1.

🌱 Photosynthesis

What is it?

Photosynthesis is the process where plants make their own food

using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide (CO₂). As a result, they
also produce oxygen.

How does it happen?

1. The leaves use chlorophyll (the green part) to catch sunlight.

2. The plant takes in water from the roots and CO₂ from the air.

3. With all that, the plant makes sugar (food) and oxygen.

Why is it important?

 Plants give us oxygen to breathe.

 They are the first link in the food chain.

 They help clean the air.

What affects photosynthesis?

 Sunlight: no light, no photosynthesis.

 Water: plants need water for the process.

 CO₂: needed to make food.

 Temperature: too hot or too cold can slow it down.

Fotosíntesis

¿Qué es?

La fotosíntesis es el proceso por el cual las plantas fabrican su

propio alimento usando la luz del sol, el agua y el dióxido de
carbono (CO₂). Como resultado, también producen oxígeno.
¿Cómo ocurre?

1. Las hojas captan la luz del sol con la clorofila (su color verde).

2. Absorben agua por las raíces y CO₂ del aire.

3. Con todo esto, producen azúcar (alimento) y oxígeno.

¿Por qué es importante?

 Las plantas producen oxígeno que respiramos.

 Son la base de la alimentación para muchos seres vivos.

 Ayudan a limpiar el aire.

¿Qué cosas la afectan?

 Luz del sol: sin luz, no hay fotosíntesis.

 Agua: si no hay agua, el proceso se detiene.

 CO₂: es necesario para formar el alimento.

 Temperatura: muy frío o muy caliente puede dañarla.

Activity 1: Understanding Photosynthesis

Question 1:
What do plants need to do photosynthesis?
A. Milk, sugar, and soil
B. Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen, fire, and wind
D. Sunlight, ice, and salt

Question 2:
What gas do plants produce during photosynthesis?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Helium
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrogen

2. 🌿 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms

 3. Levels of Ecological Organization

1. Individual

A single organism.
🔹 Example: One lion, one tree, one bird.

2. Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

🔹 Example: A group of lions in a savannah.

3. Community

All the different species (populations) living together in the same

area.
🔹 Example: Lions, zebras, trees, and birds living together in one area.

4. Ecosystem
A community of living things plus the non-living things (like water,
soil, air, sunlight) that interact in the same environment.
🔹 Example: A savannah with animals, plants, sun, soil, and water.

Trophic Levels, Food Chains, and Food Webs

4. Trophic Levels

Trophic levels show the position an organism has in the food chain.

Lev
Name Example
el

1️⃣ Producers Plants, algae (make their own food)

Primary
2️⃣ Herbivores (eat plants)
Consumers

Secondary
3️⃣ Carnivores (eat herbivores)
Consumers

Tertiary
4️⃣ Top predators (eat other animals)
Consumers

Fungi, bacteria (break down dead

♻️ Decomposers
organisms)

🔗 2. Food Chain

A food chain shows how energy passes from one organism to

another.

Example:
☀️→ Grass → Rabbit → Fox → Decomposer

🌐 3. Food Web

A food web is a group of connected food chains. It shows how

many organisms are linked in an ecosystem. It’s more realistic than a
simple food chain.

⚖️Balance and Interdependence

 All organisms are connected and depend on each other.

  If one species disappears, others may be affected.

 For example, if all rabbits die, foxes might starve.

🤝 Collaboration in Nature

 Plants provide food and oxygen.

 Animals spread seeds and pollinate flowers.

 Decomposers clean the environment by breaking down dead

things.

🎯 Responsibility of the Roles

Every organism has a role (or niche) in the ecosystem:

 Producers: start the energy flow.

 Consumers: transfer energy by eating.

 Decomposers: recycle nutrients.

Ecosystems: Natural and Human Causes That Affect Them

🌿 What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a place where living things (plants, animals,

humans, etc.) and non-living things (sunlight, water, soil, air)
interact and live together.

🌋 Natural Causes That Affect Ecosystems

1. Volcanoes – can destroy forests but also create new land.

2. Floods – can wash away plants and animals.

3. Fires (lightning) – can burn large areas but help some plants
grow again.

4. Droughts – lack of water can kill plants and animals.

5. Hurricanes or storms – can damage forests and sea life.

✅ These events are natural and sometimes help renew ecosystems.

🏭 Human Causes That Affect Ecosystems

1. Pollution – from factories, trash, and chemicals.

2. Deforestation – cutting down trees destroys animal homes.

3. Overfishing or hunting – reduces animal populations.

4. Building cities and roads – takes away space from nature.

5. Climate change – caused by too much gas in the air (like CO₂).

❌ These human actions often damage the balance of ecosystems.

♻️What Can We Do to Help?

 Recycle and reduce trash ♻️

 Protect forests and oceans 🌳🌊

 Use less water and electricity 💡💧

 Plant more trees 🌱

 Learn and teach others 🌍

Natural Systems and Human Communities

The Impact of Collaboration and Responsibility

🌿 What Are Natural Systems?

Natural systems are groups of living and non-living things that work
together in nature.
Examples: forests, oceans, rivers, deserts, and ecosystems.

🌱 In natural systems, every part has a role:

 Plants produce oxygen and food.

 Animals pollinate, hunt, or spread seeds.

 Decomposers clean up dead matter.

They all collaborate naturally to keep balance in the
environment.

What Are Human Communities?

Human communities are groups of people who live, work, and share
resources in one place.
👥 In human communities, people collaborate too:

 Teachers educate students.

 Farmers grow food.

 Doctors care for health.

 Everyone plays a role to help the group live well together.

🤝 Collaboration in Both Systems

In Nature In People

Bees and flowers help each other People work in teams (school,
(pollination). hospitals, clean-ups).

Families and neighbors support one

Animals live in groups for safety.
another.

🔄 When there is good teamwork, both nature and people stay

strong and healthy.

Responsibility in Both Systems

 🌎 In nature: If one species disappears or does not do its job,

the whole ecosystem can be affected.

 🧑‍🤝‍🧑 In human life: If people are careless (pollute, waste, harm

others), the whole community and environment suffer.

🌟 Being responsible means:

 Taking care of nature

 Helping others

 Following rules

 Thinking about how actions affect the world