5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – general pathology). His grades in UST
another religious poem which doesn‘t have College of Medicine were not as impressive
exact date when it was written. as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and
Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican
professors. Accordingly, laboratory
Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) equipment's are just for display and racial
 After finishing the first year of a course in discrimination against the Filipino students.
Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He  A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at
transferred to the medical course. 18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem
 April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking of flawless form. This poem won as a classic
Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was
father like it, 2) he was “still uncertain as to a great poem in Spanish written by the
what career to pursue”. Filipino, whose merit was recognized by
 Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for
who had been good to him his students the first time the nationalistic concept that
days in that college, asking for advice on the the Filipino, and not the foreigners, were
choice of a career but unfortunately he was the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board
in Mindanao. of Judges, composed of Spaniards was
 During Rizal‘s first school term in the UST, impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it gave
Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the it the first prize which consisted of a silver
vocational course leading to the title of pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a
perito agrimensor (expect surveyor). gold ribbon.
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying  A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for
course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this
agriculture and topography. He passed all sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify
the subject but the title was not issued to the Philippines.
him because he was only 17 years old,  Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring
underage. The title was issued to him on the Ateneo Patroness.
November 25, 1881- the title was issued to  Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to
Rizal for passing the final examination in the Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who
surveying course. had been so kind and helpful to him.
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay
Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men
  Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala Buddhist Temple and the founder of
who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
home, whom Rizal was infatuated.  May 11, 1882 – he was board on the
 Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal steamer Djemnah, a French steamer, much
founded a secret society of Filipino students larger and cleaner than the Salvadora. On
in UST 1880. board the vessel were British, French,
 Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and
Batangas who is the secretary of the Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the
society. board.
 May 17,1882 – he arrived at the Point Galle,
Unhappy Days in UST a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The
town is lovely, quiet and sad at the
sometime according to him.
 Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST  May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at
suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart,
unhappy at this Dominican institution of elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and
higher learning because 1) the Dominican Manila.
professors were hostile to him 2) the  May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its
Filipino students were racially discriminated voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until
by the Spaniards 3) the method of he reached the Cape of Guardafin, Africa.
instruction was obsolete and repressive. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but
 In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he famous. Then, he reached Aden, according
described how the Filipino students were to him it was a city hotter than in Manila –
humiliated and insulted by their Dominican for the first time he saw camels.
professors and how backward the method  June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal.
of instruction was, especially in the teaching It took 5 days to travel Suez. He
of the natural sciences. He related in disembarked for sightseeing and he was
Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics). fascinated to hear a the multiracial
inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues –
Rizal’s Departure for Spain (1882)
Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and
 After finishing his 4th year of medical Spanish.
course in UST, Rizal decided to complete his  June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to
studies in Spain. Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal
 Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his was fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius, the
―secret mission‖ a). To observe keenly the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of
life and culture ,languages and customs, the city. The city was busy because of its
industries and commerce, and the business activity, lively people and
government laws of the European nations in panoramic beauty.
order to prepare himself in the mighty task  June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the
of liberating his oppressed people from French harbour of Marseilles. Rizal
Spanish tyranny. disembarked to visit the famous Chateau
 Before the secret departure of Rizal, he d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of
wrote a farewell letter to his parents and Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at
sweetheart Leonor Rivera which was Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel
delivered to them – after he sailed away. Noailles for 3 days.
 May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer  June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles
(Salvadora), Rizal departed for Spain using by on its last trip Spain. The steamer
Jose Mercado, on his travel documents. His reached Pyrenees and stopped for a day at
main reason in leaving the Philippines was Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the
to transfer at the Universidad Central De indifference accorded to tourists in
Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine comparison to the courtesy accorded by the
course. French immigration officers.
 May 8, 1882 – they have two-day stopover  June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal
in Singapore. He reached the island continued his trip for the last lap by train for
considered by him as “Talim Isand with the Spain and finally reaching his destination –
Susong Dalaga”. The following day, May 9, Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de
Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent España and in Sitges Street with Tomas
two-day sightseeing sorties of the city. He Cabangis and boarded a house in San
saw the Botanical Garden, the Famous Severo Street. He visited Ronda de la
 Universidad of Barcelona – ugly, dirty little  During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid,
inns, inhospitable people – because he hard times occurred in Calamba such as
happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy harvest of rice and sugarcane failed due to
inn. Later, he changed his mind and came to drought and locust, increasing of land
like the city – as a great city with an leased to the hacienda cultivated by the
atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal’s
the people were openhearted, hospitable pony to send him money.
and courageous. He enjoyed promenading  June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the
along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona Licentiate in Medicine with a rating of “Fair”
Street. by the Universidad Central de Madrid after
completing 5th and 6th year term. Legal
Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)
Medicine (excellent) Obstetrical Clinic
Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos by the (fair) Other subjects (good and very good)
in Barcelona, some of whom were his  1884-1885, he passed all the subjects
classmates in Ateneo. They gave him a party leading to the degree of Doctor of
at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina. Medicine. In his three subjects he got
They exchanged toast and they Rizal of the ―fair‖ in History of Medical Science,
attractions and customs of the people in ―good‖ in Surgical Analysis and
Barcelona. Rizal, in turn, gave news and ―excellent‖ in Normal Histology. However,
gossips in the Philippines. While in he wasn‘t conferred wit Doctor of Medicine
Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1. because of the failure to present a thesis
the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila required for graduation and pay for the
and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter corresponding fee.
of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of  Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in
Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due Medicine, he became a full-fledged
to the absence of a loved one. physician and qualified to practice
medicine. He was not interested in taking
Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) the post-degree of Degree of Medicine
 On November 3, 1882 – upon the advice of because such a degree is good only for
Paciano to Rizal to finish the medical course teaching purposes, and he knew that no
in Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of friar-owned university in the Philippines
1882 and went to Madrid. would accept him for a position because of
 He enrolled in the Universidad Central de his brown complexion.
Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and  June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With
Letters. empty stomach, he attended his classes at
 In Madrid, he lodged at Visitacion Street, the University, participated in the contest in
No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883. - On Greek language and won the gold medal.
October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro  November 20, 1884 – student
Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la demonstrations started to explode at the
Vega Street. Universidad Central de Madrid due to the
 He also studied painting and sculpture in expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history).
the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, Dr. Morayta was also excommunicated by
took tutoring lessons in French, German the Catholic church because of his liberal
and English and practiced fencing and idealism. All the professor fought for his
sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y side was forced to resign from the
Carbonell. university.
 Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his  June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal
money wisely. Although he used to buy received his degree on Licentiate in
ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery, Philosophy and Letters (sobresaliente). He
he never wasted his money for gambling, was also qualified to be a professor of
wine and women. Rizal spent his leisure humanities in any Spanish University.
time by reading books, fencing, and  June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in
shooting. an banquet to celebrate the double victory
 He also visited his Filipino friends at the of two artists; Juan Luna (Spolarium) for
house of Paterno brothers. He also winning the 1st prize, and Felix Hidalgo
fraternized with other students at the (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el
Antigua Café d Cervantes. Every Saturday Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National
evenings he visited the home of Don Pablo Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. He (BSA
Ortega y Rey.
 ENG II)saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their  August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and
artistic achievements. boarded a train, visited other cities of
 October 1885 – Rizal decided to went to Germany and arrived at Leipzig.
Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his
Tour in Germany (1886)
way to Paris. He visited his friend Maximo
Viola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor  August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He
Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio attended some lectures at the University of
Corominas, editor of the newspaper La Leipzig in history and psychology. He met
Publisidad. Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr.
Life in Paris, France(1885-1886) Hans Meyer anthropologist.
 He translated Scheller’s “William Tell” and
 November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris Hans Christian Anderson “Fairy Tale” in
and lived their there for 4 mos., where Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the cheapest
he worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de in Europe and so he stayed for two and half
Wecket (a leading French months.
ophthalmologist). He rapidly improved  October 29, 1886 – he arrived at Dresden,
his knowledge of ophthalmology. Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer,
Outside of his working hours, he Director of the Anthropological and
relaxed by visiting his friends. He also Ethnological Museum. He stayed for
went to Luna‘s studio. He helped Luna two days in this city.
by posing as a model in several
artworks. Rizal posed as Egyptian priest Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)
in Luna‘s canvass ―The Death of  November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by
Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna in ―The Blood train and reached Berlin in the evening.
Compact‖. Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor,
 After 4 months of staying in Paris, he a German scientist. He also met famous
left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany. personalities Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886) Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and Dr. Ernest
Schweigger.
 He lived for a short time in with a German  He also worked in the clinic of Dr.
law students in a boarding house but later Schweigger and upon the recommendation
on, he transferred to a boarding house near of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he became a
the University of Heidelberg. He became a member of the Anthropological Society,
member of the Chess Player‘s Club. He Ethnological Society and Geographical
became a popular friend to the German so Society.
that the German students joined him in  He was impressed with Berlin because of its
beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games. scientific atmosphere and absence of racial
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital race. He lived in Berlin in a frugal life. At
under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He night he attended the lecture in the
also attended the lectures of Dr. Becker and University of Berlin.
Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university.  He took private lessons under French
During weekends, he had sights seeing at professor Madame Lucie Cerdale. He
the scenic spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg observed keenly the customs, dresses,
Castle, romantic Neckar River, and old homes and occupations of the peasants. He
church). made sketches of the things he saw.
 He also spent a 3-month summer vacation  During the winter, he lived in poverty
at Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good because he was flat broke. Because was
friend of Dr. Karl Ullmer (Protestant pastor). unable to pay his landlord and because he
On June 25, 1886, he left Wilhelmsfeld, and didn‘t had a money arrived from Calamba,
returned to Heidelberg carrying with him he pawned the diamond ring that was given
the memories of the Ullmer friendship and to him by his sister Saturnina. He had to eat
hospitality. only one meal a day, and a daily meal
 July 3, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in consisted of bread and water or cheap
Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt vegetable soup. He washed his clothes
(Austrian ethnologist)- he became the best because he could not afford to pay the
friend of Rizal. laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the
 August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration necessary funds, Rizal‘s health broke down.
of Heidelberg. He began to cough and feared that he was
going to be sick with tuberculosis.
  After several months, Rizal received  June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip
Paciano‘s remittance of P1000, which was on a boat and reached Basel, Bern,
forwarded by Juan Luna form Paris. Rizal Laussenne, and they crossed to the lake of
paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted Geneva.
to Rizal for the printing of Noli Me Tangere.  June 6, 1887- they reached Geneva,
 He went to Berlin for the following reasons: Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received
[Link] increase his knowledge in sad news from his friends in Madrid about
ophthalmology [Link] broaden his studies of the conditions of Igorots, who were
sciences and languages [Link] observe exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
political and economic conditions of some of the natives died.
Germany [Link] associate with famous  June 19, 1887 – it was his 26th birthday, he
German scientist and scholars [Link] publish treated Viola to a blowout with a
his novel. sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to
Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
Grand Tour in Europe
 June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways.
 May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola
Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
While strolling at the scene of the Floral his tour to Italy.
Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and  June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and
suggested them to meet Blumentritt. visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached  June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and
Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand visited famous architectural buildings.
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm  June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City.
hospitality of the Blumentritt family. He has sightseeing and was impressed by
 They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos the magnificent edifice like St. Peter‘s
Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Church, the rare works of the art, the vast
Robert Klutschak. St. Peter‘s Square, and the colourful Papal
 May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
on their way to the city of Prague. They decided to return to the Philippines.
carried recommendation letters of Prof.
The Women in Rizal’s Life
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of
Natural History in the University of Prague.  Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use
 May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of to catch butterfly.
Brunn.  Segunda Katigbak – “teenage crush” - She
 May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from
Vienna, Austria. They visited famous Lipa City. She also known as “Paisana” but
interesting scenic places like churches, Rizal referred to her in his diary as “K”. She
museums, art galleries, theatres, public was described by Rizal as gay, talkative,
parks, beautiful buildings, and religious witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and
images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe beguiling. At 16, Rizal fell in love with his
(European novelist) and Masner and ―first romance‖. Segunda was boarding
Nordmenn (Austrian scholars). student at the Colegio de la Concordia
 May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera
boat to see the beautiful sights of the also studied. He found out later that
Danube river. The river voyage ended in Segunda was engaged to be married to her
Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to town-mate, Manuel Luz.
Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich,  Margarita Almeda Gomez – “Miss L” - A
they had a short time savouring the famous young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young
Munich beer (best beer in Germany). lady was believed to be Leonor Valenzuela
 From Munich, they went to Nuremberg but she was not. She was described by Rizal
(oldest city in Germany), where they’re as with fair complexion, seductive and with
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls attractive eyes. Their romance died a
which was the biggest industry in the city. natural death for two reasons: 1) Rizal’s
Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
the city cathedral, they enjoyed the view heart, and 2) Rizal’s father objected their
upon reaching the top, even though Viola love affair.
felt dizzy and tired.  Leonor Valenzuela – “Orang”- The daughter
 All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
Baden and Rheinfall. Valenzuela of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a
 tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her that their friendship was drifting to a
love notes written in invisible ink, that could serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889
only be deciphered over the warmth of the leaving Gertrude behind. He could not
lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of return the English girl‘s affection and marry
his departure to Spain and bade her last her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera.
goodbye.  Suzanne Jacoby – ―pretty girl in Brussels,
 Vicenta Ybardoza – ―pretty colegiala‖ - She Belgium‖ - She was a pretty niece of Rizal‘s
was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in love
school at that time. Rizal get infatuated to with him, she cried when Rizal left for
her when she played a harp. However, Madrid towards the ends of July, 1890. –
nobody knew what happened later  Nellie Boustead – ―almost wife‖ - She was
between the two. a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met
 Leonor Rivera – ―Taimis‖ - A lady form when Rizal was a guest in the Boustead
Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio family. She was described as gay-hearted,
Rivera (Rizal‘s uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. sportsminded, highly intelligent, vivacious in
Rizal courted her, when she was 13-year old temperament and morally upright. Nelly
and she got engaged to Rizal before the age was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first,
of 15. Their relationship was actually a “love loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had
affair by correspondence” wherein Rizal previously loved and lost Nelly, encouraged
wrote several letters to Leonor while he Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost
was in abroad. However, their relationship his beloved Leonor Rivera came to entertain
ended when she married her mother choice considerable affection for Nelly. - However,
Charles Henry C. Kipping. Their love affair their love affair didn‘t have a happy ending
last for 10 years. because of two reasons: a) he refused to
 Consuelo Ortega y Rey – ―pretty give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s
Manileña‖ - She was a daughter of Don mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-law.
Pablo Ortega y Rey (a former civil governor  Pastora Necesario – ―Totak‖ - She was a
of Manila, under the administration of weaver of cloth at [Link] a sign of love,
Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her Rizal gave her a statue of a woman and also
A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of sent her letters of love and concern. When
his best poems. He probably fell in love with Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she
her and Consuelo apparently asked him for married Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.
romantic verses. He suddenly backed out  Josephine Bracken – ―unhappy wife‖ - In
before the relationship turned into a serious the last days of February 1895, while still in
romance, because he wanted to remain Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite
loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair
to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de and a happy disposition. She was the
Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo. adopted daughter of George Taufer from
 Seiko Usui – ―O-Sei-San‖ - A Japanese Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek
samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal the Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically
Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. attracted to her. His loneliness and
Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was boredom must have taken the measure of
23. She helped Rizal improve his knowledge him and what could be a better diversion
of Japanese language. They spent a happy that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters
months together visiting old temples and suspected Josephine as an agent of the
art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a friars and they considered her as a threat to
patriotic mission, he would have married Rizal‘s security.
this lovely and intelligent woman and lived Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each
a stable and happy life with her in Japan other, however, Fr. Obach , refused to
because Spanish legation there offered him marry them without the permission of the
a lucrative job. Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard
 Gertrude Beckett – ―Gettie‖ - An English their projected marriage, he flared up
girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink because he could not endure the thought of
cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he losing Josephine. He even tried to commit
boarded in the house of the Beckett family. suicide by cutting off his throat but Rizal
During rainy days when Rizal stayed at prevented him from killing himself. To avoid
home, Gettie helped him mixed his colours further injury, Josephine went with his
for paintings or assisted in preparing the uncle to Manila. - Eventually, Mr. Taufer
clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized returned to Hongkong alone and Josephine
returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would
 marry them, they lived happily as common the ‗Luna sharpshooters,‘ and designed the
law husband and wife. Their extremely three-tier defense (Luna Defense Line)
happy marriage had begotten an 8-month which gave the opponents a hard campaign
old premature baby boy who lived only for in Central Luzon.
3 hours. Their son was named ―Francisco‖  He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino
in honour of Don Francisco. captain Pedro Janolino and other elements
During the hours of Rizal on December 30, of the Kawit troop.
1896, Josephine was accompanied by
Narcisa, arrived at Fort Santiago. At 5:00 am MARINO PONCE
on the same day, Rizal requested Fr.  The overpowering feeling of patriotism
Balaguer that they be married canonically. got the better of Ponce that he quit his
Then Rizal gave his ―wife‖ – a wedding gift, studies to join the Filipino Movement in
a religious book ―Imitacion de Cristo‖ Spain. He cofounded the ‗La
which he autographed: “To my dear and Solidaridad,‘ served as secretary of the
unhappy wife, Josephine December 30th, Propaganda Movement, and became
1896”. Note: Rizal‘s canonical marriage to head of the Literary Section of the
Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. –
questionable. Since, there was no proof  he used various aliases like Naning
that they were married in court or in Kalipulako and ‗Tigbalang. Through his
church. writings, he disclosed the sad condition
of Filipinos under Spanish government,
Collaboration with other Heroes attacked the rulers‘ abuses, and fought
ANTONIO LUNA for reforms and equality.
 He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo  In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce
(1881), afterwards he studied literature, to represent the newly founded First
chemistry, and pharmacy at the UST. He Philippine Republic and commissioned
also obtained a licentiate (at Universidad de him to design a framework of the
Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad revolutionary government. Assigned
Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy. later as a representative of the First
 He collaborated with other Filipino Republic to Japan, Ponce went to Japan
expatriates like Rizal in working for the to seek aid.
Propaganda Movement. Writing for La  In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and
Solidaridad, he once contributed the article became a close friend of Sun Yat-Sen,
‗Impressions‘ which discussed Spanish the founder and First President of the
unique traditions and customs under the Chinese Republic. Through Dr. Sun‘s
penname ‗Taga-ilog‘. He also managed the assistance, Ponce had procured
paper La Independencia. weapons for the Philippine revolution,
 Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords though the shipment failed to reach the
and military ability. Philippines because of a typhoon off
 Rizal challenged him for a duel for the the coast of Formosa.
chance to court Nellie Boustead, eventually  In 1917, he published his ‗Ang Wika at
Luna surrendered and Rizal formally Lahi,‘ a discussion on the significance of
courted Boustead. a having a national language. He was
 He turned down the invitation of the most likely influenced by Rizal‘s interest
Katipunan, believing that reform was better in having a distinct Filipino language. In
than revolution. But when the Spanish Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he
authorities had known about the Katipunan informed Ponce, ―The new Tagalog
and its plans, the Luna brothers were orthography (a system of spelling) that
arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for we are using is perfectly in accord with
supposed involvement in the society. – the ancient writing and with the
 He studied various aspects of military Sanskrit origin of many Tagalog words
science like guerrilla warfare, management, as I have found out through my
and field fortifications. Eventually, he joined research in the British Museum.
Aguinaldo‘s cause in the Philippine-  He died in the Government Civil
American war. Assigned by Aguinaldo as Hospital in Hong Kong on May 23,
commander of the Philippine Revolutionary 1918.
Army, Luna founded the country‘s first
military academy, formed professional GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
guerrilla soldiers which was later known as
  At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote a  Philippine Revolution- he served as an
satire, ―Fray Botod (Big Bellied Friar)‖ engineer and general in the revolutionary
which revealed the friars greed, immorality, army under Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to
cruelty, and false piety. This incensed the Hong Kong to procure guns, ammunitions,
Spanish clergy and authorities but they and dynamites which would be used in the
could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its Filipino revolutionary movement . –
author. He got into deep trouble, however,  Filipino – American War – he led the
when he refused to testify that some construction of trenches in areas like
prisoners died of natural causes for he knew Caloocan and Bulacan. He later served as
that they had died at the hands of the acting secretary of war, appointed as
mayor of Pototan. When threats were made Central Luzon‘s commanding general of the
on his life, he left for Spain in 1880. – military operations, and assigned as
 He took medical courses at the University of Pampanga‘s military governor . –
Valencia. His thirst for reforms nonetheless  At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1,
took him away from medical studies into 1951, some 55 years after his former
writing for patriotic cause and establishing roommate‘s martyrdom.
the genesis of the Propaganda Movement
two years ahead of Rizal and nine years EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA
before Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once  He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz,
reproved Graciano for not finishing his Manila and he had to work hard to have an
medical studies education. To get further education in
 He became known as a great orator in Europe, he worked first as a cattle dealer,
socio-political clubs and thus became a tobacco merchant, teacher, and later a
member of the Progressive Republican contractor of public works. –
Party. Deputized by the party to go on  Rizal counselled him to take engineering in
speaking engagements, Jaena became Belgium. Upon the suggestion proved
popular for his fiery and eloquent speeches fruitful as Evangelista finished civil
espousing liberal ideas. engineering and architecture with highest
 With a round of drinks, he would artistically honours. Some European companies
craft very impressive patriotic articles. offered him rewarding positions but he
 Jose Rizal invited him to join the Kidlat Club turned them down for wanting to serve his
in Paris, France, through a mail, saying the country instead. –
appreciation of them to him.  He was asked to draft a constitution by the
 He died because of tuberculosis at age of 39 Magdalo and Magdiwang—two rival
(January 20, 1896). factions in the Katipunan on which he
remained neutral. His composed
JOSE ALEJANDRINO
constitution was accepted at the Imus
 He came from a rich family which was Assembly on December 31, 1896.
originally from Arayat, Pampanga. pursued  He was described as either brave or just
further studies in Spain and in Belgium relaxed and stoic. He would draw trenches
where he had outstanding academic on the ground even while the Spanish
performance. Eventually, he finished his forces were firing bombs at them. When a
degree in chemical engineering in July 1895. shell dropped near him one time, he did not
 Alejandrino joined the Propaganda bother to wince or run away, instead he
Movement and served as an editorial staff simply brushed the dirt off his clothes and
of La Solidaridad. He supported Rizal in the proceeded drawing. –
Pilaristas Rizalistas rivalry  He nonetheless ―ran out of luck‖ when he
 Being Rizal‘s roommate in Belgium, was soon killed during the Battle of Zapote
Alejandrino was the one who canvassed Bridge on February 17, 1897. His military
printing press for El Fili. For his assistance, post was succeeded by Miguel Malvar, the
Rizal gave him the El Fili‘s corrected proofs hero who could have been listed as the
and the pen used in doing the corrections. second Philippine President for taking over
Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were the revolutionary government after
either lost or destroyed during the Aguinaldo‘s arrest in 1901.
revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting
CONNECTION TO ANDRES BONIFACIO
errors in the El Fili, Alejandrino might have
been the first person to read the novel ANDRES BONIFACIO
aside from the author.
  He joined Rizal‘s La Liga Filipina, being one  Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar
of the 20 attendees in the meeting became the owner of La Solidaridad and
administered by Rizal at the house of had taken the place of Jaena as editorin-
Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, chief. His political views was different to
Manila on July 3, 1892. – Rizal. Jose Rizal and his close friends
 He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, objected to the periodical‘s editorial policy
when Rizal was to be deported to Dapitan. which was occasionally contrary to his
Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they political views.
elected him as honorary president and the  To solve the issue, the Filipino community in
Katipuneros used his name as one of their Madrid, decided to have an election for the
passwords. Responsible – a leader. The faction divided
 Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of into two the Pilaristas and Rizalistas.
letter ―c‖ for the name of the society,  Jose Rizal won the election because of the
Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling of vote of Mariano Ponce, however, he
―k‖, as suggested by Rizal on his earlier La declined the position and decided to
Solidaridad article as a way of promoting abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid.
nationalism.\ Rizal also stopped his contribution to La
 He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in Solidaridad.
the society. the Katipunan created its organ,  Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his
Kalayaan (Freedom) in which Bonifacio reasons for stopping to write for La
wrote several articles like the poem Pag-ibig Solidaridad:
sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for One´s a) I need time to work on my book
Homeland) under the penname Agapito b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also
Bagumbayan. – c) I considered it very important to the
 Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo party that there be unity in the work –
Masangkay had entered the pier where  He died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896
Rizal‘s ship was docked. Jacinto personally (46yo.) Del Pilar had seven children by his
met with Rizal but the physician refused the wife Marciana, but only two of whom (Sofia
suggestion to escape and join Katipunan‘s and Anita) grew to adulthood. The building
imminent uprising. that houses the Polytechnic University of
 He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi the Philippines Graduate School was named
Ultimo Adios entitled Pahimakas. after Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
 He was first married to Monica who died of
CONNECTION TO AGUINALDO
leprosy; then in 1893 to Gregoria de Jesus
of Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one  Three days after the execution of Rizal, his
son named Andres (Junior) who died of common-law wife immediately joined the
smallpox at young age Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially hesitant
to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo nonetheless even provided
Josephine with lessons in shooting and
horseback riding. Bracken helped
LOVE HATE RELATIOSHIP TO DEL PILAR Aguinaldo‘s group in taking care of the sick
COLLABORATION and wounded.
 Two years after Rizal‘s martyrdom,
 He fought against clerical abuses, like the Aguinaldo as head of the Philippine
unfair collection of tax for the Church‘s Revolutionary Government issued a decree
financial gain, and once worked for the proclaiming December 30 of every year a
establishment of a school for Filipinos. national day of mourning in honour of Jose
 He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Rizal. –
Ponce saying that Rizal was impressed to his  He died because of coronary thrombosis at
work as Plaridel. One of his great work was age 94.
the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and
Teasing game) - a mock-prayer book and Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes
satire on the friars‘ greediness, pretence, 1. To picture the past and the realities in the
and extravagance. – Philippines
 He was also helped Rizal with the agrarian 2. To reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos
trouble in Calamba, when he was trying to and their country
seek justice for his family.

RIVALRY
 3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have  This symbolism at the lower part of the
impoverished and brutalized the Filipino cover is to be a representation for priests
people using religion in a dirty way, specifically
4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people Padre Damaso.

NOLI ME TANGERE INTRODUCTION FLOGS

 When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published  another symbolism for cruelties. It is a
his first novel “Noli Me Tangere” in Belgium representation of Jesus Christ’s scourging
in the year 1887 . It was the Book that gave before his imminent crucifixion.
a spark in the Philippine Revolutions. It
WHIP/CORD
talked about the Spaniard’s arrogance and
despicable use of religion to achieve their  The cruelties present in the novel best
own desires and rise to power. It mostly explains the symbol Rizal used in the cover.
talked about the life of Crisostomo Ibarra, a
member of the Insulares (Creoles) social BAMBOO STALKS
class, and a series of unfortunate events
 One thing comes to mind when bamboo
that he encountered through the works of a
stalks are talked about: Resilience.
Franciscan friar, namely Padre Damaso
Verdolagas, and by the Spanish A LENGTH OF CHAIN
conquistadors.
 Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used by  Rizal’s representation of slavery and
Jose Rizal as a title for his first novel, was imprisonment
actually the words used by Jesus Christ to CROSS
Mary Magdalene when she saw him
resurrected from the dead. It roughly  The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It was a
translated as “Touch Me Not” in English. representation of suffering and death. It
These words were said because Jesus, also represent a grave. Magnifies the
although risen in body and in spirit, was not discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese
the same for as he was before. Being Mestizos and Spaniards during this time
glorified, waiting for the right time to towards a proper burial.
ascend to Heaven and such, he did not
BURNING TORCH
allow himself yet to be known until the
Great Commission.  A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells
everyone the beginning of the defense of
The Cover Symbols
honors and the start of
SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA proving themselves worthy of
victory. Rage and passion are
 It was popular belief that the silhouette of most abundant in this phase.
the woman in the cover of Noli Me Tangere Represents a phrase that
is the unfortunate Maria Clara, Crisostomo could possibly mean
Ibarra’s lover. everything to every single
 "'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the suffering Filipinos: “The rise of
Spaniards cried to him; but he did not mind the revolution is now at
them. He ran in the direction of the Capitan hand.”
Tiago's house. There he breathed a sigh of
relief. He saw through the transparent POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES
gallery an adorable silhouette full of grace
 They roughly represent faith, honor and
and the lovely contours of Maria Clara and
fidelity. P0melo blossoms are utilized as
that of her aunt bearing glasses and cups."
loose potpourri or a mixture of dried flower
(366)
petals and spices used to scent the air. It is
HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL/CONSTABULARY commonly used in prayers and cleansing.
HELMET The laurel leaves, also known as bay leaves,
are used as crowns during the Ancient
 An obvious take on the arrogance of those Greek Olympics wherein the best of the
in authority best are treated as heroes. Filipinos in this
A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET time wants to embody these three virtues
that Rizal represented as two plants.
 SUNFLOWERS La Liga Filipina –The Split

 A unique behavior in sunflowers, known as At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in
phototropism, is a motif that has appeared particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters
in many ancient myths and is viewed as a in various districts of Manila. A few months later,
symbol of loyalty and constancy. The however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved
sunflower's petals have been likened to the society. The reformist leaders found out that
bright yellow rays of sunshine, which evoke most of the popular councils which Bonifacio had
feelings of warmth and happiness. In organized were no longer willing to send funds to
addition, the sunflower is often associated the Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio,
with adoration and longevity. Rizal’s they had become convinced that peaceful agitation
observation towards the happiness of the for reforms was futile. Afraid that the more radical
Filipinos are, in the Spanish times, are only rank and file members might capture the
fulfilled through their giving in and bowing organization and unwilling to involve themselves in
down to the more powerful entity: Spain. an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals
from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted
EL FILIBUSTERISMO COVER for dissolution. The Liga membership split into two
Tagalog Translation: groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Madaling Compromisarios which pledged to continue
ipagpalagay na ang supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led
isang rebelde by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and
(pilibustero) ay lihim secret society, the Katipunan, which Bonifacio had
na umaakit sa liga ng organized on the very day Rizal was deported to
mga panatiko ng mga Dapitan.
prayle at mga First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-1887)
paurong nang sa
gayon, wala man sa
loob na sumunod sa
mga panunulsol, ay
dapat nilang panigan
at paigtingin ang patakarang sumusunod lamang sa
iisang layunun; ang maipalaganap ang mga kaisipan
ng rebelyon sa kabuuang haba at lawak ng lupain, at
mahikayat ang bawat Pilipino sa paniniwalang
walang katubusan liban sa seperasyon mula sa inang
bayan.

Ferdinand Blumentritt
Secret Mission of Jose Rizal

Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the blessing

of his brother Paciano was to do the following:
Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and
customs, industries and commerce and governments
and laws of the European nations in order to prepare
himself for the task of liberating his people from
Spanish Tyranny

Rizal’s Departure for Spain

His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish
La Liga Flipina – July 3, 1892 authorities knew nothing about his secret departure
except;
Objectives of the Liga 1. Paciano
 To unite the whole archipelago into one 2. Antonio Rivera
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body; 3. Saturnina(Neneng)
 Mutual protection in every want and 4. Lucia
necessity; 5. Leonor Valenzuela and family
 Defense against all violence and injustice; 6. Pedro Paterno
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, 7. Mateo Evangelista
and commerce; and
Highlights:
 Study and application of reforms.
When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado 3. He received the bad news about the
 Due to the popularity of the surname and cholera outbreak in Manila.
perhaps the kind Jesuit priest who gave him 4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness
letters of recommendation for their Society who was getting thinner and thinner due to
in Barcelona – he was claimed as a cousin the absence of her love-one.
 May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the  November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for
steamer Salvadora, with 16 passengers Madrid through the advise of Paciano.
including him.  Life In Madrid:
 May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached 1. He enrolled in Universidad Central de
Singapore (an English Colony), he stayed in Madrid (Philosophy and Letters and
Singapore for two days spending his time Medicine)
sightseeing the sorties of the city. 2. He lived frugally, budgeting his money
 May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah, wisely.
accordingly it is more larger and cleaner 3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every
than Salvadora. During the travel he was draw in Madrid Lottery.
able to learn French language and 4. He spent his leisure time in reading
observation, because the steamer’s books.
speaking language is French. 5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega
 May 17, 1882 – the steamer arrived at the y Rey.
Point Galle, Ceylon. The town was quiet, 6. He graduated his degree in Philosophy
lovely and sad at the same time. and Letters and Medicine.
 May 18, 1882 – he had an stopover at  Life in Paris, France:
Colombo, Ceylon, which describe by him as o June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to
smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle speak for the celebration for the
and Manila. double victory for the two artists
 May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium)
continued its voyage and crossed the Indian and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes
Ocean until he reached Cape of Guardafin, Christianas Expuestas El
Africa to Aden, Africa where he was able to Populacio), for winning the 1st and
see camels for the first time. 2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition
 June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. for the Arts.
It took 5days to travel in the said canal, o June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to
then they reached the Port Said. speak for the celebration for the
 June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer double victory for the two artist
proceeded it travel to Europe and reached namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium)
the Naple City, Italy. The city was busy and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes
because of its business activity, lively Christianas Expuestas El
people and panoramic beauty. Populacio), for winning the 1st and
 June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the 2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition
French harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal for the Arts.
disembarked and visited the Chateau d’ef o He also became a model for the
where Dantes (The Count of Monte Cristo) artworks of Juan Luna (“The Death
was jailed. He stayed in Marseilles for 3 of Cleopatra” and “The Blood
days. Compact”).
 June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his o After his stay in Paris, he left for
trip to Barcelona, Spain. He stayed in Hotel Heidelberg, Germany.
de España. He visited Ronda de la  Heidelberg, Germany
Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he had a 1. He worked in the University Eye Hospital
bad impressions to Barcelona – because he under the supervision of Dr. Otto Becker.
happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But 2. He also attended some lectures of Dr.
later on, he realized the atmosphere of Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuehne.
freedom and liberalism around the place, 3. He visited some scenic places in
the people were open-hearted, hospitable Heidelberg, such as castles, rivers and old
and courageous. churches.
 Life in Barcelona: 4. He was also befriended with Dr. Karl
1. He was welcomed by his former Ullmer, during summer vacation where he
classmates in Ateneo. stayed in Wilhelmsfeld.
2. He was treated and guided by his friends 5. He wrote his first letter to Ferdinand
in European way. Blumentritt. - During the 5th centenary
celebration of Heidelberg, he decided to
 leave and went to Leipzig, Germany via  May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of
train. Brunn.
 May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of
 Leipzig, Germany: August 14, 1886 Vienna, Austria. They visited famous
o He attended the lectures at the interesting scenic places like churches,
University of Leipzig in history and museums, art galleries, theatres, public
psychology. parks, beautiful buildings, and religious
o He met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof. images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe
Friedrich Ratzel. (European novelist) and Masner and
o He translated Scheller’s William Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
Tell and Hans Christian  May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river
Andersons’s Fairy Tale. boat to see the beautiful sights of the
 Dresden, Germany: October 29, 1886 Danube river. The river voyage ended in
o He met Dr. Adolf Meyer Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to
o After two days of stay he left Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich,
Dresden and went to Berlin, they had a short time savouring the famous
Germany in the evening of Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
November 1, 1886.  From Munich, they went to Nuremberg
(oldest city in Germany), were their
Berlin, Germany
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls
 Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its which was the biggest industry in the city.
scientific atmosphere and the absence of Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly
race prejudice. he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view
 Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, upon reaching the top, even though Viola
celebrated German scientist-traveler and felt dizzy and tired.
author of Travels in the Philippines, a book  All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart,
which Rizal read and admired during his Baden and Rheinfall.
student days in Manila  June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by on a boat and reached Basel, Bern,
Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of
 Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Geneva.
Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy.  June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve,
 Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received
German ophthalmologist where Rizal sad news from his friends in Madrid about
worked. the conditions of Igorots, who were
 Rizal became a member of the exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition,
Anthropological Society, the Ethnological some of the natives died.
Society, and the Geographical Society of  June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he
Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. treated Viola to a blow-out with a
Jagor and Dr. Meyer. sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to
Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
Grand Tour in Europe  June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways.
They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola
 May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for
returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued
Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer.
his tour to Italy.
While strolling at the scene of the Floral
 June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and
Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and
visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
 May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached  June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and
Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand visited famous architectural buildings.
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm  June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City.
hospitality of the Blumentritt family. He has sightseeing and was impressed by
 They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos the magnificent edifice like St. Peter’s
Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Church, the rare works of the art, the vast
Robert Klutschak St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful Papal
Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he
 May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train
decided to return to the Philippines
on their way to the city of Prague. They
carried recommendation letters of Prof. Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of
Natural History in the University of Prague.
Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming o A soul halfway to damnation
 Paciano – did not leave him during the first
 As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to
days after arrival to protect him from any
the Philippines for the following reasons:
enemy assault.
o Financial difficulties in Calamba
 Don Francisco – did not permit him to go
o Dissatisfaction with his studies in
out alone
Madrid
o Desire to prove that there is no In Calamba
reason to fear going home.
o His belief that the Spanish regime  Rizal established a medical clinic.
will not punish the innocent.  Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient
 Rizal treated her eyes but could not
Decision to return home perform any surgical operation because her
cataracts were not yet ripe.
 After five years of his memorable sojourn in
 He painted several beautiful landscapes in
Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
Calamba.
 However, Rizal was warned by the following
 He translated German poems of Von
not to return to the Philippines because his
Wildernath in Tagalog
Noli Me Tangere angered the friars:
 Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name
o Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser
because he came from Germany. – He
and only brother.
earned P900 in a few months and P5,000
o Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in
before he left the Philippines
law; husband of Olimpia.
o Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one  Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the
of Rizal’s closest friends. young people
 Rizal was determined to come back to the  He introduced European sports fencing and
Philippines for the following reasons: shooting to discourage them from
o To operate his mother’s eyes cockfighting and gambling.
o To serve his people who had long Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba
been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
o To find out for himself how the  Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in
Noli Me Tangere and his other Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go
writings were affecting Filipinos because Leonor’s mother did not like him
and Spaniards. for a son-inlaw.
o To inquire why Leonor Rivera  Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of
remained silent. child birth

Rizal arrives in Manila Storm over the Noli Me Tangere

 Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a  As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his
French port and boarded Djemnah, the enemies plotted his doom.
same steamer that brought him to Europe  Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to
five years ago. Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang
 There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Palace.
Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 o Somebody had whispered to his
Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal) ear that the Noli contains
 When the ship reached Aden, the weather subversive ideas.
became rough and some of Rizal’s book got o Rizal explained to him that he
wet. merely exposed the truth, but did
 In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he not advocate subversive ideas.
transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, o He was pleased by Rizal’s
that brought him to Manila. explanation and curious about the
book, he asked for a copy of the
Happy Homecoming novel.
o Rizal had no copy that time but
 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors
promised to send one for him.
spread that he was a
o German spy Rizal visited the Jesuits
o An agent of Otto Von Bismarck –
the liberator of Germany.  Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for
o A Protestant their feedback on the novel.
o A Mason
  He was gladly welcomed by the following  The newspaper published Font’s written
friars: report
o Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez  The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served
o Fr. Jose Bech to make it popular
o Fr. Federico Faura – told Rizal that  The masses supported the book.
everything in the novel was the  Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of
truth and warned him that he may Guadalupe
lose his head because of it o Published a series of eight
 Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal pamphlets under the heading
minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life Questions of Supreme Interest to
was in jeopardy because the friars were blast the Noli and other anti-
powerful. Spanish writing.
o Because of this he gave Rizal a o Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets
bodyguard to protect him. were sold after mass
o Many Filipinos were forced to buy
Jose Taviel de Andrade
them in order not to displease the
 A young Spanish lieutenant who came from friars.
a noble family
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
 He was cultured and knew painting
 He could speak French, English and Spanish.  The novel was fiercely attacked in the
 They became good friends. session hall of the Senate of the Spanish
Cortes.
Attackers of the Noli  Senators: – General Jose de Salamanca –
 Archbishop Pedro Payo – a Dominican General Luis de Pando – Sr. Fernando Vida
Archbishop of Manila  Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of
 Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Madrid who formerly occupied high
Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo government position in the Philippines
Tomas to examine the novel bitterly criticized the novel in an article
published in the Madrid newspaper, La
UST and Rizal España Moderna.
 The committee that examined the Noli Me Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere
Tangere were composed of Dominican
professors.  Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar,
 The report of the faculty members from Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
UST about the Noli states that the novel Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths
was: of the Noli.
o Heretical, impious and scandalous  Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s
in the religious orders, and anti- favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and
patriotic, subversive of public praised the novel in public.
order, injurious to the government  Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and
of Spain and its function in the stateman
Philippine Islands in the political  Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best
order. friend
 Governor-General Terrero – was not  Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic
satisfied with the report so he sent the priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila
novel to the Permanent Commission of Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the
Censorship which was composed of priests famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas
and lawyers. Kempis. – Under the pen name Justo
 Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of
of Tondo was the head of the commission. the novel published in Singapore
o The group found that the novel  Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his
contain subversive ideas against defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who
Don Segismundo Moret – former defended him unexpectedly.
Minister of the [Link] Church  He attacked Barantes by exposing his
and Spain and recommended that ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
the importation, reproduction and dishonesty which is unworthy of an
circulation of the pernicious book academician.
in the islands be absolutely  Because of the interest of both enemies and
prohibited. protectors of the Noli the price of the book
 increased from five pesetas per copy to 50  His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
pesetas per copy the safety and happiness of his family and
friends.
Agrarian Problem in Calamba
 He could not fight better his enemies and
 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General serve his country’s cause with greater
Emilio Terrero ordered a government efficacy by writing in foreign countries
investigation of the friar estates to remedy
Himno Al Trabajo
whatever inequities might have been
present in connection with land taxes and  A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in
with tenant relations. 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a
 One of the friar estates affected was the poem in commemoration of the town’s
Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order cityhood.
since 1883.  Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of
 Upon hearing about the investigation, the the poem dedicated to the industrious
people of Calamba asked help from Rizal to people of Lipa.
gather facts and list the grievances so that
the government might institute certain Farewell Philippines
agrarian reforms.  On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country
Findings submitted by Rizal with a heavy heart.
 But this is for his own good and the safety
 The hacienda of the Dominican Order of his family and friends.
comprised not only the lands around
Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)
continually increased because of the
arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the  February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six
tenants months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to
 The hacienda owner never contributed a leave his country for a second time. Rizal
single centavo for the celebration of the left Manila for Hongkong on board the
town fiesta, for the education of the Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave
children, and for the improvement of Calamba.
agriculture.  February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a
 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the
the lands were dispossessed of the said ship he was not feeling well and that the
lands for flimsy reasons. city was dirty.
 High rates of interest were arbitrarily  February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong.
charged the tenants for delayed payment of He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it
rentals was a small but very clean city. He was
 When the rentals could not be paid, the welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose
hacienda management confiscated the Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel
work animals, tools, and farm implements Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in
of the tenants. Hongkong but they were generally poor,
gentle and timid. He observed the noisy
Friars Reaction celebration of the Chinese New Year due to
the continuous explosions of firecrackers,
 Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition
the noisy audience and music in a Chinese
angered the friars
theatre.
 The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang
 February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited
to eliminate Rizal.
Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-
 They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport
Kiang. The city was small,low and gloomy.
Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack
There were many junks, sampans, but few
of charges against Rizal in court.
steamers. The city looked sad and dead.
 Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed
They stayed at the house of Don Juan
his parents, siblings, Andrade his
Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the
bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus
theatre, casino, cathedral, churches,
they all advised him to leave the country.
pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars.
Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines  February 20, 1888 – after their two-day
sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned
 to Hongkong on board again on the steamer  April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the
Ku-Kiang. Belgic, an English steamer bound for
 February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went the United States. He left Japan very
back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong sad because he would never see again
for almost two weeks. While in Hongkong, the beautiful land and his beloved O-
Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days
commissioned by the Spanish authorities to was one of the happiest interludes in
spy on Rizal. Rizal’s life.
 On board the Belgic, he met a
Japan
passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese
 February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong newspaperman who was jailed in his
alone on board the Oceanic, American country for his articles and principles
steamer to Japan his next destination. and was exiled. The ship carried 643
Rizal liked the ship because it was clean Chinese people and other nationalities.
and efficiently managed but did not like Across the Atlantic – USA
the meals on board. Other passengers
of the ship were two Portuguese, two  April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in
Chinese, several British and an San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of
American woman Protestant April 28. All passengers were not allowed to
missionary. His cabin mate was a British land because the ship was placed on a
Protestant missionary who lived in quarantine on the ground that it came from
China for 27 years. the Far East where cholera epidemic was
 February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in alleged to be raging.
Yokohama, Japan and registered at the  He soon discovered that placing the ship
Grand Hotel under quarantine was prompted by politics.
 February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to  After a week of quarantine, all first class
Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel passengers, including Rizal were permitted
where he stayed for 6 days. Japan was to land but the Chinese and Japanese
to him the “Land of the Cherry passengers of the second and third class
Blossoms” because of its natural beauty accommodations remained on board.
and the charming manners of the  May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and
Japanese people. other passengers were permitted to land.
 He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel.
secretary of the Spanish legation. He  May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to
wrote a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took
sharing his observation in Japan. his supper at Sacramento for 75 cents and
 During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, slept in his coach
Rizal was embarrassed because he  May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a
didn’t know the Japanese language. To trip across the continent.
avoid further embarrassment, he  Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden,
decided to study the Japanese language Denver (May 8);
and a few days, he was able to speak  Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10);
the language.  Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12);
 He also studied Kabuki, visited  Albany (May 13) and travel to New York
museum, libraries, art galleries and City.
shrines, and villages. He was impressed  May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and
by the beauty of Tokyo, but he was not stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as “The Big
impressed with the mode of Town”. He visited the memorial George
transportation because the rickshaws Washington, and other scenic and historic
were drawn by men, which made Rizal places.
disgusted because human were  May 16, 1888 – he left New York for
working like horses. Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He
 He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called also visited the Colossal Statue of Liberty on
her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as Bedloe Island
they visited interesting spots of the
city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Rizal’s Impressions of America
Imperial Library, the city parks and
1. Progressive nation
picturesque shrines. She served as his
guide, interpreter and tutor. 2. People were energetic and hard-working
 3. Better opportunities for immigrants Rizal served as the Honorary President;
Galicano Apacible (President); Graciano
4. Racial prejudice
Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria
5. Freedom and democracy were only in (Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer);
words, not practiced. Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant).
 January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote
6. No true liberty Blumentritt of his proposal to establish
the “Inauguration Association of the
London, England
Filipinologist” and have its inauguration
 May 25, 1888 – he went to London and in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly
stayed there for a short time as a guest at supported him.
the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor  January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter
(lawyer). addressed to the members of the
 He boarded at Becket family, and being Associacion de La Solidaridad
close to Gertrude Becket. recognizing his position as Honorary
 He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. President. On his letter, he stressed
Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. that the individual should give way to
Rost son. the welfare of society and he should
 He also spent much of his time in the British not expect rewards/honours for what
Museum annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos he does.
de los Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the  February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-
Philippine Islands). Jaena and Mariano Ponce founded
 For 10 months, he was deeply immensed in newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in
his historical studies in London. Barcelona – the official organ of the
Propaganda Movement.
He received news:

 Persecution of the Filipino patriots who

signed the petition addressed to the La Solidaridad: Aims
Queen Regent of Spain requesting the
1. To work for a peaceful political and social
expulsion of the friars in the
reforms in the Philippines;
Philippines.
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the
 Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca
Philippines so that Spain may treat them;
and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and
3. Oppose the evil forces of reaction;
Wenceslao Retana.
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress;
 Persecution of the Rizal’s family and 5. Champion the legitimate aspirations of the
other Calamba farmers for their Filipino people to life, democracy and
courage to petition the government for happiness.
agrarian.
 Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due  Rizal congratulated Lopez-Jaena and its
process. associates in founding the news organ,
 Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend – however, he advised Lopez Jaena that great
Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli care should be taken in publishing only the
found in his house. truth.
 September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris
for a week and visited his Juan Luna Paris, France
and his wife Paz Pardo de Tavera with
 March 19, 1889 – From London he went
their son Andres.
again to Paris. He organized the society
 December 11, 1888 – he went again to
called Kidlat Club – aim to bring together
Spain and visited Madrid and
the young Filipinos in the French capital so
Barcelona. He went to visit his
that they could enjoy their stay in the city
compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and
during the duration of the Paris Universal
Marciano Ponce. They exchanged ideas
Exposition.
and promised to cooperate in the fight
 May 6, 1889 – Rizal and his friends attended
for reforms.
the opening ceremonies of the Paris
 December 24, 1888 – he returned to
Universal Exposition.
London and spent Christmas and New
o vast crowd of tourist attended
Year with the Becket family.
o greatest attraction was the Eiffel
 December 31, 1888 – the Associacion
Tower (Alexander Eiffel)
de La Solidaridad was inaugurated,
 o Felix Hidalgo (2nd), Felix Pardo De  Letters from home which Rizal received in
Tavera & Juan Luna (3rd), Rizal’s Brussels worried him;
artwork didn’t qualify for the 1. the Calamba agrarian trouble was
exhibit. getting worse.
 June 24, 1889 – Rizal stood as Godfather to 2. the Dominican Order filed a suit in
a baby-girl (Maria de la Paz Blanca Laureana court to dispossess the Rizal family
Hermenegilda Juana y Pardo de Tavera) of their lands in Calamba.
born to Juan Luna and his wife.  Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in
 August 1889 – Rizal scheduled the holding Brussels when he was restless because he
of the inaugural convention of the was always thinking of his unhappy family in
International Association of Filipinologist in Calamba.
Paris. This association aim to study the  Rizal feared that he would not live long. He
Philippines from the scientific and historical was not afraid to die, but he wanted to
point of view. However, the inaugural finish his second novel before he went to
convention did not materialize because the his grave.
French government discouraged the holding  In the face of the sufferings which afflicted
of conferences by private organizations his family, Rizal planned to go home. He
during the period of the international could not stay in Brussels writing a book
exposition. while his parents, relatives, and friends in
 September 21, 1889 – Rizal founded the the distant Philippines were persecuted.
secret society called as Redencion de los  July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce
Malayos (Redemption of the Malays) - It written at Brussels by Rizal, he announced
was patterned after Freemasonry. It had that he was leaving Brussels at the
various degrees of membership, “with the beginning of the following month and
members not knowing each other.” would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd or 4th
(August).
 He had an amorous relationship with
Members of the R.D.L.M Society
Suzanne Jacoby, and when Rizal leave
1. Gregorio Aguilera Brussels at the end of July, she cried a lot.
2. Jose Ma. Basa
Misfortune in Madrid, Spain
3. Julio Dorente
4. Marcelo Del Pilar  Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in
5. Mariano Ponce Madrid
6. Baldomero Roxas  Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately
7. Fr. Jose Maria Chongco sought help of the Filipino colony, The
Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal
Spanish newspaper in securing justice for
Brussels, Belgium
the oppressed Calamba tenants.
 January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for o El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper
Brussels, Belgium Two reasons impelled which sympathized with the
Rizal to leave Paris, namely; Filipino cause, said: “To cover the
1. the cost of living in Paris was very ear, open the purse, and fold the
high because of the Universal arms—this is the Spanish colonial
Exposition policy.
2. the gay social life of the city o La Epoca- an anti-Filipino
hampered his literary works, newspaper in Madrid.
especially the writing of his second
Life Events Madrid, Spain
novel, El Filibusterismo.
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when  Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-
he moved to Brussels. They lived in a worker in the Propaganda Movement, died
modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe in Barcelona on August 19, 1890, after a
Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby lingering illness.
sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert,  Aborted duel with Antonio Luna
left the city and was replaced by Jose  Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana – a
Alejandro, an engineering student. Spanish talented scholar, an agent of the
 Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Spanish friars, and his rival in pen
Tagala (The New Orthography of the  Infidelity of Leonor Rivera – marrying
Tagalog Language) was published in La Charles Henry Kipping.
Solidaridad.
  Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - Rizal wrote a brief  Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent,
note thanking his compatriots for electing Jose Alejandro and Edilberto Evangelista,
him as Responsible. It was the last time he both studying engineering in the world-
saw Madrid. famed University of Ghent.
 September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili
Biarritz, France
came off the press, Rizal wrote to
 To seek solace for his disappointments in Blumentritt: “I am thinking of writing a third
Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort novel, a novel in the modern sense of the
city of Biarritz on the fabulous French word, but this time politics will not find
Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead much space in it, but ethics will play the
family at its winter residence—Villa Eliada. principal role.”
 February, 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz,  October 3, 1891 - two weeks after the
France. publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris,
 Frustrated in romance, Rizal found where he stayed a few days to say goodbye
consolation in writing. Evidently, while to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the
wooing Nellie and enjoying so “many Venturas and other friends; Rizal proceeded
magnificent moonlight nights” with her, he by train to Marseilles.
kept working on his second novel which he  October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the
began to write in Calamba 1887. steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for
 March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure Hongkong during the voyage, Rizal began
from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he
manuscript of El Filibusterismo. intended for Tagalog readers.
 March 30, 1891-Rizal bade farewell to the Hongkong
hospitable and friendly Bousteads and
proceeded to Paris by train.  Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he
lived from November, 1891 to June, 1892.
Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium His reasons for leaving Europe were;
 April 4, 1891 - Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose 1. life was unbearable in Europe
Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from Paris, because of his political differences
expressing his desire to go to that British with M.H. del Pilar and other
colony and practice ophthalmology in order Filipinos in Spain;
to earn his living. 2. to be near his idolized Philippines
 Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in and family.
Brussels. Since abdicating his leadership in  November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong
Madrid in January, 1891, owing to the Kong. He established his residence at No. 5
intrigues of his jealous compatriots, Rizal D’ Aguilar Street No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace,
retired from the Propaganda Movement or where he also opened his medical clinic.
reform crusade.  December 1, 1891 - Rizal wrote his parents
 May 1, 1891- Rizal notified the Propaganda asking their permission to return home. On
authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly the same date, his brother-inlaw, Manuel T.
allowance and devote the money to some Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad
better cause news of the “deportation of twenty-five
 May 30, 1891- revision of the finished persons from Calamba, including father,
manuscript of El Filibusterismo was mostly Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of
completed us.”
 June 13, 1891- Rizal informed Basa that he  The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was
was negotiating with a printing firm. one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in
Rizal’s life: For he had a happy family
Ghent, Belgium reunion.
 January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to
 He published the El Filibusterismo
Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in
 July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a
Hong Kong. His family very impressed with
famous university city in Belgium.
the English government.
 Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were;
 Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s
1. the cost of printing in Ghent was
left eye so that she was able to read and
cheaper than in Brussels;
write again.
2. to escape from the enticing
attraction of Petite Suzanne. Borneo, Colonization Project
  Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino Decision to Return in Manila
families to North Borneo (Sabah), rich
 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to
British owned island and carve out of its
return to Manila
virgin wildness a “New Calamba”.
 This decision was spurred by the following:
 March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on
1. to confer with Governor Despujol
board the ship Menon to negotiate with the
regarding his Borneo colonization
British authorities for the establishment of a
project;
Filipino colony.
2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in
 Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka
Manila;
River in Maradu Bay which was offered by
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was
the British North Borneo Company.
wrong in attacking him in Madrid
 April 20, 1892 - Rizal was back in Hong
that he was being comfortable and
Kong. His brotherin-law (Hidalgo), objected
safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned
to the project for it was antinationalistic act
the country’s cause.
to have a colony.
 June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which
 Governor General Eulogio Despujol – the
he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to
present governor-general (1891-1892)
be opened after my death” and gave them
 December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to
to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping.
Governor Despujol
 March 21, 1892- Rizal’s second letter and Final Term Topics:
gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would
reach Governor Despujol’s hand, in this  Second Homecoming
second letter, he requested the governor  Jose Rizal in Dapitan •
general to permit the landless Filipinos to  The Last Hours •
establish themselves in Borneo.  Final Works •
 Despujol could not approve the Filipino  Martyrdom in Bagumbayan •
immigration to Borneo, alleging that “the  Life after the Execution •
Philippines lacked laborers” and “it was not  Rizal’s in the Modern Time •
very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign  Recent Issues and Controversies about Jose
soil.” Rizal

Writings in Hongkong

 “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao- which is a Second Homecoming

Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man”
 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to
proclaimed by the French Revolution in
return to Manila.
1789
 This decision was spurred by the following:
 “A la Nacion Espanola” (To the Spanish
1. to confer with Governor Despujol
Nation) - which is an appeal to Spain to right
regarding his Borneo colonization
the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants.
project;
 “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen)-
2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in
explaining the Calamba agrarian situation.
Manila;
 “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to
3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was
Victoria Gaol)- it contrasted the cruel
wrong in attacking him in Madrid
Spanish prison system with the modern and
that he was being comfortable and
more humane British prison system.
safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned
 “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par
the country’s cause.
de Familles de Iles Philippines”
 June 20, 1892 - Rizal wrote two letters
(Colonization of British North Borneo by
which he sealed, inscribed on each
Families from the Philippine Islands)- an
envelope “to be opened after my death”
article in French which Rizal elaborated on
and gave them to his friend Dr. Lorenso
the same idea in another article in Spanish.
Marques for safekeeping.
 “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) - it
denounces the frequent outbreaks of 1st letter – “TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN and
intentional fires in Manila FRIENDS”
 Constitution of La Liga Filipina - the most
2nd letter – “TO THE FILIPINOS”
important writing made by Rizal during his
Hong Kong sojourn, which was printed in  June 21, 1892 - Rizal penned another letter
Hong Kong, 1892 in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol,
 incidentally his third letter to that Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This
discourteous Spanish chief executive. steamer under Captain Delgras departed at
 Immediately after Rizal’s departure from 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing
Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan
issued the government guarantee of safety, on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the
sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that evening
the victim “is in the trap”.  Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish
 On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret commandant of Dapitan whom Captain
case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his Delgras handed Rizal
followers “for anti-religious and anti-  July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896 - Rizal began
patriotic agitation”. his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four
 Luis de la Torre - secretary of Despujol, years.
ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized  Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific
as a German citizen. studies, continued his artistic and literary
works, widened his knowledge of
Arrival in Manila with Sister
languages, established a school for boys,
 June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal promoted developments projects, invented
and his widowed sister Lucia arrived in a wooden machine for making bricks, and
Manila engaged in farming and commerce (1892 to
 In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to 1896).
Malacañang Palace to seek audience with Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896)
the Spanish governor general, General
Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.  The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to
 June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo
train in Tutuban Station and visited his Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the
friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit
(Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor parish priest of Dapitan
(Pampanga)  Rizal lived in the house of the commandant,
 Rizal returned by train to Manila on the Captain Carnicero.
next day, June 28, at 5 o’clock in the  A Don Ricardo Carnicero - Rizal wrote a
afternoon. poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion
 July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded the La Liga of the captain’s birthday.
Filipina in Tondo, Manila.  September 21, 1892- the mail boat Butuan
was approaching the town, with coloured
Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago pennants flying in the sea breezes
 July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to  Butuan - the mail boat, brought the happy
Malacañang Palace to resume his series of tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736
interviews with governor general. jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr. Jose
 Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars) - incriminatory Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish
leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of
pillow cases; it is under the authorship of Fr. Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in
Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los the government-owned Manila Lottery.
Amigos del Pais, Manila  Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) - friar’s
 Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited
to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, Rizal at his house on the night of November
nephew and aide of Governor General 3, 1891 he introduced himself as a friend
Despujol. and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a
 July 7, 1892 - the Gaceta de Manila pair of buttons with the initials “P.M.”
published the story of Rizal’s arrest which (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship
produced indignant commotion among the with the Rizal family.
Filipino people, particularly the members of  Captain Juan Sitges - who succeeded
the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as
issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained commandant of Dapitan, Rizal denounced
Governor General Despujol’s decree to him the impostor.
deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the  August 1893 - Rizal’s mother and sister,
South”. Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is for one year and a half. Rizal operated on
12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was his mother’s right eye.
brought under heavy guard to the steamer
Activities in Dapitan plan to improve the fishing
industry.
 As Physician - Rizal became interested in o May 14, 1893 - Rizal formed a
local medicine and in the use of medicinal business partnership with Ramon
plants. He studied the medicinal plants of Carreon in lime manufacturing.
the Philippines and their curative values. o January 1, 1895 - Rizal organized
 As Expert Surveyor - Rizal applied his the Cooperative Association of
knowledge of engineering by constructing a Dapitan Farmers to break the
system of waterworks in order to furnish Chinese monopoly on business in
clean water to the townspeople. Dapitan.
 Rizal as Teacher - Rizal exile to Dapitan gives  As an Inventor - Rizal invented a cigarette
him the opportunity to put into practice his lighter which he sent as a gift to
educational ideas. In 1893 he established a Blumentritt. He called it “sulpukan”. This
school which existed until the end of his unique cigarette lighter was made of wood.
exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys “Its mechanism”, said Rizal “is based on the
reading, writing, languages (Spanish and principle of compressed air.”
English), geography, history, mathematics  My Retreat (Mi Retiro) - Rizal wrote this
(arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, beautiful poem about his serene life as an
nature study, morals and gymnastics. He exile in Dapitan and sent it to her mother on
trained them how to collect specimens of October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by
plants and animals, to love work and to literary critics as one of the best ever
“behave like men” penned by Rizal.
 As a Scientist - Rizal built up a rich collection
of concology which consisted of 346 shells Rizal and the Katipunan
representing 203 species. Rizal also
 Andres Bonifacio - the “Great
conducted anthropological, ethnographical,
Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an
archaeological, geological, and geographical
armed uprising - the secret
studies, as revealed by his voluminous
revolutionary society, called Katipunan,
correspondence with his scientists friends in
which he founded on July 7, 1892.
Europe.
 May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the
 As a Linguist - he learned the Bisayan,
Katipunan at a little river called
Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote
Bitukang Manok near the town of
Tagalog grammar, made a comparative
Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named
study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages
emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform
and studied Bisayan (Cebuan), and
Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to
Subanum languages. He knew 22 languages
launch a revolution for freedom’s sake.
- Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun,
Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French,  June 15, 1896 - Valenzuela left Manila
German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, on board the steamer Venus. To
camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission,
Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese,
Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian. he brought with him a blind man
Raymundo Mata and a guide,
 As an Artist – he continued his artistic works
ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit
such as, sketching and woodcarving (The
Rizal’s expert medical advice
Mother’s Revenge and Dapitan Girl).
 June 21, 1896 - evening, Dr. Pio
 Rizal as Farmer - In Dapitan, Rizal devoted
Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan.
much of his time to agriculture. Rizal
 Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious
introduced modern methods of agriculture
project to plunge the country in bloody
which he had observed in Europe and
revolution because he was of sincere
America. He encouraged the Dapitan
belief that it was premature, for two
farmers to discard their primitive system of
tillage and adopt the modern agricultural reasons:
1. the people are not ready for a
methods.
revolution, and;
 Rizal as Businessman - Rizal engaged in
2. arms and funds must first be
business in partnership with Ramon
collected before raising the cry
Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made
of revolution.
profitable business ventures in fishing,
copra, and hemp industries. Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba
o January 19, 1893 - Rizal wrote a
letter to Hidalgo expressing his  Rizal had offered his services as military
doctor in Cuba, which was then in the
 throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow  Rizal learned of the eruption of the
fever epidemic. There was a shortage of revolution and raging battles around Manila
physicians to minister to the needs of the through the newspapers he read on the
Spanish troops and the Cubans people. Castilla. He was worried for two reasons:
 December 17, 1895 - Rizal wrote to 1. The violent revolution which he
Governor General Ramon Blanco, offering sincerely believed to be premature
his services as military doctor in Cuba. and would only cause much
 July 30, 1896 - Rizal received the letter from suffering and terrible loss of
Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 human lives and property had
notifying him of acceptance of his offer started, and
 “The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del 2. .It would arouse Spanish
Viajero) - Rizal wrote this heart-warming vengeance against all Filipino
poem because of his joy in receiving the patriots.
gladsome news from Malacañang.
August 30, 1896 - Rizal received from Governor
 July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s four-year exile in
General Blanco two letters of introduction for the
Dapitan came to an end. Rizal embarked on
Minister of War and Minister of Colonies, which a
board the steamer España. (4years, 13 days
covering letter which absolved him from all blame
and few hours)
for the raging revolution.
 As farewell music, the town brass band
strangely played the dolorous Funeral September 3, 1896 – the Isla de Panay left Manila
March of Chopin. and reached Singapore on the 7th

Last Trip Abroad (1896) Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner

 July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight  Don Pedro Roxas - rich Manila creole
on board the España sailed northward. industrialist and Rizal’s friend that advised
 Isla de Luzon - a regular steamer that Rizal him to stay on Singapore and take
missed which sailed to Spain the day before advantage of the protection of the British
he arrived in Manila Bay law.
 Castilla - a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was  Don Manuel Camus - headed several
kept as a “guest” on board. Filipino residents in Singapore, boarded the
 August 1, 1896 - at dawn of Saturday, it steamer, urging Rizal to stay in Singapore to
anchored at Dumaguete. He met a friend save his life.
named Herriro Regidor.  The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left
 August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and the Singapore at 1:00pm, September 8.
Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the  September 25, 1896 - Rizal saw the steamer
hills of Balintawak, a few miles north of Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal,
Manila. crammed with Spanish troops.
 September 3, 1896 - Rizal left for Spain on  September 27, 1896 - Rizal heard from the
the steamer Isla de Panay. passengers that a telegram arrived from
Manila reporting the execution of some
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution
Filipino patriots.
 August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to  September 28, 1986 - a day after the
overthrow Spanish rule by means of steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean
revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano terminus of the Suez Canal), a passenger
Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo. told Rizal the bad news that he would be
 August 26, 1896 - the “Cry of Balintawak” arrested by order of Governor General
which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta
Katipuneros. (Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.
 August 30, 1896 - sunrise, the revolutionists  September 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote in his
led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San travel diary: “There are people on board
Juan, near the city of Manila. who do nothing but slander me and invent
 In the afternoon, after the Battle of San fanciful stories about me. I’m going to
Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed become a legendary personage.”
a state of war in the first eight provinces for  September 30, 1896 - at 4:00pm, Rizal was
rising in arms against Spain - Manila (as a officially notified by Captain Alemany that
province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, he should stay in his cabin until further
Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac. orders from Manila.
 October 3, 1896 - at 10:00am, the Isla de
Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal, a
 prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to 1889, implicating Rizal in the Propaganda
Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was campaign in Spain.
kept under heavy guard in his cabin for 4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly
three days. written by Rizal in Manila on September 12,
1891.
Last Homecoming and Trial (1896)
5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified
• October 6, 1896 - at 3:00am, Rizal was awakened person dated Barcelona, September 18,
by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous 1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the
prison-fortress named Monjuich. About 2:00 in the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
afternoon, Rizal was taken out of prison by the 6. A Masonic document, dated Manila,
guards and brought to the headquarters of General February 9, 1892, honouring Rizal for his
Despujol. patriotic services.
7. A letter signed Dimas Alang (Rizal’s
• On the same date, at 8:00pm, Rizal left Barcelona pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta’s
through the ship Colon “full of soldiers and guards pseudonym), dated Hong Kong, May 24,
and their families”. 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe
refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted
• October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that
by the Spanish authorities,
the Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the
8. A letter of Dimas Alang to an unidentified
bloody revolution in the Philippines and were
committee, dated Hong Kong, June 1, 1892,
blaming him for it.
soliciting the aid of the committee in the
• October 11, 1896 - before reaching Port Said, “patriotic work”.
Rizal’s diary was taken away and was critically 9. An anonymous and undated letter to the
scrutinized by the authorities. Editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph,
censuring the banishment of Rizal to
• November 2, 1896 - the diary was returned to Dapitan.
Rizal. 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
 Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the
Singapore - his friends (Dr. Antonio Ma. Filipino people look up to him as their
Regidor and Sixto Lopez) dispatched frantic saviour.
telegrams to Fort to rescue Rizal from the 11. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated
Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore Manila, September 17, 1893, informing an
by means of Writ of Habeas Corpus. unidentified correspondent of the arrest
 Chief Justice Lionel - denied the writ on the and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and
ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish Ambrosio Salvador.
troops to the Philippines 12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan
 November 3, 1896 - the Colon reached A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid,
Manila, where it was greeted with wild June 1, 1893 recommending the
rejoicings by the Spaniards and friars establishment of a special organization,
because it brought more reinforcements independent of Masonry, to help the cause
and military supplies. of the Filipino people.
13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio
 November 20, 1896 - the preliminary
Jacinto), in reunion of the Katipunan on July
investigation on Rizal began.
23, 1893, in which the following cry was,
 Colonel Francisco Olive - the judge
uttered “Long Live the Philippines! Long live
advocate. Two kinds of evidence were
Doctor Rizal! Unity!”
presented against Rizal, namely
14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose
documentary and testimonial.
Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan
The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence reunion, where in the Katipuneros shouted:
“Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, to the oppressor nation!”
dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing 15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A
Rizal’s connection with the Filipino reform Talisay in which the author makes the
campaign in Spain. Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know
2. A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, how to fight their rights.
August 20, 1890, stating that the
deportations are good for they will Oral Testimonies consists of the following person:
encourage the people to hate tyranny.
3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to
1. Martin Constantino
Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 2. Aguedo del Rosario,
 3. Jose Reyes 2. the founder of societies,
4. Moises Salvador periodicals, and books
5. Jose Dizon dedicated to fomenting ,and
6. Domingo Franco 3. propagating ideas of rebellion
7. Deodato Arellano
Court Martial
8. Ambrosio Salvador,
9. Pedro Serrano Laktaw  December 13, 1896 - Dominguez
10. Dr. Pio Valenzuela forwarded the papers of the Rizal case
11. Antonio Salazar to Malacañang Palace.
12. Francisco Quison  December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote the
13. Timoteo Paez Manifesto to His People in his prison
cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to them
Trial
to stop the necessary shedding of blood
 November 26, 1896 - after the and to achieve their liberties by means
preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive of education and industry
transmitted the records of the case to  December 25, 1896 - a dark and
Governor Dominguez as special Judge cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on
advocate to institute the corresponding earth, was the saddest in Rizal’s life
action against Rizal  December 26, 1896 - at 8:00am, the
 After studying the papers, Judge court-martial of Rizal started in the
advocate General, Don Nicolas de la military building called Cuartel de
Peña, submitted the following España
recommendations:  Lt. Col. Togores Arjona - considered the
1. The accused be immediately trial over and ordered the hall cleared.
brought to trial, After a short deliberation, the military
2. He should be kept in prison, court unanimously voted for the
3. An order of attachment be sentence of death.
issued against his property to  December 28, 1896 – Camilo Polavieja
the amount of one million approved the decision of the court-
pesos as indemnity, and martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
4. He should be defended in court 7:00 in the morning of December 30 at
by an army officer, not by a Bagumbayan Field
civilian lawyer.  After the court-martial, Rizal returned
 The only right given to Rizal by the to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his
Spanish authorities was to choose his rendezvous with destiny.
defense counsel.  During his last 24 hours on earth - from
 December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of the 6:00am December 29 to 6:00am
Immaculate Conception, a list of 100 December 30, 1896 - he was busy
first and second lieutenants in the meeting visitor, named; Santiago
Spanish Army was presented to Rizal. Mataix - Spanish newspaper
 Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - 1st correspondent.
Lieutenant of the Artillery, chosen by o Pearl of the Orient Sea - Rizal
Rizal to defend him brother of Lt. Jose called the Philippines.
Taviel de Andrade, Rizal’s “bodyguard” o Pearl of the Orient - Rizal’s last
in Calamba in 1887. poem in an article entitled
 December 11, 1896- the information of “Unfortunate Philippines”
charges was formally read to Rizal in his published in The Hong Kong
prison cell, with his counsel present. Telegraph on September 24,
1892
 Rizal was accused of being:
The Last Hours - December 29, 1896
1. the principal organizer and the
living soul of the Filipino  6:00am - Captain Rafael Dominguez,
insurrection, who was designated by Governor
General Camilo Polavieja to take
 charge of all arrangements for the  3:30pm - Father Balaguer returned
execution of the condemned to Fort Santiago and discussed with
prisoner, read the death sentence Rizal about his retraction of the
to Rizal - to be on December 30, anti-Catholic ideas in his writings
1896 shot at the back by a firing and membership in Masonry.
squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan.  4:00pm - Rizal’s mother arrived.
 7:00am - Rizal was moved to the Rizal knelt down before her and
prison chapel, where he spent his kissed her hands, begging her to
last moments. His first visitors were forgive him. Trinidad entered the
Father Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector cell to fetch her mother. As they
of Ateneo Municipal), and Father were leaving, Rizal gave to Trinidad
Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher. the alcohol cooking stove,
 7:15am - Rizal, in a jovial mood, whispering to her in English; “There
reminded Fr. Viza of the statuette is something inside” This
of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which “something” was Rizal’s farewell
he had carved with his pen knife as poem.
an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the  6:00pm - Rizal received a new
statuette from his pocket and gave visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon,
it to Rizal. The hero happily the Dean of the Manila Cathedral.
received it and placed it on his Fathers Balaguer and March left,
writing table. leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don
 8:00am - Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived Silvino.
to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited  8:00pm - Rizal had his last supper.
him to join him at breakfast, which He informed Captain Dominguez
he did. After breakfast, Lt. Luis who was with him that he forgave
Taviel de Andrade came, and Rizal his enemies, including the military
thanked him for his gallant services. judges who condemned him to
 9:00am - Fr. Federico Faura arrived. death.
Rizal reminded him that he said that  9:30pm - Rizal was visited by Don
(Rizal) would someday lose his head Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of the
for writing the Noli. “Father”, Rizal Royal Audiencia of Manila. As a
remarked, “You are indeed a gracious host, Rizal offered him the
prophet.” best chair in the cell. After a
 10:00am - Father Jose Vilaclara pleasant conversation, the fiscal left
(Rizal’s teacher at the Ateneo) and with a good impression of Rizal’s
Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit missionary intelligence and noble character.
in Dapitan who had befriended Rizal  10:00pm - The draft of the
during the latter’s exile) visited the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino
hero. After them came Spanish Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda
journalist, Santiago Mataix, who was submitted by Father Balaguer
interviewed Rizal for his newspaper to Rizal for signature, but the hero
El Heraldo de Madrid. rejected it because it was too long
 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm - Rizal and he did not like it.
was left alone in his cell. He took  3:00am - Rizal heard Mass,
lunch after which he was busy confessed his sins, and took Holy
writing. It was probably during this Communion.
time when he finished his farewell  5:30am - Rizal took his last
poem and hid it inside his alcohol breakfast on earth. After this, he
cooking stove which was given to wrote two letters, the first
him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera addressed to his family and the
during his visit to Paris in 1890. at second to his older brother Paciano.
the same time, he wrote his last o Josephine Bracken,
letter to Prof. Blumentritt in accompanied by a sister of
German. Rizal (Josefa), arrived.
 Josephine, with tears in her Why Rizal is Our Greatest National Hero?
eyes, bade him farewell.
1. Rizal is our greatest hero because,
Rizal embraced her for the
as a towering figure in the
last time and before she
Propaganda Campaign, he took an
left, Rizal gave her a last gift
“admirable part” in that movement
- a religious book, Imitation
which roughly covered the period
of Christ
from 1882-1896.
 6:00am - As the soldiers were
2. Rizal’s writings contributed
getting ready for the death march
tremendously to the formation of
to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last
Filipino nationality.
letter to his beloved parents.
3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino
The Execution hero because no Filipino has yet
been born who could equal or
 6:30am - a trumpet sounded at Fort surpass Rizal as “a person of
Santiago, a signal to begin the death distinguished valor or enterprise in
march to Bagumbayan, the designated danger, or fortitude in suffering.
place for the execution 4. Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero
 Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, that ever lived because he is “a man
black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt honoured after death by public
and black tie. His arms were tied behind worship, because of exceptional
from elbow to elbow. But the rope was service to mankind”
quite loose to give his arms freedom of
movement.
 Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo - a Spanish
military physician, asked Rizal
permission to feel his pulse and was
amazed to find it normal showing that
Rizal was not afraid to die.
 7:03am - Rizal died in the bloom of
manhood - aged 35 years, five months
and 11 days.

Last Works

 Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) -

farewell poem of Rizal that originally
was without title and was unsigned.
 Father Mariano Dacanay - a Filipino
priest-patriot, who gave the title Ultimo
Adios (Last Farewell) and under such
title the poem was published for the
first time in La Independencia (General
Antonio Luna’s newspaper) on
September 25, 1898
 Immediately after Rizal’s execution the
Spanish spectators shouted “Viva
España!” “Muerte a los Traidores’
(“Long Live Spain! “Death to the
Traitors!”) and the Spanish Military
Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal’s
death, played the gay Marcha de Cadiz
 By Rizal’s writings, which awakened
Filipino nationalism and paved the way
for the Philippine Revolution, he proved
that “pen is mightier than the sword”.