BIOLOGY MODULE 2
1/05/23
Organelles- subcellular units of a cell
Prokaryotic- single-celled organisms such as bacteria
Eukaryotic- animal or plant cells have more organelles and they all have a cell membrane to
protect the material in the organelles.
Pathogenic- causes diseases
Cellular Respiration- Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that break down
glucose to produce ATP.
Unicellular lifeforms- single-celled require a moist environment eg protozoa
Human genome- 46 chromosomes fully scanned and sequenced in the 2000’s NDI system in
the US
How to define a living organism:
1. Move
2. Breath
3. Reproduce
4. Excrete waste
5. Grow
6. Assimilate
7. Consume
8. Metabolise
Algae- does not have the true root and
vascular system
Colonial life forms- some cells form
colonies( can be unicellular)
Multicellular life forms- are eukaryotes found in plants animals fungi etc
Neuron- brain cells
Fat cells- adipose
1. Identify the three domains of life.
- Archaea
- Bactria
- Eukaryotes
2. In which domains do you find unicellular, multicellular and multicellular life
forms?
There are unicellular and colonial life forms in all three groups, only the eukaryotic
cells form multicellular organisms.
3. List the main characteristics of life.
- Move
- Breath
- Reproduce
- Excrete waste
- Grow
- Assimilate
- Consume
- Metabolise
4. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes- single-celled organisms such as bacteria
Eukaryotes- animal or plant cells have more organelles and they all have a cell
membrane to protect the material in the organelles.
5. Where do you find unicellular organisms?
6. How does the size of unicellular organisms help determine their structure?
7. What is meant by a colonial life form?
8. Which kingdoms have multicellular organisms?
9. Suggest why most multicellular organisms require systems.
Bone Marrow: B & T (thyroid) = lymphocytes (cells from lymph nodes)
Vinegar= acetic acid= ethanoic acid
Unicellular, colonial, multicellular:
- developed dif. Whole structures and microscopic structures to maintain life and
survive in various environments.
- Their cell structures can be directly related to cell function
Autotrophic Nutrition:
- Living things that can supply their own food and organic molecules and don't
consume other organisms
- Autotrophs can = be photoautotrophs using carbon dioxide and sunlight as the energy
source for photosynthesis
- Chemoautotrophs use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and energy from oxidising
inorganic substances
- Colonial and multicellular autotrophs rely on diffusion, osmosis, active transport for
water supply and inorganic ions
Passive: no energy: high to low
Active: need energy: low to high
Bleach:
- Sodium hydroxide
- pH 13-14
- Sanitise NOT for consumption
- Damages cell membranes
- Large SA: V = greater absorption
- MINCE vs STEAK: mince would cook faster due to its large SA thus the heat
penetrates the steak faster than the steak
Virus:
- non-living as the 7 characteristics aren’t fulfilled
- The virus lives once within the host
Organic: living things- glucose, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHONPS): no artificial
chemicals like superphosphate
Inorganic: non-living things- water, carbon dioxide, silicon dioxide
Plant vascular tissues (blood vessels):
- Xylem: found in roots - Water + ion
- Phloem:
- Cohesion and adhesion- water:
BLUE BOTTLES DEBATE:
The Australian Museum stated that urinating is a myth and should not be used as a treatment
as the warmth from the urine may stimulate the cells in the affected area. The urine could also
pose as acidic as well as alkaline. Not only this, but the waste product contains bacteria that
should leave and not reenter the body.
Polar- uneven distribution of charges in atoms. (e.g water)
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2.
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. In plants, the process of photosynthesis takes place in the
mesophyll of the leaves, inside the chloroplasts.
Celery: In celery many groups together to make the tissues found in the stalk which you can
see tapering.