INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

On
AN OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Duration: 25/07/2024 to 23/08/2024
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Satyam Training Department
EEE TATA POWER-DDL

MAIT, Rohini Sec 22 Rohini

Delhi Delhi
 DECLARATION

I, Satyam, here by declare that this summer training report

entitled “An Overview of Distribution System” to Tata
Power Delhi Distribution Limited Rohini Delhi, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of ‘BACHELOR
OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING’ is an authentic record of our genuine work
done here.

I further declare that to my knowledge, the structure and

content of this project are original and have not been
submitted to any other company.

Satyam
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
Sector 22, Rohini, Delhi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Industrial Training is an integral part of engineering
curriculum providing engineers with first hand and practical
aspects of their studies. It gives them the knowledge about
the work circumstances existing in the company. The
preparation of this report would not have been possible
without the contribution of the TPDDL family comprising of
several experienced engineers in their respective field of
work. It gives me great pleasure in completing my training at
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited at Rohini and
submitting the report for the same.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Mr.
Vimal Mishra (Zonal Manager) of Zone-561 who gave me
permission for summer industrial training in Tata Power-DDL
Rohini New Delhi.
His invaluable suggestions not only helped me to reach the
successful completion of the task assigned but also made me
learn a lot.

SATYAM
01214807823
EEE 5TH SEM
MAIT
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Satyam student of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering Department of Maharaja Agrasen
Institute of Technology, Sec-22 Rohini, Delhi has successfully
completed industrial training for a period of 4 weeks from 25-
07-2024 to 23-08-2024 at Tata Power Delhi Distribution
Limited Rohini, Delhi and has made the training project
report under my guidance.

During this tenure, we found him to be sincere and hard

working, we take this opportunity to wish him all the very
best in future endeavours.

Training In-charge
Mr. Vimal Mishra
Zonal Manager
TPDDL Zone-561
Rohini Delhi
 CONTENT
 Company overview
 Geographical area of operation
 Safety Precautions
 Equipment in Store
 Distribution Transformer
 Pole mounted Substation
 Ring main unit (RMU)
 Grid Substation
 Bus bars
 Distribution Pole
 About Energy Meters
 Single Line Diagram
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
COMPANY OVERVIEW
Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited [Tata Power-DDL]
is a private electricity distribution company
incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956. It is one
of the three private electricity distribution licensees
[DISCOMs] in Delhi, which was established after
functional unbundling and corporatization of the
erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board [DVB] in terms of the
statutory Delhi Electricity Reforms Act 2000 and Delhi
Electricity Reforms (Transfer Scheme) Rules, 2001 with
effect from 01.07.2002 and is engaged in the business
distribution and supply of electricity in North and North-
West areas of Delhi.

Tata Power-DDL has been issued a license by Delhi

Electricity Regulatory Commission [DERC] to operate in
its area of supply and discharge various functions under
the aegis of the Electricity Act 2003, the Delhi Electricity
Supply Code and Performance Standards Regulations
2007 and other rules and regulations thereunder.

Each year, Tata Power-DDL files its Annual Revenue

Requirement [ARR] Petition before DERC. ARR is
determined based on the expected revenue from the
DISCOMs’ business as well as expected outflow on
account of power purchase cost, network upgradation,
employee cost and other operational expenses. ARR is
the projected quantum of money receivable by the
DISCOM at the tariff determined by the DERC for various
categories of consumers. True Up is the actual expenses
of the DISCOM vis-à-vis the revenue received by it for
the ARR projected for any particular year. It is done on
n + 2 basis and is based on the audited accounts of the
DISCOMs, where n is the Financial Year for which ARR
was determined.

TATA Power-DDL is committed to fulfilling its obligations

with respect to all Regulations and Compliances
prescribed by various Statutory Bodies.
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF OPERATION
 SAFETY PRECAUTION

 Always wear safety (leather) shoes.

 Always wear safety helmet at site or inside safety
zone.
 Check all the tools and safety equipment before
going to site.
 Always wear safety gloves before working on
site(lineman) .
 Always wear visor before working site (for lineman).
 Do keep yourself and your area dry.
In case of shock: -
 First notify your supervisor.
 Make victim sit down while check for the normal
muscle movement and loss of feeling.
 Check for pulse and breathing.
 If breathing and heartbeat is irregular -sick
medical help immediately.
 If the victim goes into traumatic shock,keep
victim lying down and calm.
 If the skin is unnatural warm. Loosen clothing
and try to cool victim.
 If the skin is clammy, cover victim with a blanket or
coat if the victim’s face is pale,raise the feet.
 If the face is red, raise the head.
 EQUIPMENT IN STORE

 Lugs: Use of cable lugs allows in easy installation,

repair and maintenance of electrical devices or
cables. Most common use of lugs includes connecting
one cable with another cable or connection more
than two cables.

 IPC (Insulation Piercing Connector):It is suitable for

making safe connections of live cable without
stripping insulation from the conductors.
 Fuse holder: It is used in DD(Drop Down) Unit and
used for hold the fuse.

 Transformer fuse: It is present inside the fuse holder

and used for protection of transformer.

 Dead End (anchor): It is used to hold the messenger

wire conductor.
 Service clamp: It is used to hold the service cable.

 Tyco box: It is used to connect service cables

systematically. Only single phase service cables are
connected in it. Maximum 9 connections given by a
tyco box but in general on 6-7 connections are made.
 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER (DT)

Distribution transformer are main constituent of

distribution system they step down the high voltage
to the low voltage which is directly supplied to the
consumer, these are needed to be maintained and
checked regularly for proper distribution of power.
The parts of distribution transformers are given
below:

Main Tank: Structural steel is used to fabrication of

main tank. Size of tank is depending on KVA capacity
of transformer.
LT & HT porcelain Bushing: In its simplest form, a
Porcelain bushing consists of a current carrying
conductor, passing through a hollow porcelain
insulator. The space between the conductor and
insulator is filled with an insulating medium like
transformer oil. This can be used up to 33 KV rating.

LT Bushing HT Bushing
Insulating Oil: The Oil
forms a very
signification part of
transformer
insulation system. It
acts as a coolant, to
dissipate the heat
losses in transformer.

Radiators: The function of

radiators is to limit the
temperature of oil &
winding, by dissipating the
heat.

Silica Gel/Breather: In oil filled transformer, space is

required for volumetric
expansion of oil due to change
in surroundings temperature
and load. This is a de-hydrant
which prevent entry of
moisture from air to insulating
oil.
Oil Temperature Indicator: This indicator works on
principle of liquid expansion. It is shows the present
and maximum temperature of oil.

Conservator: This is a cylindrical vessel made of

structural steel. It is for to accommodate the
volumetric expansion of the oil in transformer due to
increase in temperature inside the transformer.
Core: Silicon steel or say Cold Rolled Gain Oriented
Steel (CRGO) in form of lamination of .28 mm to .35
mm in thickness with coating with insulation is used
for making core.

Explosion vent: It is provided on the transformer tank

to relieve pressure if the
pressure in the transformer
exceeds 5 psi. It is swan neck
shaped having two Bakelite
diaphragms. One at top and
another at bottom. These
break if the static pressure increases to 5 psi.

Drain Valve: This valve is used for taking damaged oil

from the oil tank for the proper oil collection this valve
is situated under the oil tank.
Tap changer: The purpose of a tap changer is to
regulate the output voltage of a transformer. It does
this by altering the number of turns in one winding
and thereby changing the turns ratio of the
transformer.
POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION
Substation consist of a transformer and other
apparatus installed on the pole structure (H-pole and
4-Pole structures with suitable platform). A pole
mounted substation generally receives power at 11KV
and delivers it at 400/230V for distribution purpose.
These substation are cheap and simple and are
erected in important localities of the cities.

COMPONENTS:

1. POLES (H-type Structure): The pole which acts

as a terminal or carries circuit breaker or
transformer is usually of H-type.
2. G.O. (Gang Operated) switch: Gang Operating
switch is used for switching ON and OFF of H.T.
transmission line and is installed on the primary
side of the transformer. This switch is operated
manually and
can energize or
de-energize the
primary side of
the transformer.
 3. D.D. (drop down) Fuse Unit: On the primary
side of atransformer, Each phase of 11kV line is
provided with a fuse for protection.

4. L.A. (lightning Arrester): It is a protective device

which conducts the high voltage surge on the power
system to ground.
The earthing
screen and ground
wires failed to
provide protection
against traveling
Waves. The
lightning arrester
provides protection
against surges.
5. Transformer (stepped down): 11kV stepped down
transformer 3-phase are used. The KVA capacity of
such transformers to be installed will depend on the
load requirement of the locality.

6. Transformer Platform: It is made of iron channel on

which the transformer is placed. Normally for one
pole-mounted substation six number such channel
irons are required.
7. ACB (Air Circuit Breaker):Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
is an electrical device used to provide Overcurrent
and short-circuit protection for electric circuits over
800 Amps to 10K Amps. These are usually used in low
voltage applications below 450V.

8. Anti-Climbing Device: It is used for preventing the

climbing of a person on the pole. It is placed on pole
at a height of 3 meters above the ground.

9. GI pipes & Bends: For earthing, GI pipes and Bends

are used.
11. Pin type insulator: 11kV pin type insulator made
of porcelain are used. These also house the jumpers
of 11kV line. These are mounted at the top of the pole
structure.
 RING MAIN UNIT (RMU)
Distribution network are normally formed by
interconnecting a number of ring shaped grids.
Distribution transformers are then connected to the
system by T-offs. Instead of specifying and selecting
individual components required for a T-off, the
required components are frequently available in an
integrated package known as a Ring Main Unit (RMU).
Ring Main Unit system employed for continuous
power supply.
The ring main forms complete loop and has isolating
switches provided at strategic points for isolating
particular section in case of fault. In this way
continuity of service can be maintained to the
consumers.

The main precautions of SF6 filled RMU are

Gas pressure to be checked
Cleanliness to be maintained
Cable tightness to be checked

The rated voltage and current ranges for RMUs

Typically reach up to 24 kV and 630 A respectively.
With many of the manufacturers of RMUs, the basic
Construction of the unit remains the same insulating
for the whole of the voltage range. The increase in
rated voltage is handled by an increase in the
Gas pressure.

OPERATION:
[Link]
Closing the moving contact assembly is manipulated
by means of a fast-acting operating mechanism.
Outside these manipulations, no energy is stored. For
the circuit breaker and the fuse-switch combination,
the opening mechanism is charged in the same
movement as the closing of the contacts.
Turn the operating handle clockwise to charge the
close/open spring. Then push the green button.

[Link]

Opening of the switch is carried out using the same

fast-acting mechanism, manipulated in the opposite
direction. For the circuit breaker and fuse-switch
combination, opening is actuated by:
 A pushbutton
 A fault.
Push the red button to open fuse switch disconnector.

Earthing

A specific operating shaft closes and opens the

earthing contacts. The hole providing access to the
shaft is blocked by a cover which can be opened if the
switch or circuit breaker is open, and remains locked
when it is closed.

SULFUR HEXAFLOURIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Current interruption in a high-voltage circuit
breaker is obtained by separating two contacts in a
medium, such as sulfurhexafluoride (SF6), having
excellent dielectric and arc-quenching properties.
After contact separation, current is carried through an
arc and is interrupted when this arc is cooled by a gas
blast of sufficient intensity.
The sulfurhexafluoride gas (SF6) is
an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to
absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are
opened in a high pressure flow of sulphur
hexafluoride gas and an arc is struck between them.
The gas captures the conducting free electrons in the
arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss
of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up
enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.
  Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as an arc
quenching Medium.
 SF6 is an electro-negative gas.
 It has strong tendency to absorb electrons.
 When contacts are opened in a high pressure
flow of SF6 gas, Arc produced.
 Free electron in arc are captured by the gas.
 Which build up enough insulation strength to
extinguish arc.
 It is much effective for high power and high
voltages services.

Companies who produce RMU’s:

1. Areva
2. Siemens
3. ABB
4. CG Lucy
5. Schneider
 GRID SUBSTATION
The term Grid Substation may be defined as the
assembly of apparatus installed to change some
characteristics of electrical supply such as voltage,
frequency, power factor, etc.

The Purpose of the grid substation is to take power at

high voltages from transmission or sub transmission
level , reduce its voltages and supply it to a number of
primary voltage feeders for the distribution area.
Besides that, it
performs the operational and emergency switching and
protection duties at both the transmission and federal
lines.
33/11kv Grid Substation
In 33kv Grid Substation, incoming supply from
transmission is 33kv and outgoing supply for residential
and industrial is 11kv.
 Equipments in Grid Substation:
 Power Transformer
 Current Transformer
 Lighting Arrester
 Insulator
 VCB (Vaccum Circuit Breaker)
 SF6 Circuit Breaker
BUS BARS
  An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or
group of conductors used for collecting electric power
from the incoming feeders and distributing them to
the outgoing feeders.
 Inother words, it is a type of electrical junction in
which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current
meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar collect the electric
power at one location.
 The electrical bus bar is available in rectangular, cross
sectional, round and many other shapes. The
rectangular bus bar is mostly used in the power
system. The copper and Aluminium are used for the
manufacturing of the electrical bus bar.
 The most common of the bus bar are 40*4mm
(160mm²); 40*5mm (200mm²); 50*6mm
(300mm²); 60*8mm (480mm²); 80*8mm
(640mm²) and 100*10mm (1000mm²).

 
DISTRIBUTION POLE
Distribution pole is one of the main component of
distribution system.
Distributor is a conductor which connects Distribution
Transformer and Distribution Pole.
Service mains is a conductor which connects
Distribution Pole and Energy meter of consumer.

Components of Distribution Pole

 Insulator: An insulator gives support to the

overhead line conductors on the poles to prevent
the current flow toward earth. In the power system,
it plays an essential role in its operation.
 Cross arms: Cross arms are horizontal elements
used on distribution line structures to support
insulators and conductors of various types.
 Lighting Arrester: A device for protecting an
electrical apparatus from damage by lightning.
 Transformer: It is a step down transformer. It is
used for domestic supply. It is single phase
transformer. It steps down the voltage level of
distributor to voltage level of service mains.
 Primary Wires: It is generally a conductor to
transfer current.
 Cut Out (Drop Down Unit): It is normally type of
switch .It is employed with fuse of various rating for
the purpose of protection.
 Neutral Wire: It is the returned path of the current.
 Secondary Wire: Secondary wires are located lower
down on distribution poles, usually below
transformers. Typical secondary voltages are
between 120 volts to 480 volts.
 Guy Wire: A guy-wire is a tensioned cable designed
to add stability to a guy, is a tensioned cable
designed to add stability to a free-standing
structure.
 ABOUT ENERGY METERS
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter,
energy meter, or kilowatt-hour meter is a device that
measures the amount of electric energy consumed by
a residence, a business, or an electrically powered
device. Electric meter or energy meter measures the
total power consumed over a time interval.
TYPES OF ENERGY METERS:
There are 2 main types of electricity meters:
Analog meters: Analog meters also called
electromechanical meters. They have an analog display.
They do not offer any connectivity.
Digital meters: also called electric meters. They have a
digital display (LCD or LED display), they offer
connectivity and some instant functionalities.
Companies who make energy meters:
 Genus Power Infrastructures Ltd.
 HPL India Ltd.
 Itron India Pvt Ltd.
 Landis+Gyr Ltd. …
 Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T)
 Schneider Electric India Pvt Ltd
 Superior Products Industry (SPI)
 Towa Engineering Works
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
A single-line diagram (also known as an SLD or one-line diagram)
is a simplified representation of an electrical system. Symbols
and lines are used to represent the nodes and connections in the
. system.

EXAMPLES OF SOME SINGLE LINE DIAGRAMS :

1. Pole Mounted Substation:

2. Substation:
3. Power System:
 Advantages of Single Line Diagram:

 Design: SLDs help engineers plan and organize electrical

system efficiently. They can help you understand the layout
and design of your power distribution system.
 Maintenance: SLDs can help maintenance personnel identify
components and connections. They can also help you
simplify maintenance activities.
 Troubleshooting: SLDs can help you identify fault locations
and simplify troubleshooting.
 Safety: SLDs can help ensure the safety of people working
on or near electrical systems by clearly depicting electrical
pathways and components.
 Reliability: SLDs can help you document redundant power
paths to ensure system reliability.
 CONCLUSION
 It was really a knowledgeable experience pursuing
training at Tata Power DDL Rohini Zone-561
substation.
 It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and a
matter of pride to be a part of the substation for
such a short period of time.
 But in this time period of 4 weeks, we learn a lot of
concepts by respected instructor.
 I will be thankful to all of the employees of that
respected substation to teach us a lot.
 The vocational training has consolidated that more
theoretical and bookish language need to be
supplemented with real life experiences.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

 A Course in Power System by J B Gupta

THANK YOU…