WRITING CHAPTER I

CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Setting
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Scope and Delimitation
1.5 Theoretical Framework
1.6 Conceptual Framework
1.7 Research Paradigm
1.8 Definition of Terms
BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Paragraph 1: Broad Introduction to the Topic

Begin with a broad overview of your research area
to orient the reader. Define key concepts, terms,
or phenomena and explain the general context of
the issue.
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Paragraph 1: Broad Introduction to the Topic

Begin with a broad overview of your research area
to orient the reader. Define key concepts, terms,
or phenomena and explain the general context of
the issue.
Use global or regional data and cite credible sources to
demonstrate the scope of the topic.
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Paragraph 1: Broad Introduction to the Topic

Begin with a broad overview of your research area
to orient the reader. Define key concepts, terms,
or phenomena and explain the general context of
the issue.
Use global or regional data and cite credible sources to
demonstrate the scope of the topic.
Present facts or observations that show the importance or
relevance of the topic in today’s world.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:

Broadly introduced
the topic through
defining and stating
its function.
EXAMPLE:

Broadly introduced
the topic through
defining and stating
its function.
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Paragraph 2: Narrowing Down to the Local or Specific
Context
After presenting the broad picture, gradually
narrow the scope to focus on the specific area,
population, or situation you are studying.
Describe the context of the problem in your local setting
or community.
Identify gaps or issues that are evident in the local
setting.
Use statistics or citations to justify the need to
investigate this context.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:

Provided citations
to justify the need
to investigate this
context
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Paragraph 3: Review of Existing Studies or Literature
Provide a brief summary of key literature or
studies that are relevant to your research.

Mention what other researchers have found regarding the

topic.
Highlight agreements, gaps, contradictions, or limitations
in past studies.
Show how your research will build upon or differ from
these studies.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:

Have mentioned
what other
researchers have
found regarding the
topic.
 WRITING THE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Paragraph 4: Statement of the Problem or Research Gap

Clearly present the problem or research gap that

your study intends to address.

Explain what is missing in the existing body of knowledge.

Indicate why this gap is significant.

Make sure this leads logically to your own research

objectives.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:

Indicate why the

topic is significant.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 1: Identify a Broad Topic Area

Choose a general field that interests you and is

relevant to your discipline. This will be the
foundation of your problem.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 1: Identify a Broad Topic Area

Choose a general field that interests you and is

relevant to your discipline. This will be the
foundation of your problem.

Ask yourself: What issue am I interested in? What area

needs further investigation?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 1: Identify a Broad Topic Area

Choose a general field that interests you and is

relevant to your discipline. This will be the
foundation of your problem.

Ask yourself: What issue am I interested in? What area

needs further investigation?

EXAMPLE:
English language proficiency among ASEAN university
students.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 2: Narrow Down the Topic to a Specific Issue

Focus on a more specific aspect of the topic—such

as a certain group, skill, or variable—that has
real-world importance.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 2: Narrow Down the Topic to a Specific Issue

Focus on a more specific aspect of the topic—such

as a certain group, skill, or variable—that has
real-world importance.

Ask yourself: Is there a particular group, location, or

variable I want to explore?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 2: Narrow Down the Topic to a Specific Issue

Focus on a more specific aspect of the topic—such

as a certain group, skill, or variable—that has
real-world importance.

Ask yourself: Is there a particular group, location, or

variable I want to explore?

EXAMPLE:
Low academic writing proficiency of Thai university
students in English.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 3: Identify a Gap or Problem in Literature or
Practice
Use literature or observation to identify
something not yet studied, poorly understood, or
ineffective in practice.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 3: Identify a Gap or Problem in Literature or
Practice
Use literature or observation to identify
something not yet studied, poorly understood, or
ineffective in practice.

Ask yourself: What is missing in existing studies? What is

not working in real-world settings?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 3: Identify a Gap or Problem in Literature or
Practice
Use literature or observation to identify
something not yet studied, poorly understood, or
ineffective in practice.

Ask yourself: What is missing in existing studies? What is

not working in real-world settings?

EXAMPLE:
Few studies have examined the influence of L1 (Thai)
interference on students' academic English writing.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 4: Turn the Problem into a General Research
Question
Frame your problem as a question to guide your
research purpose. Make it open-ended.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 4: Turn the Problem into a General Research
Question
Frame your problem as a question to guide your
research purpose. Make it open-ended.

Ask yourself: What do I want to understand or find out?

 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 4: Turn the Problem into a General Research
Question
Frame your problem as a question to guide your
research purpose. Make it open-ended.

Ask yourself: What do I want to understand or find out?

EXAMPLE:
How does the Thai language influence the academic English
writing of Thai university students?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 5: Break It into Specific Sub-questions
These will serve as guide questions or objectives
of your study. Make them measurable,
researchable, and clear.
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 5: Break It into Specific Sub-questions
These will serve as guide questions or objectives
of your study. Make them measurable,
researchable, and clear.

Ask yourself: What specific aspects of the problem do I

need to examine?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

EXAMPLE:
What common grammatical and lexical errors occur in Thai
students’ academic writing in English?
To what extent do these errors reflect Thai language
interference?
How do students perceive the impact of their first
language on their academic writing?
What strategies can help reduce L1 interference in
English writing?
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 6: Evaluate the Research Questions
 WRITING THE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
TIP 6: Evaluate the Research Questions

Ensure your questions are:

Clear and unambiguous
Focused (not too broad)
Feasible to answer with available time and
resources
Ethical and aligned with your research
capabilities
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 1: Start with the broader impact of your study

Begin by introducing the general importance of

the topic in your field.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 1: Start with the broader impact of your study

Begin by introducing the general importance of

the topic in your field.

EXAMPLE:
This study addresses the growing concern over students’
declining reading comprehension skills in the digital age.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 2: Identify the problem being solved or gap
being filled

Mention the research gap or problem and how your

study helps address it.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 2: Identify the problem being solved or gap
being filled

Mention the research gap or problem and how your

study helps address it.

EXAMPLE:
Despite numerous programs designed to improve reading
performance, there remains a lack of evidence on how
digital storytelling influences comprehension among high
school students.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 3: Explain how your study contributes to
knowledge

State how your study adds to the existing body of

knowledge—whether it confirms, challenges, or
expands on past studies.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 3: Explain how your study contributes to
knowledge

State how your study adds to the existing body of

knowledge—whether it confirms, challenges, or
expands on past studies.

EXAMPLE:
This research contributes to educational literature by
exploring the effectiveness of digital storytelling as an
innovative approach to enhance reading comprehension.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 4: Describe who will benefit and how

Identify specific groups or sectors that will

benefit—such as students, teachers, policy
makers, researchers, communities, etc.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 4: Describe who will benefit and how

Identify specific groups or sectors that will

benefit—such as students, teachers, policy
makers, researchers, communities, etc.

EXAMPLE:
Educators may use the findings to incorporate multimedia
narratives into their teaching strategies. Curriculum
developers can design more interactive materials, while
educational researchers gain new insights into multimodal
learning.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 5: Use future-oriented language

Highlight how the study may influence future

practices, research, or policy.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 5: Use future-oriented language

Highlight how the study may influence future

practices, research, or policy.

EXAMPLE:
The results of this study may guide future innovations in
classroom practices and inspire further investigations into
technology-enhanced literacy instruction.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
STEP 6: Keep it concise but informative

Avoid repeating your research objectives or

methodology. Focus only on why the study matters
and for whom.
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

EXAMPLE:
 SCOPE AND
DELIMITATION
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 1: Start with the Purpose of the Section

Introduce this section by explaining that it

defines the coverage and limits of the study.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 1: Start with the Purpose of the Section

Introduce this section by explaining that it

defines the coverage and limits of the study.

EXAMPLE:
This section outlines the scope and delimitation of the
study to clarify the extent of the research and the
boundaries within which it was conducted.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 2: Define the Scope (What the Study Covers)
Describe what your study intends to cover. This
usually includes:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 2: Define the Scope (What the Study Covers)
Describe what your study intends to cover. This
usually includes:

Subject matter
Research variables
Target population
Time frame
Location or
setting
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 2: Define the Scope (What the Study Covers)
Describe what your study intends to cover. This
usually includes:

Subject matter Use guiding questions:

Research variables What is the study
Target population about?
Time frame Who are the
Location or participants?
setting When and where will
it take place?
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:

What is the study about?

 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:

Who are the participants?

What is the study about?

 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:

Who are the participants?

When and where will it

take place? What is the study about?
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 3: State the Delimitations (What the Study Does
NOT Cover)
Identify boundaries you intentionally set to
narrow the focus. Consider:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 3: State the Delimitations (What the Study Does
NOT Cover)
Identify boundaries you intentionally set to
narrow the focus. Consider:
What aspects are
excluded?
Why are these
aspects excluded?
Any decisions you
made to keep the
study manageable.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 3: State the Delimitations (What the Study Does
NOT Cover)
Identify boundaries you intentionally set to
narrow the focus. Consider:
What aspects are Use phrases like:
excluded? “This study does not
Why are these cover...”
aspects excluded? “The research is
Any decisions you limited to...”
made to keep the
study manageable.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 4: Justify the Scope and Delimitations

Briefly explain why you included or excluded

certain elements. This shows thoughtful planning.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 4: Justify the Scope and Delimitations

Briefly explain why you included or excluded

certain elements. This shows thoughtful planning.

EXAMPLE:
These delimitations were set to maintain focus on the
educational context, where language practices have direct
pedagogical implications. Including other environments
would require different instruments and methodologies,
which are beyond the study's scope.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 5: Write in Clear, Concise, and Objective
Language

Use neutral, academic language. Avoid justifying

choices emotionally (e.g., “I didn’t have time”).
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 5: Write in Clear, Concise, and Objective
Language

Use neutral, academic language. Avoid justifying

choices emotionally (e.g., “I didn’t have time”).

EXAMPLE:
The study is delimited to students from public schools
only, as private institutions follow different curricular
structures that may affect language use patterns.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
STEP 6: Combine All Parts into a Coherent Paragraph

After identifying scope and delimitation, merge

them into one cohesive and logical section.
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION Scope
EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION Scope
EXAMPLE:

Delimitation
 WRITING THE
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION Scope
EXAMPLE:

Delimitation

Justify
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 1: Clarify Your Research Problem or Question

Clearly define the central problem or question

your research addresses.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 1: Clarify Your Research Problem or Question

Clearly define the central problem or question

your research addresses.

EXAMPLE:
Research Title: "The Impact of Social Media on Students’
Writing Skills"
Research Problem: Students’ writing fluency and structure
seem to be affected by their use of social media platforms.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 2: Identify Key Variables or Concepts

Pinpoint the main variables or concepts

(independent and dependent) in your study.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 2: Identify Key Variables or Concepts

Pinpoint the main variables or concepts

(independent and dependent) in your study.

EXAMPLE:
Independent Variable: Social media usage
Dependent Variable: Writing skills (e.g., grammar,
vocabulary, organization)
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 3: Conduct a Review of Theories Related to the
Concepts
Look for existing theories or models that explain
the relationship between your variables.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 3: Conduct a Review of Theories Related to the
Concepts
Look for existing theories or models that explain
the relationship between your variables.
EXAMPLE:
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory (explains learning through
social interaction)
Connectivism Theory (explains how digital networks affect
knowledge and learning)
Writing Process Theory (explains stages of writing
development)
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 4: Select the Most Relevant Theory (or Theories)

Choose the best-fitting theory/theories that can

explain or frame your study.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 4: Select the Most Relevant Theory (or Theories)

Choose the best-fitting theory/theories that can

explain or frame your study.

EXAMPLE:
You choose Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory because social
media provides interactive spaces for language development
through social interaction.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 5: Explain the Theory in Your Own Words

Summarize the theory briefly, including its

origin, main idea, and relevance to your study.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
EXAMPLE:
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
EXAMPLE:
Main Idea

Brief explanation
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
EXAMPLE:
Main Idea

Brief explanation

Relevance to the Study

 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 6: Show How the Theory Relates to Your Study
Explicitly connect the theory to your variables
or research questions.
 WRITING THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 6: Show How the Theory Relates to Your Study
Explicitly connect the theory to your variables
or research questions.
EXAMPLE:
In this study, social media use is viewed as a social tool
where students interact and produce written texts. The
theory supports the idea that such interactions can
scaffold learning and improve writing performance.
Therefore, the study assumes that students who engage more
in online writing will demonstrate improved writing skills.
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 1: Identify Your Research Problem

Start with a clear, concise statement of your

research problem. This is the issue you are
investigating.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 1: Identify Your Research Problem

Start with a clear, concise statement of your

research problem. This is the issue you are
investigating.

Ask yourself: What problem in the real world am I trying to

solve?
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 1: Identify Your Research Problem

Start with a clear, concise statement of your

research problem. This is the issue you are
investigating.

Ask yourself: What problem in the real world am I trying to

solve?
EXAMPLE:
Many Grade 9 students in public schools have low reading
comprehension levels, which affect their academic
performance.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 2: Define Your Research Objectives or Questions
List the main research questions or objectives
that will guide your study. These shape the
variables and relationships you will include.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 2: Define Your Research Objectives or Questions
List the main research questions or objectives
that will guide your study. These shape the
variables and relationships you will include.
Tip: Use action verbs like determine, examine, explore, or
analyze.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 2: Define Your Research Objectives or Questions
List the main research questions or objectives
that will guide your study. These shape the
variables and relationships you will include.
Tip: Use action verbs like determine, examine, explore, or
analyze.
EXAMPLE:
What is the level of reading comprehension among Grade 9
students?
What is the effect of using graphic organizers on students’
reading comprehension?
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 3: Identify Key Variables
From your objectives, extract the independent,
dependent, and possibly moderating or mediating
variables.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 3: Identify Key Variables
From your objectives, extract the independent,
dependent, and possibly moderating or mediating
variables.
Tip:
Independent Variable (IV): What you manipulate or study
as a cause.
Dependent Variable (DV): What you measure or observe as
an effect.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 3: Identify Key Variables

EXAMPLE:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Use of Graphic Organizers

DEPENDENT VARIABLE: Reading Comprehension Level

 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 4: Review Relevant Theories and Literature
Find existing theories, models, or previous
studies that explain the relationship between
your variables.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 4: Review Relevant Theories and Literature
Find existing theories, models, or previous
studies that explain the relationship between
your variables.
Tip: Use sources from peer-reviewed journals, books, and
credible websites. The theory should support the
relationship between the variables.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 4: Review Relevant Theories and Literature
Find existing theories, models, or previous
studies that explain the relationship between
your variables.
Tip: Use sources from peer-reviewed journals, books, and
credible websites. The theory should support the
relationship between the variables.
EXAMPLE:
Schema Theory suggests that graphic organizers help
learners activate prior knowledge and organize new
information, thus improving comprehension.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 5: Construct the Framework
Write your conceptual framework showing how the
variables are related.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 5: Construct the Framework
Write your conceptual framework showing how the
variables are related.

EXAMPLE:
This study is anchored on Schema Theory, which posits that
learners comprehend texts better when information is
structured visually. The use of graphic organizers (IV) is
expected to positively influence students’ reading
comprehension levels (DV).
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 6: Explain the Framework
After presenting the diagram, explain how the
variables are expected to interact based on
theory and previous findings.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 6: Explain the Framework
After presenting the diagram, explain how the
variables are expected to interact based on
theory and previous findings.
Tip: Use phrases like is expected to affect, influences,
enhances, predicts, or correlates with.
 WRITING THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
STEP 6: Explain the Framework

EXAMPLE:
The conceptual framework shows that the use of graphic
organizers is expected to enhance students’ reading
comprehension. Based on Schema Theory and previous studies,
organizing text information visually helps learners
understand and remember key ideas, leading to improved
comprehension scores."
RESEARCH
PARADIGM
 WRITING THE
RESEARCH PARADIGM
STEP 1: Construct the Research Paradigm
Draw the research paradigm showing how the
variables are related. Use arrows or boxes to
illustrate direction and flow.
 WRITING THE
RESEARCH PARADIGM
STEP 1: Construct the Research Paradigm
Draw the research paradigm showing how the
variables are related. Use arrows or boxes to
illustrate direction and flow.

Tip: Use simple diagrams or flowcharts to visualize

relationships.
EXAMPLE:
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms
List all the important, technical, ambiguous, or
unfamiliar terms used in your research title,
questions, hypothesis, and methodology.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms
List all the important, technical, ambiguous, or
unfamiliar terms used in your research title,
questions, hypothesis, and methodology.

Tip: Include variables, acronyms, and terms that have

specific meanings in your study.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
If your research title is "The Impact of Online Learning on
the Reading Comprehension Skills of Senior High School
Students", key terms might include:
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
If your research title is "The Impact of Online Learning on
the Reading Comprehension Skills of Senior High School
Students", key terms might include:

Online Learning
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
If your research title is "The Impact of Online Learning on
the Reading Comprehension Skills of Senior High School
Students", key terms might include:

Online Learning
Reading Comprehension
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 1: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
If your research title is "The Impact of Online Learning on
the Reading Comprehension Skills of Senior High School
Students", key terms might include:

Online Learning
Reading Comprehension
Senior High School Students
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Select the Type of Definition
There are two main types:
Conceptual Definition – based on the
dictionary or theoretical meaning.
Operational Definition – how the term is used
or measured in the context of your study.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Select the Type of Definition
There are two main types:
Conceptual Definition – based on the
dictionary or theoretical meaning.
Operational Definition – how the term is used
or measured in the context of your study.

Tip: Often, researchers use both: start with the conceptual

meaning and then specify the operational one.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
Term: Online Learning
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
Term: Online Learning

Conceptual: Refers to the use of internet and

digital platforms for delivering education.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Identify the Key Terms

EXAMPLE:
Term: Online Learning

Conceptual: Refers to the use of internet and

digital platforms for delivering education.

Operational: In this study, it refers to students’

participation in synchronous and asynchronous
lessons via Google Classroom and Zoom.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Arrange Terms Alphabetically

List the terms alphabetically to make it easy for

readers to find them.
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Arrange Terms Alphabetically

List the terms alphabetically to make it easy for

readers to find them.

Tip: Use bold or italic formatting for the term (if

required by your format style).
 WRITING THE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
STEP 2: Arrange Terms Alphabetically

List the terms alphabetically to make it easy for

readers to find them.

Tip: Use bold or italic formatting for the term (if

required by your format style).

EXAMPLE:
Online Learning
Refers to the use of internet and digital platforms for
delivering education.
WRITING CHAPTER II:
Review of the Related
Literatures and Studies
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 1: Understand the Purpose of Chapter II

Before writing, know that Chapter II aims to:

 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 1: Understand the Purpose of Chapter II

Before writing, know that Chapter II aims to:

Show what has been previously studied on your

topic.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 1: Understand the Purpose of Chapter II

Before writing, know that Chapter II aims to:

Show what has been previously studied on your

topic.
Identify gaps, contradictions, or
consistencies in the literature.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 1: Understand the Purpose of Chapter II

Before writing, know that Chapter II aims to:

Show what has been previously studied on your

topic.
Identify gaps, contradictions, or
consistencies in the literature.
Support your theoretical or conceptual
framework.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 1: Understand the Purpose of Chapter II

Before writing, know that Chapter II aims to:

Show what has been previously studied on your

topic.
Identify gaps, contradictions, or
consistencies in the literature.
Support your theoretical or conceptual
framework.
Justify your study by showing its necessity.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

What to do:
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

What to do:

Search scholarly journals, books, theses,

dissertations, and credible websites.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

What to do:

Search scholarly journals, books, theses,

dissertations, and credible websites.
Use academic databases like JSTOR, Google
Scholar, ERIC, Scopus, etc.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

What to do:

Search scholarly journals, books, theses,

dissertations, and credible websites.
Use academic databases like JSTOR, Google
Scholar, ERIC, Scopus, etc.
Tip:
Divide your sources into two:
Foreign studies/literature – from other countries
Local studies/literature – from your country
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

EXAMPLE:
While researching "Online Learning and Student Motivation,"
gather sources such as:
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

EXAMPLE:
While researching "Online Learning and Student Motivation,"
gather sources such as:
Foreign: "The Impact of E-Learning on Academic
Motivation in U.S. Universities" (Smith, 2020)
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 2: Gather Relevant Literature and Studies

EXAMPLE:
While researching "Online Learning and Student Motivation,"
gather sources such as:
Foreign: "The Impact of E-Learning on Academic
Motivation in U.S. Universities" (Smith, 2020)

Local: "Student Engagement in Online Classes in

the Philippines" (Dela Cruz, 2021)
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 3: Organize the Review by Themes or Categories

Instead of listing sources one by one, group them

by topic, method, results, or theory.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 3: Organize the Review by Themes or Categories

Instead of listing sources one by one, group them

by topic, method, results, or theory.

Identify themes emerging from the literature.

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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 3: Organize the Review by Themes or Categories

Instead of listing sources one by one, group them

by topic, method, results, or theory.

Identify themes emerging from the literature.

Create subsections based on these themes.

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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE:
Themes for a study on Online Learning:
Student Motivation and E-learning
Teacher Presence in Online Platforms
Challenges in Online Learning
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE:
Student Motivation and E-learning

Multiple studies (e.g., Smith, 2020; Lee, 2019) have

emphasized the correlation between student motivation
and interactive features in online platforms. In the
local context, Dela Cruz (2021) noted that students in
Manila showed higher motivation when online classes
incorporated multimedia content.
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 4: Summarize, Analyze, and Synthesize (Do Not

Just List)

What to do:
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 4: Summarize, Analyze, and Synthesize (Do Not

Just List)

What to do:

Briefly summarize each source.

 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 4: Summarize, Analyze, and Synthesize (Do Not

Just List)

What to do:

Briefly summarize each source.

Analyze what the study contributes (method,
result, gap).
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 4: Summarize, Analyze, and Synthesize (Do Not

Just List)

What to do:

Briefly summarize each source.

Analyze what the study contributes (method,
result, gap).
Synthesize – combine findings to build your
argument.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE:

Both international (Smith, 2020; Lee, 2019) and local

(Dela Cruz, 2021) studies found that motivation
increases when online platforms offer interactive
content. However, while Smith emphasized gamification,
Dela Cruz focused more on teacher-student interaction.
This suggests that both content and communication are
vital in motivating learners.
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 5: Highlight Gaps in Literature

What to do:
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 5: Highlight Gaps in Literature

What to do:

Point out missing information or under-

researched areas related to your topic.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 5: Highlight Gaps in Literature

What to do:

Point out missing information or under-

researched areas related to your topic.

This justifies your research.

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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE:

While many studies explored motivation in online

learning, few have focused specifically on high school
students in rural areas using asynchronous methods. This
gap is what the present study aims to address.
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 6: Use Proper Citations and Referencing Style

What to do:
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 6: Use Proper Citations and Referencing Style

What to do:

Follow the required format (APA, MLA, Chicago,

etc.).
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 6: Use Proper Citations and Referencing Style

What to do:

Follow the required format (APA, MLA, Chicago,

etc.).

Paraphrase properly and avoid plagiarism.

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EXAMPLE APA STYLE:

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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE APA STYLE:

According to Smith (2020), gamified learning

environments significantly increase student engagement.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE APA STYLE:

According to Smith (2020), gamified learning

environments significantly increase student engagement.

Gamified learning environments significantly increase

student engagement (Smith, 2020).
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

STEP 7: Conclude the Chapter

What to do:

Summarize key points.

Emphasize how the review supports your study.
Reinforce the gap that your study addresses.
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

EXAMPLE:

In conclusion, previous studies have established the

role of motivation and technology in online learning.
However, limited research has been done on asynchronous
learning models in rural high schools, indicating a
significant gap this study seeks to fill.
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

FINAL TIPS:
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Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

FINAL TIPS:

Choose updated sources (last 5–10 years) unless

citing a seminal work.
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

FINAL TIPS:

Choose updated sources (last 5–10 years) unless

citing a seminal work.
Use transitional phrases for flow (e.g., “Similarly,”
“In contrast,” “Moreover”).
 WRITING THE
Review of the Related Literatures and Studies

FINAL TIPS:

Choose updated sources (last 5–10 years) unless

citing a seminal work.
Use transitional phrases for flow (e.g., “Similarly,”
“In contrast,” “Moreover”).
Keep the chapter coherent – avoid jumping between
unrelated points.
THANK YOU