Set 1

Ship Construction
1. (a) Write down point of view of construction aspect, why RMS Titanic cruise ship sink
within 2.5 hours in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean without getting any assistance from
anybody.

(b) What is floodable length?

Length of ship which, if flooded, would sink her to the margin line, the floodable
length for any part of the ship, assuming that the point at which it is taken is the middle of
the compartment.
(c) How do you understand a bulkhead of a ship? What is the purpose of bulkhead which
is used to be constructed onboard?
Bulkheads
Bulkheads are vertical partition wall within the hull of the ship, that separated the hull
into different watertight rooms and compartments. Bulkhead reduce the extent of
seawater flooding.
Purpose of Bulkheads
- Increase structural strength of vessel.
- Bulkhead also support the deck and more resistance to damaged.
- Limiting the flooding by preventing loss of buoyancy.
- Divide functional area into rooms and compartments.
- Prevent spreading of fire. Certain type of bulkhead can have contained fire onboard.
- Bulkheads are different, according to the purpose, positions and construction.
(d) Explain corrugated bulkhead with sketch.
1. Corrugated bulkheads are fitted in oil tanker and sometimes found in dry cargo ship.
2. The corrugation bulkhead gives stiffness to the plating and ordinary stiffeners are not
fitted on them, although widely space web stiffeners at right angles to the
corrugations are sometimes used.
3. A corrugated plate is stronger than flat plate without stiffening subject to bending
moment along the corrugation.
4. The illumination of vertical stiffener also reverses in saving the steel weight the cause
of stiffeners.
5. The angle of corrugation is normally 45˚
6. In transverse bulkheads, the corrugation may run either vertically or horizontally.
7. In longitudinal bulkheads only horizontal corrugations are allowed to give longitudinal
strength.

2. Explain about ventilators briefly with the sketches.

1. Ventilators are necessary to give adequate air circulation to under deck,

accommodation and tanks.
2. The coamings are to have a minimum height above the weather deck of 900
millimeters within forward 0.25L and 760 mm abaft 0.25L.
3. All ventilator coamings are to be supplied with strong plugs and canvas covers unless
the height of the coaming exceed 4.5 m in position 1 and 2.3 m in position 2.
4. Mushrooms, gooseneck and other ventilators are to be strongly secured to deck.
5. Goose or swan neck ventilators are used for the air pipes to tanks.
6. The height is not to be less than 760 mm on the freeboard deck and 450 mm on
superstructure deck.
7. Air pipes are to be fitted at the opposite end of the tank where filling pipe is placed or
the highest point of the tank.
3. How many different types of rudders are there in marine construction? Explain any two
types of rudders with sketches.
There are 4 types of rudders-
1. Unbalanced Single Plate Rudder
2. Semi-balanced Mariner Type Rudder
3. Balanced Bolt Axle Rudder
4. Balanced Spade Type Rudder

1. Semi-balanced Mariner Type Rudder

This is a very popular rudder for modern tonnage, especially for the container vessel and
twin-screw vessel. The surface area of rudder which is forward of the axis is less than 20%,
then the rudder is said to be Semi-balanced. The area forward of the stock is too small to
give a full balancing effect. They are often found in twin screw ships.

2. Balanced Spade Type Rudder

A very widely used rudder, which are engaged on short voyages ferries and roll on roll off
ships but not common in other types of vessels. The main disadvantage is that the total
weight of the rudder is borne by the rudder bearing inside the hull of the vessel.
 Shipboard Operation
4.(a) Discharge of garbage outside special areas. (Reg.4)
Discharged of garbage into the sea outside special areas shall only be permitted

 While the ship is en route.

 In any case, not less than
 3 nautical miles from the nearest land for food wastes which have been passed through a
comminutor or grinder. Such comminuted or grounded food wastes shall be capable of
passing through a screen with openings no greater than 25mm.
 12 nautical miles from the nearest land for food wastes which have not been passed
through a comminutor or grinder. (Food waste may be greater than 25mm)
 12 nautical miles from the nearest land for cargo residues shall not contain any harmful
substances.
 For animal carcasses, discharge as far as possible from the nearest land.
 Cleaning agents or additives contained in cargo hold, deck and external surface wash water may
be discharge into the sea but these substances must not be harmful to the marine
environment.
 When garbage is mixed with, or contaminated by other substances prohibited from discharge
or having different discharge requirements, the more stringent requirements shall apply. (Food
in Plastic bag)
4. (b) What are the materials / items should keep in SOPEP locker?
The items included as SOPEP materials which are stowed in locker are as
follows,
1. Scupper plugs
2. Shovels
3. Empty drums
4. Saw dust
5. Absorbent pads
6. Absorbent rolls
7. Brooms
8. Dust pans
9. Sponges
10. Cotton rags
11. Chemical dispersant, Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) for onboard use and seacare
for outboard use
12. Backpack
13. Buckets
14. Welden pumps, including discharge pipes and suction pipes
15. Quick dry cement bags
16. Long rubber boots
17. Rubber gloves
18. Rubber Squeezing
19. No smoking sign board