KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA

A MONTH INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
DIGITAL MARKETING
AT

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

SANATAN DHARMA COLLEGE (LAHORE) AMBALA CANTT

SUBMITTED BY

PARAS

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (BCA)

ROLL NO: 1211673011020

SESSION: 2021-2022

SUPERVISED BY

MISS HARWINDER KAUR

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

SD COLLEGE {LAHORE} AMBALA CANTT 133001

 DECLARATION

I HEREBY DECLARE BY THAT THE PROJECT REPORT WAS SUBMITTED BY

ME UNDER THE SUPERVISION AND GUIDANCE OF MISS HARWINDER

KAUR {SUPERVISOR AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN THE DEPT. OF

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES} .WE HAVE DONE THIS PROJECT IN RADICAL

CROP SCIENCE PVT LTD {SAHA, AMBALA} IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (BCA) FROM SANATAN

DHARMA COLLEGE {LAHORE} AMBALA CANTT.

I FURTHER DECLARE THAT I AM SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR OMISSION AND

COMMISSION IF ANY.

PARAS (PROJECT HEAD)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO ALL THOSE
WITHOUT WHOM THIS REPORT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE. FIRST
OF ALL I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MR. BALVINDER {MANAGING
DIRECTOR} , RADICAL CROP SCIENCE PVT LTD.

I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO MR. BALVINDER TEAM LEADER OF RADICAL

CROP SCIENCE PVT LTD. WHO WAS VERY HELPFUL IN SECURING THE
REPORT, AND ALSO THANKFUL TO COMPLETE THE ASSIGNMENT WITHOUT
ANY HURDLE FOR AN EXPLAINING THE INFORMATION NEEDED.

SINCERE THANK TO MY GUIDE DR. RAJINDER SINGH {PRINCIPAL} AND

DR. DIVYA JAIN {HEAD OF DEPARTMENT} AND MISS HARWINDER
KAUR {ASSISTANT PROFESSOR} WHO ENCOURAGED AND HELPED ME
FROM THE BEGINNING TO DEVELOPE THE CONCEPT IDEAS TO PERSUE THE
PROJECT IN THE LEGIT WAY, I HAVE LEARNT SO MANY THINGS FROM
THEM.

I ALSO WISH TO EXPRESS TO GRATITUDE AND THANK TO MY FAMILY AND

FRIENDS WHO BACKED ME THROUGHT THE REPORT. I WOULD TO CONVEY
MY SINCERE THANKS TO THOSE GOODS SOULS WHO HELPED ME TO TAKE
THE REPORT TO NEXT LEVEL.

THANKING YOU ALL

PARAS (PROJECT HEAD)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION & INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

 INTRODUCTION
 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
 STRUCTURE OF AGRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
 GLOBAL SCENARIO
 INDIAN SCENARIO

2. COMPANY OVERVIEW
 RADICAL CROP SCIENCE PRIVATE LIMITED
 COMPANY DETAILS
 COMPANY VISION
 VALUES & ASPIRATION
 PRODUCTS

3. PROJECT PROFILE
 OBJECTIVE
 METHODOLOGY
 SAFETY MEASURES IN AGRO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTION
 SAFETY USE OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS
 ABSTRACT

4. OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

5. CONCLUSION
6. LEARNING OUTCOMES
 SAFETY
MEASURES
IN
AGRO-CHEMICAL
PRODUCTION
 CHAPTER- 1
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION
World population is expected to increase by 250,000 every day
and reach 9 billion by 2050, according to the United Nations.
That means there are 9 billion stomachs to feed. Survival of
mankind depends on Food or say agriculture. Agrochemicals
protect crops against diseases, pests and weeds, thus ensuring
a good harvest and plenty of food. Consumers expect the food
they buy to be fresh, of high quality and free from disease,
moulds and insect damage. Even when using crop protection
products, an average of 20 to 40% of the harvest is lost due to
diseases and pests. This creates uncertainty and tensions for
the farmers. Agrochemical while usage must be safe to humans
and domestic animals. There should be no danger to spray
workers, inhabitants or animals accidentally contaminated with
the insecticide during or after spraying. But the sad truth is, the
end user (farmers/ large scale agricultural producers) often
neglects it. Also with due course of time, target insects develop
resistance to the pesticides and thus agrochemical may lose
their effectiveness. If resistance is observed, another
insecticide without cross-resistance has to be used.
Agrochemical manufacturing companies therefore needs to
invest for R&D and build new products. Proper Planning,
Budgeting, Scheduling, Resource allocation, Team
management, Issue management skills are required for
managing a project successfully. Agrochemicals were
introduced to protect crops from pests and enhance crop yields
.The most common agrochemicals include pesticides and
fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers in the 1960s were responsible for
the beginning of the "Green Revolution", where using the same
surface of land using intensive irrigation and mineral fertilizers
such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has greatly
increased food production. Throughout the 1970s through
1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more
selective agrochemicals. Due to the adaptation of pests to
these chemicals, more and new agrochemicals were being
used, causing side effects in the environment.
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Overview: Pesticides, also referred to as Agro-chemicals, are
chemical compounds used for increasing agricultural
production by protecting crops from insects, pests, plant
diseases and weeds. Agrochemicals are substances
manufactured through chemical or biochemical processes
containing the active ingredient in a definite concentration
along with other materials which improve its performance and
increase safety. For application, these are diluted with water in
recommended doses and applied on seeds, soil, irrigation water
and crops to prevent the damages from pests. There are
broadly 5 categories of crop protection products: Insecticides:
Insecticides protect crops by killing insects or preventing their
attack. Insecticides may attack a particular type of insect or
could be broad spectrum insecticides. Insecticides are used to
manage the pest population below the economic threshold
[Link] is used to control insect pests in crops
such as cotton, corn almonds, etc. Fungicides: They are used to
prevent the deterioration of crops due to fungi infestation.
Fungicides are classified as protectants or eradicants.
Protectant fungicides prevent or inhibit fungal growth and may
have to be applied at regular intervals. Eradicant fungicides kill
the pests on application. [Link] is used to control fungal
attack on lawns and turfs, cereals, coffee and various
vegetables and other crops. Herbicides: Herbicides or
weedicides are used to prevent the growth of unwanted plants
in a crop field. Herbicides could be selective, which kill the
unwanted plants without any harm to the crop, or non-selective
which kill all the plants. E.g. Glufosinate ammonium, a
broadspectrum contact herbicide, is used to control weeds after
the crop emerges or for total vegetation control on land not
used for cultivation. Bio-pesticides: These are derived from
natural substances like plants, animals, bacteria and certain
minerals and control pests by nontoxic mechanisms. Bio-
pesticides are considered eco-friendly and easy to use. They
could be classified as microbial pesticides, plant incorporated
protectants and biological pesticides. They are of low volume
and high effect formulations and require lesser dosages as
compared to chemical pesticides. A growth area for bio-
pesticides is in the area of seed treatment and soil
amendments. Example of bio-pesticides includes Bacillus
subtilis which is used as soil inoculant in horticulture and
agriculture. Others (Nematocides, Rodenticides etc.):
Fumigants and rodenticides are used to prevent the attack of
pests during storage of crops. Plant growth regulators control or
modify the plant growth process and are most commonly used
in cotton, rice and fruits.
STRUCTURE OF AGRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Multinational companies, Large Indian companies in the public
and private sector and the Small sector units comprise the
industry. There are around ten Multi– national companies, 57
medium and large companies and over 400 small units
engaged in the manufacturing of pesticide formulations. The
central public sector unit producing pesticides is Hindustan
Insecticides Limited. These crop protection chemicals are
manufactured as technical grades and converted into
formulations for Agricultural use. The Agrochemical industry
consists of Raw material supplier, Technical grade
manufacturers, Formulators producing the end products,
Distributors, Retailers and End user customers.
In India, there are about 125 technical grade manufacturers (10
multinationals), 800 formulators, over 1,45,000 distributors. 60
technical grade pesticides are being manufactured
indigenously. India ranks fourth position as a supplier of
agrochemicals in the global market, after USA, Japan and China
thereby indicates the significance of agrochemical industries in
India. From a modest beginning in 1947, when DDT production
started, was first used for malaria control in India, and now
Indian agrochemical industry consumption in India has grown to
a total market size of over $ 4.25 billion in FY14 of which 50 per
cent are exports. The consumption of agrochemicals in India is
surprisingly low (0.58 kg/hectare) as compared to USA where
the consumption of agrochemicals is as high as 4.5 kg/hectare
and Japan with an even higher consumption of 11 kg/hectare.

GLOBAL SCENARIO
The global crop protection market is fairly consolidated with
top nine companies accounting for over 80% of the market.
Syngenta, Bayer and BASF are the market leaders in the global
crop protection market. Global crop protection market is
characterized by large number of mergers and acquisitions in
the recent years. Several large companies have consolidated
their presence in the existing geographies or ventured into
newerareas through acquisitions of local companies. Some of
the recent acquisitions in 2013 include acquisition of ISEM's
fungicide technologies valifenalate by Belchim Crop Protection,
acquisition of Alpha Pesticides (Britain) by De Sangosse Group's
and acquisition of Plant Syence by Verdesian Life Sciences.
Another major acquisition happened in 2011 when United
Phosphorus Limited acquired 51% stake in Brazil based DVA
Agro Do BrasilfromIsagro (Italy) to consolidate its presence in
distinguished Brazilian Market Distribution of global crop
protection market – Product Category Herbicides are the most
widely used agrochemical products globally, followed by
insecticides and fungicides. Fungicides is the highest growing
segments as it helps increasing yield, improving quality and in
seed treatment. Individual sales of various categories however
depend on climatic conditions and crop variance. Herbicides
are used in most of the regions of the world. However, major
markets for herbicides are North America and Europe due to
the favourable climatic conditions in these regions. Insecticides
are more prevalent in Asian countries. This is due to higher
growth of cotton, cereal, fruits and vegetables in these regions
which have higher incidence of insect attacks. Fungicides are
used in almost all agriculture markets of the world due to
favourable climatic conditions for the fungal growth.

GLOBAL TRADE OF CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS

Germany, France, US, China and Belgium are the largest
exporters of crop protection products while Brazil, Canada,
United Kingdom, Italy and Spain are the major importers.
Source: TATA Strategic Report on Indian Agrochemicals Industry

GLOBAL INDUSTRY CHALLENGES

Evolution of biotechnology:

Development of genetically modified crops in recent years,

especially for pest resistance would result in relatively lesser
need for traditional crop protection chemicals. However, this
could lead to newer strains or pests driving need for other
agrochemicals. E.g. new sucking pests have emerged causing
significant harm to the BT cotton.

Stringent regulations:

Stringent environmental regulations across all countries

increase the cost of developing new products. These
regulations are primarily affecting the older products while at
the same time resulting in delay in introduction of new
products.

Mergers and Acquisitions affecting SMEs:

Larger companies are acquiring/ entering into strategic

alliances with smaller companies to increase their market
reach. This poses a threat to local companies who are forced to
reduce prices in order to compete, thereby leading to lower
margins.
INDIAN SCENARIO
India due to its inherent strength of low-cost manufacturing and
qualified low-cost manpower is a net exporter of pesticides to
countries such as USA and some European and African
countries. Exports formed ~50% of total industry turnover in
FY12. The industry suffers from high inventory (owing to
seasonal and irregular demand on account of monsoons) and
long credit periods to farmers, thus making operations 'working
capital intensive.

Domestic consumption

Consumption of crop protection products in India is among the

lowest in the world. Per capita consumption of crop protection
products in India is 0.6 kg/ha compared to 13 kg/ha in China
and 7 kg/ha in USA. Some of the reasons for low consumption
in India are low purchasing power of farmers, lack of awareness
among farmers, limited reach and lower accessibility of
products. This presents an immense opportunity for the crop
protection industry to grow in India.

Source: TATA Strategic Report on Indian Agrochemicals Industry

DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC CROP PROTECTION
MARKET- PRODUCT CATEGORY
Insecticides form the largest segment of the domestic crop
protection chemicals market accounting for 65% of the total
market. It is mostly dependent on rice and cotton crops.
Herbicides are the largest growing segment and currently
account for 16% of the total crop protection chemicals market.
Sales are seasonal, owing to the fact that weeds flourish in
damp, warm weather and die in cold spells. Rice and wheat
crops consume the major share of Herbicides. Increasing cost
of farm labour will drive sales of herbicides going forward.
Fungicides, accounting for 15% of the total crop protection
market, are used for fruits and vegetables and rice Farmers
moving from cash crops to fruits and vegetables and
government support for exports are increasing the fungicides
usage. Bio-pesticides include all biological materials organisms,
which can be used to control pests. Currently a small segment,
bio -pesticides market is expected to grow in the future owing
to government support and increasing awareness about use of
non-toxic, environment friendly pesticides
Source: Tata Strategic Report on Indian Agrochemicals Industry

CHAPTER-2
COMPANY OVERVIEW
RADICAL CROP SCIENCE PVT LTD
Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd is an Indian company
incorporated on 08/04/2013 and its registered head
office address is Shop No-2544, Mandi No-1 Abohar,
Punjab 152116. And Industry Address is 342, HSIIDC
Industrial Growth Centre Sector-2 Saha Hr-133104
Email-info@[Link]. The corporate
identification number (CIN) of the company is
U24232PB2013PTC037315 and the company
registration number is 037315. Based on the official
records, the current age of the company is 8 Years 9
Months 22 Days.
Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd is registered at Registrar
of Companies, Chandigarh (Roc-Chandigarh) and is
classified as the Indian Non-Government Company. Its
authorized share capital is INR 3,000,000 and its paid
up capital is INR 3,000,000. The industrial and the SIC
code for Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd is 24232.
Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd Annual General Meeting
(AGM) was last held on 2015-09-30 and as per the
records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its
balance sheet was last filed on 2015-03-31. The current
status of this company is Active. Mr. Sahil Periwal is the
director of this company. The contact details of the
company are as per the official records.
Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd is a manufacturer
company based on the National Industrial Classification
(NIC) code of 24232 and it is involved in the business
activities related to this industry code such as
Manufacture of allopathic pharmaceutical preparations.

COMPANY DETAILS
COMPANY NAME RADICAL CROP SCIENCE
PVT LTD
OWNERSHIP TYPE PRIVATE
PRIMARY BUSINESS MANUFACTURER
TYPE
CATEGORY COMPANY LIMITED BY
SHARES
SUB CATEGORY INDIAN NON-GOVT
COMPANY
CORPORATE U24232PB2013PTC0373
IDENTIFICATION NO 15
(CIN)
YEAR OF 08/04/2003
ESTABLISHMENT
AGE OF COMPANY 8YEARS 9 MONTHS 22
DAYS
HEAD OFFICE LOCATION SHOP NO 2544 MANDI
NO-1 ABOHAR PUNJAB
152116
INDUSTRY LOCATION 342 HSIIDC,INDUSTRIAL
GROWTH CENTRE
SECTOR-2 SAHA HR-
133104

COMPANY VISION

 We work toward food and farming systems that lead to

this tomorrow:

 Our bodies and children are free from pesticides and the
diseases they cause.
 Our soil, water and air are clean and are held safe for
future generations.
 Agriculture supports vibrant, thriving local economies,
communities and ecosystems.
 Worldwide, the work of producing food is honored and
compensated fairly.
 Workers all along the food chain are treated with dignity
and earn a living wage.
  No one’s life is cut short or constrained by poverty, racism
or other forms of structural or systemic violence across
the food system.

VALUES & ASPIRATIONS

We work to create a just, thriving food system. Radical works
with those on the frontlines to tackle the pesticide problem and
reclaim the future of food and farming. We establish
partnerships with impacted communities, support grassroots
and coalition organizing, and facilitate relationships and
networks of partners and other allies-state and national in order
to build a more powerful movement.
COLLABORATION
By sharing our skills in science, communication and organizing
through equitable relationships with impacted communities, we
provide scientific tools and processes they can own and use in
the service of self-identified campaigns.

Diverse approaches lead to wise and appropriate solutions to

complex problems. Diversity builds resilience. We embrace and
actively seek a wide-range of viewpoints, striving to create
meaningful and respectful space for partners, staff and board
members with different identities and life experiences.

EQUITY
People have the right to food that is safe, healthy, accessible
and culturally appropriate. We support people's right to
determine their agricultural policies and actively seek to name
and counter systemic oppression in our food system, working
with those communities most impacted to shift policies and
practice that support healthy, regenerative, just food and
farming. By listening to, learning from and amplifying the
voices of our partners, we bring the stories and struggles of
those impacted by pesticides to the fore in our campaigns.

We try to examine our own power and privilege in all situations.

Radical is strengthened by sharing leadership and leveraging
power to support campaigns and partners in frontline
communities. We work to actively curtail the impact of our own
power and privilege when they are a disservice to equity.

PRODUCTS
TECHNICAL NAME: FIPRONIL 40% + IMIDACLOPRID 40%
WG

MODE OF ACTION: SYSTEMIC AND CONTACT INSECTICIDE

FOR SOIL INSECTS

DESCRIPTION:

 Radical {Boss} is a combination product of two chemical

group Phenylpyrazole (Fipronil) and Neonicotinoid
(Imidacloprid).
 Boss’s dual mode of action against pests ensures effective
control of the pest.
 Boss is recommended on soil insects of sugarcane, white
grub. It can be applied at any stage as soil drench
 Boss provides longer and persistent control of insects. It
can control repeated attack of white grub due to its strong
affinity with soil particles. Available In 100g,40g and
others.
TECHNICAL NAME: METSULFURAN METHYL 20%WP

MODE OF ACTION:

 Icon (Metsulfuran-methyl) is rapidly taken up by plants at

the roots and on foliage.
 It is rapidly translocated within the plants and accumulate
in the growing parts / meristematic tissues.
 It Inhibits cell division in both roots as well as in shoots.
 Due to the inhibition of cell division plant growth check.
DESCRIPTION:

 Icon contains Metsulfuran-methyl 20% WP

 Icon is a selective herbicide
 Icon a post–emergent herbicide
 It belongs to Triazinyl-sulfonylurea group of herbicides
 Icon is a systemic herbicide with contact and residual
action
 Its half-life period in the soil is only a few days so no effect
on the follow crops.
 It has good compatibility with other pesticides.
 Icon is completely safe to wheat crop
 Icon has both foliar and soil activity
 It has good rain-fastness after 4 hours of application.

TECHNICAL NAME: LIQUID MICROBIAL CONSORTIA-BIO

NPK
DESCRIPTION: Bio-life is a liquid microbial formulation
containing free living nitrogen fixing phosphate solubilizing and
potash mobilizing bacteria. It fixes the atmospheric nitrogen
and solubilize phosphorus and mobilize potassium into
available form for all crops

TECHNICAL NAME: PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING

BACTERIAL BIOFERTILZER

DESCRIPTION:

 Vital is a Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria that solubilizes

various insoluble phosphates in the soil like Calcium
Phosphate, Rock phosphate, Gypsum, Iron phosphate to
the soluble form and make Phosphorus available in the soil

 Vital is used got Growth of plants becomes faster. Plant

makes better and deeper root system number of fruits and
flower increases that results in an increase in crop
production.
 CHAPTER-3
PROJECT PROFILE
REPORT ON SAFETY MEASURES IN AGROCHEMICALS
PRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Report is to Case study on Safety
measures adopted by the company officials at Radical Crop
Science Private Limited

REPORT ON SAFETY MEASURES IN AGRO-CHEMICAL

PRODUCTION

Radical seeks to enhance agriculture competitiveness by

supporting the national generic industries as well as the
commercial activities sensitive to the regional needs. Radical
supports creative initiatives and endeavours of its Members
through the following objectives:

 To protect and promote interests of the pesticide

manufacturers & formulators engaged in all sectors
 To promote improvement or innovation in technologies of
pesticides formulation and quality control
 To develop technical research in the methods of
application and use of pesticides and associate closely in
the national programme for increasing food production in
the country
 To promote co-operation and exchange of information
between its members
 To promote harmonious relationship between members of
the Association.
 To subscribe, to become a member of or otherwise
affiliate or co-operate with any other body in India or
elsewhere with which the association has a common
interest.
 To protect the interest of the manufacturers & formulators
in general, in any scheme for ex. allocation of raw
materials, etc.
METHODOLOGY
A FIFRA (Federal insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)
Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) meeting was held in late January
2012. The FIFRA SAP is composed of biologists, statisticians,
toxicologists and other experts who provide independent
scientific advice to EPA on a wide-range of health and safety
issues related to pesticides. The SAP reviewed EPA analyses
regarding potential approaches to develop a Common Effects
Methodology. The SAP review was highly favourable, and the
SAP made a number of recommendations for EPA to move
forward with their approach in a report issued in April 2012.

The six EPA reports that were discussed at the SAP meeting
were developed by EPA's office of Research and Development
in conjunction with the Office of Water and Office of Pesticide
Programs:

 White Paper
 Potential Use of Predictive Toxicology Tools in
Characterizing Effects of Chemical Stressors to Aquatic
Animals
 Analysis of Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSDs) for
Estimation of Acute Hazard Concentrations to Aquatic
Animals
 Extrapolation Factors (EFs) for Derivation of Acute Aquatic
Life hC5s: Emphasis on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
 Analysis of Chronic Toxicity Data and Acute to chronic
Rations (ACRs) in Support of Deriving Chronic HC5s:
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
 Methods for Estimating Aquatic Plan Community Hazard
Concentrations for Pesticide Effects
 SAFETY MEASURES IN AGRO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTION

Manufacturing of Agricultural Chemicals

The word "Agrochemical" is a broad term that refers to any

device,method, or chemical that kills plants or animals that
compete for humanity's food supply or are otherwise
undesirable. Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides, nematocides (used to kill nematodes, elongated
cylindrical worms), and rodenticides. Of these various
pesticides, insecticides have a longer and more noteworthy
history, perhaps because the number of insects labeled "pests"
greatly exceeds the number of all other plant and animal
"pests" combined. Hence, this article focuses on the use of
agricultural insecticides.

Today, some 900 active chemical pesticides are used to

manufacture 40,000 commercial preparations. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the use
of pesticides doubled between 1960 and 1980. Currently, over
372 million kilograms a year are used in the United States, with
over 1.8 billion kilograms a year used worldwide.

Raw Materials
A pesticide consists of an active ingredient coupled with inert
ingredients. The active ingredient kills the pests, while the inert
ingredients facilitate spraying and coating the target plant;
they can also contribute other advantages that are not
conferred by the active ingredient alone.
Active ingredients were once distilled from natural substances;
now they are largely synthesized in a laboratory. Almost all are
hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. Most pesticides contain
other elements, the type and number of which depend on the
pesticide desired. Chlorine, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus,
nitrogen, and bromine are most common. Inert ingredients can
be many substances, dependent on the type of pesticide. Liquid
pesticides have traditionally used kerosene or some other
petroleum distillate as a carrier, though water has recently
begun to replace kerosene. Emulsifiers (such as soap) are also
added to distribute the active ingredient evenly throughout the
solvent. A powder or dust pesticide will typically contain
vegetable matter such as ground up nut shells or corn cobs,
clays such as diatomite or attapulgite, or powdered minerals
such as talc or calcium carbonate as a base. To cause the
pesticide to adhere better to the plant or soil, a material such
as cornstarch or flour may be added.

In pesticide manufacturing, an active ingredient is first synthesized in a

chemical factory. Next, a formulator mixes the active ingredient with a
carrier (for liquid pesticidel or with inert powders or dry fertilizers (for dust
pesticidel, then bottles or packages it. Liquid pesticides are packaged in
200-liter drums for large-scale operations or 20-liter jugs for small-scale
operations, while dry formulations can be packaged in 5 to 10 kilogram
plastic or plastic-lined bags.

The Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing a pesticide involves at least three separate
activities. The active ingredient is first synthesized in a
chemical factory, then formulated in the same place or sent to
a formulator, who prepares the liquid or powder form. The
pesticide is then sent to the farmer or other certified applicator,
who dilutes it before applying it to the fields.

Synthesizing the pesticide

When a new pesticide is first developed, it is manufactured on

a small scale in a laboratory. If the substance proves viable,
production begins in the factory. Batch or continuous
manufacturing insures a high volume, perhaps as much as 500
kilograms per cycle. Synthesizing a pesticide is a complex
chemical procedure that requires trained chemists and a large,
sophisticated laboratory. The basic procedure entails altering
an organic molecule to form a pesticide. This may involve any
of a number of specific reagents and catalysts and often must
take place in a controlled climate (within a certain temperature
range, for example). Once synthesized, the active ingredient is
packaged and sent to a formulator. Liquid insecticides can be
shipped in tank trucks or 200-liter drums. Transport of the
active ingredient follows all regulations for hazardous materials
transportation.

Formulating the pesticide

A formulator accepts the active ingredient, measures out the

proper amount, mixes it with carrier if it is to be a liquid
pesticide or with inert powders or dry fertilizers if it is to be a
dust pesticide, then bottles or packages it. Liquid pesticides are
packaged in 200-liter drums if a large-scale farmer is the
anticipated customer or 20-liter jugs for small-scale operations.
Dry formulations can be packaged in 5 to 10 kilogram plastic or
plastic-lined bags. An emulsified formulation is usually
concentrated to render transport easier (the active ingredient
typically makes up 50 percent of the emulsified concentrate),
but granulated and dry pesticides are ready to use.

Diluting the pesticide

The pesticide might be stored a short time before it is

requested. When it is ready for transport, the estimated
necessary amount is sent to the farmer, who dilutes the
emulsified concentrate to create the amount of pesticide
desired. In most instances, the final product consists of only .5
to 1 percent of the original active ingredient. The pesticide is
now ready to be applied.

Applying the pesticide

There are several ways to apply a pesticide. The method with

which Americans are most familiar is crop dusting, though its
use is generally limited to large, flat areas. A plane loaded with
2000-liter (or larger) tanks flies over a field and sprays out the
pesticide from booms. Booms are long, horizontal rods from
which several sprinklers spray down. Another method is to
attach the tanks and booms to a tractor and spray closer to the
ground. For small farmers, the most economical method of
spraying is to use one or more workers with hand-held sprayers
attached to small tanks. A hand pump can be carried on the
shoulder; its tank capacity is only about 3 to 12 liters. Small
tanks with a capacity of around 200 liters are also used. The
pesticides are applied with a hand gun. A rough estimate of the
amount applied is 150 to 300 liters per hectare.

Quality Control

Pesticides are by their very nature toxic substances; hence, a

great deal of concern has centered on safety. The laws dealing
with pesticide safety are very strict and will become even
stricter in the future. Besides legal restrictions, pesticides are
also subject to stringent quality control standards like any other
manufactured product.
Most large pesticide manufacturers have highly developed
quality control laboratories that test each pesticide for potency,
emulsification, density, color, pH, particle size (if a dust), and
suspension (if a liquid). If the company makes more than one
pesticide, the product's identity must also be verified. A
pesticide must be stable, easy to apply, and easy to store.
Shelf-life must extend past one year. In accelerated tests, the
pesticide is subjected to high temperatures for a short period,
then checked for effectiveness. A typical pesticide is 95 percent
pure. Labels must be easy to read and meet all regulations. The
manufacturer keeps files for each raw material, active
ingredient, formulation, and packaged item, and samples are
stored for three years.
Today's pesticides, when used properly, are very safe. Farmers
who apply their own pesticides must be trained by the U.S.
Agricultural Extension Service and certified by the state
department of agriculture before they can purchase pesticides.
Commercial applicators must also undergo training and pass a
written test.
When preparing a formulation for application, which in most
cases means diluting it, the applicator should wear protective
clothing as directed by the label. Often, this protective garb
includes an apron or coveralls, a broad-brimmed hat, long-
sleeved shirt, long socks, unlined neoprene or rubber gloves,
long pants, and unlined neoprene or rubber boots worn over
shoes. For some pesticides, applicators must also wear goggles
and/or a respirator.
As an additional precaution, application equipment is calibrated
before each use. To calibrate a sprayer, the applicator
measures off a distance in the field, then sprays it with a
neutral substance such as water. The amount of water used is
then checked to see if it is appropriate. All equipment is also
checked to see if spraying is even, and worn equipment is
replaced promptly.
Byproducts/Waste
When they were introduced, pesticides were seen as a
wonderful technology that would increase crop yields and
reduce insect-borne diseases. The first sign that this was a
hopeful myth was the discovery in the 1950s that pesticide
volume must be increased to have the same effect it once had.
With the publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962,
an awareness of the danger of unrestricted pesticide use grew.
Pesticides kill the pests they are aiming for most of the time,
yet often they also kill the pests' natural predators, thereby
exacerbating the problem. In some cases, exterminating a pest
merely allows another pest to take its place. After a period of
pesticide use, the insects become resistant to the pesticide,
and stronger or more pesticides must be used to control the
population. There is evidence that pesticides are misused, that
their effect in some cases is negligible, and that applicators are
not aware of the proper use of pesticides. Coupled with these
concerns is the worry over blanket spraying of residential areas
and contaminated food.
DDT is the most widely noted case of a pesticide that caused
damage far from the farm. High levels of DDT have been found
in birds of prey, causing them to become endangered because
of the effect it has on their eggs. DDT becomes more
concentrated the higher it climbs in the food chain, and many
people have voiced their concern about its possible presence in
humans. In 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
announced a ban on almost all uses of DDT.
Several dozen other pesticides have also been banned, or their
use restricted by the EPA. Ironically, these pesticides are still
being exported to assist developing countries, where it is
estimated that three million acute cases of pesticide poisoning
occur per year, along with 20,000 deaths directly related to the
misuse of pesticides. Because many of these countries export
produce to the United States, the possibility of American
contamination is high.
Integrated pest management (IPM) was begun in the 1960s in
response to the pesticides dilemma. The idea behind IPM was
to use a variety of insect controls instead of relying solely on
chemical insecticides. The methods include introducing natural
predators, parasites, and bacterial, viral, and fungal
insecticides to the fields. Workers may simply vacuum up the
insects, or introduce certain plants to ward off pests that attack
a particular crop. Farmers may plow at the most effective time,
plow their crop residue under, or strip harvest. They may plant
pest-resistant plants. Sexual attractant traps may pull pests
away from crops. Sterilized males can be released into the
field. Insects can be engineered to remain juvenile and never
reproduce, molt too rapidly and therefore die rapidly, or
become too confused to locate crop foods. Other possibilities
are being tested at present. It is possible that in the future
pesticide use will diminish as research leads to ways to combat
pests with more knowledge and planning and less reliance on
chemical intervention.

THERE ARE SEVEN SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS {AGRO-

CHEMICAL}

 While Purchasing
 During storage
 While handling
 While preparing spray solution
 Selection of Equipments
 While applying spray solutions
 After Spray Operation

WHILE PURCHASING

DO’S
 Purchase pesticides/bio-pesticides only from registered
pesticide dealers having valid License.
  Purchase only just required quantity of pesticides for
single operation in a specified area.
 See approved labels on the containers/packets of
pesticides.
 See Batch No., Registration Number, Date of
Manufacture / Expiry on the labels.
 Purchase pesticides well packed in containers.
 Always purchase with proper Bill or Invoice and all details
like batch number, manufacturing date & expiry date
should be mentioned in it

DON’TS

 Do not purchase pesticides from footpath dealers or from

un-licenced person.
 Do not purchase pesticide in bulk for whole season.
 Do not purchase pesticides without approved label on the
containers.
 Never purchase expired pesticide.
 Do not purchase pesticides whose containers are
leaking/loose/ unsealed.
 Never purchase without Bill

DURING STORAGE
DO’S

 Store the pesticides away from house premises.

 Keep pesticides in original containers.
 Pesticides/weedicides must be stored separately.
 The area where pesticides have been stored, should be
marked with warning signs.
 Pesticides be stored away from the reach of the children
and livestock.
 Storage place should be well protected from direct
sunlight and rain

DON’TS
  Never store pesticide in house premises.
 Never transfer pesticides from original to other containers.
 Do not store insecticides with weedicides.
 Do not allow children to enter the storage place.
 Pesticides should not be exposed to sunlight or rain water.

WHILE HANDLING
DO’S

 Keep pesticides separate during transportation.

 Bulk pesticides should be carried carefully to the site of
application.

DON’TS

 Never carry/transport pesticides along with

food/fodder/other eatable articles.
 Never carry bulk pesticides on head, shoulder or on the
back.

WHILE PREPARING SPRAY SOLUTION

DO’S

 Always use clean water.

 Use protective cloths viz., hand gloves, face masks, cap,
apron, full trouser, etc. to cover whole body.
 Always protect your nose, eyes, ears, hands, etc. from spill
of spray solution.
 Read instructions on pesticide container label carefully
before use.
 Prepare the solution as per requirement.
 Granular pesticides should be used as such.

DON’TS

 Avoid spilling of pesticides solutions while filling the spray

tank.
 Always use recommended dosage
 No activities should be carried out which may affect your
health.
 Do not use muddy or stagnant water.
  Never prepare spray solution without wearing protective
cloths.
 Do not allow the pesticide/its solution to fall on any body
parts.
 Never avoid reading instructions on container’s label for
use.
 Never use left out spray solution after 24 hours of its
preparation.
 Do not mix granules with water.
 Do not smell the spray tank.
 Do not use overdose which may affect plant health and
environment.
 Do not eat, drink, smoke or chew during whole operation
of pesticides.

SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS

DO’S

 Select right kind of equipments.

 Select right sized nozzles.
 Use separate sprayer for insecticides and weedicides.

DON’TS

 Do not use leaky or defective equipments.

 Do not use defective/non- recommended nozzles. Do not
blow/clean clogged nozzles with mouth. Instead use tooth
brush tied with sprayer.
 Never use same sprayer for both weedicides and
insecticides.

WHILE APPLYING SPRAY SOLUTIONS

DO’S

 Apply only recommended dose and dilution.

 Spray operation should be conducted on cool and calm
day.
 Spray operation should be conducted on sunny day in
general.
 Use recommended sprayer for each spray.
  Spray operation should be conducted in the wind
direction.
 After spray operation, sprayer and buckets should be
washed with clean water using detergent/soap.
 Avoid the entry of animals/workers in the field
immediately after spray.

DON’TS

 Never apply over-dose and high concentrations than

recommended.
 Do not spray on hot sunny day or strong windy conditions.
 Do not spray just before rains and immediately after the
rains.
 Emulsifiable concentrate formulations should not be used
for spraying with battery operated ULV sprayer.
 Do not spray against wind direction.
 Containers and buckets used for mixing pesticides should
never be used for domestic purpose even after thorough
washing.
 Never enter in the treated field immediate after spray
without bearing protective clothing.

AFTER SPRAY OPERATION

DO’S

 Left over spray solutions should be disposed-off at safer

place viz. barren isolated area.
 The used/empty containers should be crushed with
stone/stick and buried deep in soil away from water
sources.
 Wash hands and face with clean water and soap before
eating/smoking.
 On observing poisoning symptoms give the first aid and
show the patient to doctor. Also show the empty container
to doctor.

DON’TS

 Left over spray solution should not be drained in or near

ponds or water lines etc.
  Empty containers of pesticides should not be re-used for
storing other articles.
 Never eat/smoke before washing clothes and taking bath.
 Do not take the risk by not showing the poisoning
symptoms to doctor as it may endanger the life of the
patient.

ABSTRACT
In concern with growing demand on Agrochemical products and
for eliminating the idle capacity in company’s manufacturing
plants, Radical Crop Science Pvt Ltd has initiated with Some
projects

Agrochemical pollution is a serious threat to environmental

safety. Exposure to agrochemicals had deleterious health
effects such as nervous system damage and cancer. Biological
magnification of persistent agrochemicals also occurred.
Hence, remediation approaches for agrochemical pollution
must be a holistic approach, including environment and crop
produces. The advent of nanotechnology helped to formulate
highly efficient methods for the remediation of agrochemicals.
High reactive surface area and very small packing space
requirements made usage of nanoparticles as a popular agent
in agrochemical remediation. Growing interests in surface-
engineered nanoparticles promise complete removal of
agrochemicals from the environment. Nanosorbents
immobilized agrochemicals in the soil and helped microbial
degradation of these compounds. However, many of the
agrochemicals are persistent, and hence complete removal of
these residues practice via photocatalysis. Photocatalytic
degradation of persistent agrochemicals using bimetallic
nanocomposites widely adopted. Large-scale environmental
remediation of agrochemicals in soil, water, and agriculture
products achieved via nanoparticles-based agrochemical
cleaning systems such as thin-film fixed-bed reactors and nano-
phytoremediation.
 CHAPTER-4
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Safety and health in the use of agrochemicals has been one of
the primary concerns of international organisations and of
many governments, employers and workers and their
organisations for over two decades. Some agrochemicals such
as pesticides are extremely hazardous to the health of workers
and the general public, and also to the environment. However,
they can be used safely if proper precautions are taken. Many
industrially developed countries therefore enforce strict
regulations with regard to the production, sale and use of
pesticides, the most hazardous group among agrochemicals.
These countries have banned or severely restricted the use of
some very hazardous pesticides. It may happen that other
countries may be compelled to import those banned or
restricted agrochemicals because of specific needs, for
example to eradicate a particular pest. For these countries the
economic benefits of agricultural development outweigh the
risks involved. Therefore, although the safety and health
problems may vary in different countries, it is important to
establish clear, common procedures for the use of
agrochemicals. All those who are responsible for the
production, import, storage and sale of agrochemicals have a
role to play in ensuring safety and health in their use.
International organisations, governments, employers and
workers and their organisations, and community leaders have a
fundamental role: educating agrochemical users on the hazards
of the substances they handle, how these enter the body, the
nature of toxic effects and the proper methods of use, and
informing them of the duties and responsibilities of government
authorities, other organisations and the public
 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
Agrochemicals are widely used in agriculture to manage pests
and phytopathogens. Hence, it is very pertinent to study the
fate and behavior of applied agrochemicals in soil. The
important factors that affect the persistence of such
agrochemicals such as clay type, clay content, SOM, and pH of
the system are described in this report along with the
mechanisms of retention in soil. Long-term persistence of
agrochemicals is harmful for succeeding crops grown in the soil
as they leave residues that may enter into the animal and
human food chain. Many of the agro-pesticides exist in the soil
environment as a mixture. Currently our knowledge about the
fate and behavior of agro-pesticide mixtures in the ecosystem
is inadequate. Therefore, research is needed in the future to
address the issue of agro-pesticide mixtures in the soil–plant
systems under various agro-climatic conditions.

This report has discussed about the project report on “ safety

measures in agro-chemical production” at Radical Crop Science
Pvt Ltd. Projects are crucial for the existence any company
therefore they need to be well managed and executed.
Increase in population and to feed the billons of masses
eventually accounts to the huge demand for agrochemical
products in Indian and global markets. It is known that, even
after the usage of crop protection products, an average of 30 to
40% of the harvest is lost due to diseases and pests. Currently
around ten Multi–national companies, 57 medium and large
companies and over 400 small units are engaged in the
manufacturing of pesticide formulations. And the central public
sector unit producing pesticides is Hindustan Insecticides
Limited. Invention of Genetically Modified seeds has been the
Phase changer for the industry. In 2014 the largest review yet
concluded that GM crop‟s effects on farming were positive. The
meta-analysis considered all published English-language
examinations of the agronomic and economic impacts between
1995 and March 2014. The study found that herbicide-tolerant
crops have lower production costs, while for insect-resistant
crops the reduced pesticide use was offset by higher seed
prices, leaving overall production costs about the same. This
results into Agrochemical chemical companies tending to
diversify their business into GM seeds business. GM seeds to
reach every consumers or farmers over the world would take
several years. Until then Agrochemical products are needed for
the agriculture production. Man needs food for survival,
Agriculture has to sustain for sustaining mankind.
 CHAPTER-6
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Being a student with under graduation in Information
technology Radical Crop Science Private Limited gave me
a wonderful Exposure to Manufacturing sector. It was my
first-hand experience into a production company.
 Had the opportunity to visit every production plants in the
company. Learned the operations of every plant. Also had
the opportunity to reach each and every department in
the company.
 Being a student who wishes to build career in Project
Management profile. It was a golden opportunity for me to
be at the project sites and discusses about the projects
with Managers and staffs. I was able to learn the real
nature of projects when it goes live. I witnessed many
constraints happen during the project at the project site.
Also good Technical knowledge is required.
 The Organization study I made on Radical Crop Science
Private Limited, gave me an insight and knowledge into
how a manufacturing organizations would be running.
 Experience sharing from the Managers and the workers
was indeed a good learning.