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Distillation Techniques and Methods

Chapter 5 discusses distillation as a separation method based on the distribution of substances between gas and liquid phases, emphasizing vapor-liquid equilibrium relations. It covers various distillation techniques, including simple distillation, continuous rectification, and methods like McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon Savarit for multicomponent mixtures. Key concepts such as relative volatility, material balances, and reflux ratios are also highlighted to understand the efficiency of the distillation process.

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6 views23 pages

Distillation Techniques and Methods

Chapter 5 discusses distillation as a separation method based on the distribution of substances between gas and liquid phases, emphasizing vapor-liquid equilibrium relations. It covers various distillation techniques, including simple distillation, continuous rectification, and methods like McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon Savarit for multicomponent mixtures. Key concepts such as relative volatility, material balances, and reflux ratios are also highlighted to understand the efficiency of the distillation process.

Uploaded by

khoihuynh06612345
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 5: Distillation

5.1. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Relations


5.2. Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System
5.3. Simple Distillation Method
5.4. Distillation with Reflux and McCabe–Thiele Method
5.5. Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 1


Definition

• Distillation is a method of separating the components of a


solution which depends upon the distribution of the
substances between a gas and a liquid phase, applied to
cases where all components are present in both phases –
the new phase is created from the original solution by
vaporization or condensation.
• The separation based on the different volatilities.
• Distillation & Evaporation
• Distillation & Absorption

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 2


Vapor-Liquid Equilibria

• The successful application of distillation methods depends


greatly upon an understanding of the equilibria existing
between the vapor and liquids phases of the mixtures
encountered.

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 3


Constant Pressure Equilibria
• The relative amounts of the equilibrium phases are related to the
segments of tie line

= (5.1)

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 4


Relative volatility

• The greater the distance between the equilibrium curves and


the diagonal, the greater the difference in liquid and vapor
compositions and the easier the separation by distillation.
• Separation factor – Relative volatility
∗ /( ∗) ∗( ) PA
= = ∗) =
/( ) (
PB
• The value of α changes as x varies from 0 to 1,0.
• If y* = x (except at x = 0 or 1), α = 1,0 an no separation is
possible.
• The larger the value of α above unity, the greater the degree of
separability.

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 5


Increased Pressure

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 6


Ideal Solutions – Raoult’s Law

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 7


Differential, or simple, distillation

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 8


Material Balance – Rayleigh Equation

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 9


Continuous Rectification – Binary system
Material and Enthalpy Balances of aFractionator (Fig 9.17)

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 10


Multistay (Tray) Towers

1) The method of Ponchon Savarit


2) The method of McCabe and Thiele
rAMA = rBMB
CP = const
∆HS = 0
Equation for the operating lines
a) The enriching section – Total condenser – Reflux at
the bubble point
b) Exhausting section – Reboiled vapor in equilibrium
with the residue

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 11


Introduction of feed

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 12


4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 13
4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 14
Flow through the feed plate for various feed conditions

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 15


4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 16
4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 17
Minimum Reflux Ratio

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 18


Optimum Reflux Ratio

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 19


Most economical (optimum) reflux ratio

4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 20


4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 21
4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 22
4/7/2016 Chapter 5 - Distillation 23

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