CHAPTER-2 CONTROL. & COORDINATION Coordination-The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination. In our body the neural system & endocrine system jointly coordinate & integrate all the activities of the organs so that they function in a synchronized fashion. 1. Nervous System: provides an organized network of point to point connection for a quick coordination. It consists of Brain, Spinal cord and a huge network of nerves. 2, Endocrine system: provides chemical integration through hormones. NERVOUS SYSTEM Functions of Nervous system: i) To receive the information from environment. ii) To receive the information from various body parts. (Stimuli Response). iii) To act accordingly through muscles and glands, Unit of Nervous System: - the unit of nervous system is neurons or nerve cells, which can detect, receive & transmit different types of stimuli. All the neurons present in our body collectively form nervous system. Neurons (also known as nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. cell body "Synaptic bulb rucleus = dendrite myelin sheath = In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. = The primary components of the neuron are the soma (cell body), the axon (a Jong slender projection that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body), dendrites that receive messages from other neurons), and synapses (specialized junctions between neurons). = Stimulus: Any change in environment to which the organisms respond is called stimulus. = Response: The reaction of our body to a stimulus. E.g. withdrawal of our hand on touching hot plate. = Receptors: Are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect the information from the environment. + Itis the junction of two neurons where information is transferred from one neuron to anoth Synapse = Pre synaptic membrane + synaptic cleft + post synaptic membrane ADs BROLOGY"The nerve impulse is carried over in the gap between the adjacent neurons by the means of a chemical substance called neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter is filled in the synaptic vwesicles present in synaptic knob. * The direction of nerve impulse in a neuron is, ‘ina Dendrites —> eyton —» Axon. x Neurronier = As the electrical impulse comes at the end (synaptic knob) sjrapte oO Laon of a neuron, the synaptic vesicles containing veside 7 poe neurotransmitter burst. So that synaptic cleft is filled with te \ J this chemical. ey St ae "The chemical comes in the contact with the receptors egret present on the post synaptic membrane of the Dendron of 5 Jone next neuron & binds with its specific receptor. * This binding creates a similar electrical impulse in the next neuron. And this impulse moves in same order in the next neuron. It can then be transferred to the third neuron in the same way. "In this way, synapses ensure that nerve impulse travels only in one direction. Nervous System Central Netvous System, Peripheral Nefvous System 4 Brain Spinal Cord Afferent Pathway Efferent Pathway (Sensory Nerves) (Motor Nerves) ‘(Organ to CNS) (CNS to Organ) ‘Somatic Neural System Autonomic Neural System (CNS to Skeletal Muscles) (ENS to Smooth Muscles) [cenTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM| = The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, It is referredto as “central” because it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism, HUMAN BRAIN "The brain is the central information processing organ of our body. It acts as command and control system. It receives input from the sensory organs and sends output to the muscles. = Itcontrols the voluntary movement, balance of body, functioning of vital involuntary organs (lungs & heart etc.), thermoregulation, hunger & thrust Brain Meninges: - brain is covered by three membranes termed as meninges. a) Duramater: - outermost layer, thick & strong. b) Arachnoid: - middle, thin & delicate layer. ) Piamater: - innermost, thin & attached to brain. * CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is filled in between arachnoid & piamater. The primary function of CSF is to cushion the brain within the skull and serve as a shock ADs BROLOGYabsorber for the central nervous system, CSF also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain. FOREBRAIN: - a) Cerebrum - It forms the major part of brain which is most develop in human, Itis the most important part of the brain because it is the centre of voluntary movements. Cerebrum contains sensory areas, motor areas & association areas. Cerebral hemispheres are divided into 4 lobes i.e. Frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital lobe. FUNCTIONS: * Seat of intelligence, knowledge & memory. * Analysis for speak, sound, smell, taste & language. * Analysis for touch, pain & pressure. b) Hypothalamus - The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It is located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland, While itis very small, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions including releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, behaviour & emotions, urge of eating and drinking. 2. MIDBRAIN - Itis present between forebrain and pons of hindbrain. The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. HINDBRAIN — a) Pons ~ It regulates breathing. b) Cerebellum — Control & coordinates the muscular movements, maintaining body posture & equilibrium. ©) Medulla Oblongata — it is concerned with involuntary activities of the body e.g. cardiovascular reflex, coughing, sneezing, salivation & vomiting reflex. = The spinal cord is a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem (medulla) and continues down almost to the bottom of the spine. = The spinal cord consists of nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It is also the center for reflexes, such as the knee jerk reflex ete. = 31 pair of nerves arise from spinal cord. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = ‘The PNS consists of the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. They all enter or leave the CNS. = The three types of nerves which make the PNS are spinal nerves, cranial nerves & visceral nerves. Spinal nerves arise from spinal cord. Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. * Cranial nerves arise from the brain. © Visceral nerves are special kind of nerves which mostly arise from spinal cord. They are connected to the internal organs of the body. ADs BROLOGY* A reflex or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. Dreceptor * Arreflex is made possible by neural pathways called @sensry neuron reflex ares which can act on an impulse before that | inegraon canter impulse reaches the brain, * For example moving away of our hand away on touching a hot plate, knee jerk, yawning. & blinking of eyes ete. * There are two types of reflex actions: ~ 1, Spinal Reflex 2. Cerebral Reflex Spinal veflex Cerebral veflex ‘Spinal cordis involved. 7, Brain is involved. Urgency is required for these actions. No urgency is required for these actions. iii. These are very fast actions. iii, These are slow actions. Eg. displacement of leg at the time of Eg. change in the size of pupil of our eyes. pinching of needle. @netor neuron @etactor Spinal cord (in eross section) NOTE: All the reflexes are involuntary in nature but all the involuntary actions are not reflexes. For example - The beating of heart and peristalsis are involuntary actions, but not reflex action. ¥ Reflex actions are very quick but all involuntary actions may not be quick. ¥ Reflex actions are done to meet emergencies where as an involuntary actions not done for emergencies, but to fulfil a critical fe process as circulation of blood, movement of food in food pipe etc. ¥ Areflex action may be conditioned as in the case of salivation response by a dog ‘on just hearing the bell in Paviov's exot..but an involuntary action would not be generally influenced by external conditioning. ADs BROLOGY‘Nervous system is not sufficient to control & coordinate all the organs of the body. So, the neural system & endocrine system jointly co-ordinate and regulate the functions of the body. Gland: - a group of cells which is secretory in nature. On the bi 's of duct glands are of two types. 1. Endocrine glands ~ they pour their secretion into the blood because they lack duct (ductless glands). Their secretionis called hormones. 2. Exocrine glands — glands with duct which secrete enzymes. Hormones are the chemicals which act as intercellular messengers & are produce in trace amounts. Endocrine Gland Location Hormone Function ‘Hypothalamus: Just below the Releasing hormone ‘Stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. thalamus & above the pituitary Inhibitory hormone | Tahibit the secretion of pituitary hormones Pituitary gland | Just below the | Growth hormone | lis main effects on the growth of the body. hypothalamus in Deficiency in childhood keads to dwarfism. ise booed bali Over secretion ads to gigantism, y cavity. Anti-diuretic ‘Reabsorption of water from DCT of nephron, hormone (ADH) By which amount of urine is reduced, Follicular stimulating | Stimulate the growth of ovarian folick hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone | Ovulation in Temales atthe mad of menstrual eye. Thyroid gland | At the junction of | Thyroxin Involved in the growth & development trachea & larynx. ‘Metabolism of carbohydrate, fats & protein, Thyrocaleitonin Lowers blood Ca*Tevel in Blood. ‘Adrenal gland | At the top ofboth | Adrenaline alee ‘& hormones = ree the kidneys, - increase alertness, pupillary dilation aig Noradrenaline increase blood glucose evel. Pancreas Behind the Glucagon Tnerease Blood sugarlevel by decreasing the stomach, head of, permeability of cell for glucose eee Tnsulin ‘Decrease blood sugar level by Increasing the connected to permeability of cell for ghicose. duodenum. Pineal gland Back side of Melatonin: Maintenance of the normal rhythms of sleep— thalamus. wake cycle, temperature regulations etc. Parathyroid gland Back side of thyroid gland in the form of lobes. Parathyroid hormone Tncrease Ca++ evel in blood by action on bones. Testis Outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum. ‘Testosterone selopment of mals reproductive system formation of sperms. ‘Characters of maleness. Ovary: Inside the abdomen, at both, the sides of uterus. Estrogen Development of endometrium daring menstrual cycle Female secondary sexual characteristics Progesterone Tesupports pregnaney, breast development for ‘milk formation. ADs BROLOGY"Unlike animals, plants do not have any nervous system. So plants use chemical means for control & coordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kind of movement in plants. Plant Hormones: HORMONE FUNCTION ‘Auxin Apical dominance, celi elongation, prevent premature leaf fall & fruit Falling, initiate rooting in stem cutting, responsible for bending of shoot tip towards “light. Gibberellin Cell eniargement & differentiation, increase in length of stem (Sugarcane), | delay in senescence, breaking of dormancy in seeds & bud. Cytokinin” Promote cell division, cell enlargement, reduce apical dominance and induce 7 __growth of axillary bud. ans ane 7 se ‘Abscisic Stress hormone, inhibit Seed germination, promotes closing of stomata, acid _ Willing & falling of leaves and promotes dormancy of seed & buds. Ethylene | Gaseous PGR, promotes senescence & abscission of fruits & leaves, responsible for ripening of unripened fruits. Plant Movement 1 [ Trophic Movements Nastic Movements directional movement! (non-directional movement) growth dependent (growth independent) — Thigmonasty Phototropism —. amv in response to touch. E.g. Leaves respoose t)HENE) in Mimosa pudica) Geotropism (growth movement Photonasty a plant part in (movement in response response to gravity.) to light. E.g. petals of Dandel lower. »~ Chemotropism (growth movement of a plant part in response to chemical.) _— Hydrotropism Gove eot response to water.) Thigmotropism (growth movement a plant part in response to touch or a solid support.) ADs BIOLOGY"Tropic movements are further divided into positive & negative movements. 1. Positive tropism—when growth of a plant part is in the direction of the external stimulus. 2. Negative tropism when growth of a plant part is not in the direction of the external stimulus. 1. Phototropis: * Positive phototropism — Growth of stem & leaves takes place in the direction of light. + Negative phototropism — Growth of roots takes place in the direction of light. 2. Geotropism: - * Positive geotropism - Growth of roots takes place in the direction of gravity. © Negative geotropism— Growth of stem & leaves takes place in the opposite direction of light. 3. Chemotropism:- © Positive chemotropism — growth of pollen tube towards ovule. © Negative chemotropism — growth of root away from harmful chemicals. 4. Hydrotropism: - * Positive Hydrotropism — growth of roots towards water in soil. + Negative Hydrotropism — growth of stem in the opposite direction of water. 5. Thigmotropism:- © Positive Thigmotropism — in case of weak stem, stem tendrils grows in the direction of a solid support. ADs BROLOGY